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1.
王亚明 《地质灾害与环境保护》2018,(1)
为有针对性对天津古海岸与湿地国家级自然保护区的古海岸、牡蛎礁进行保护,对天津古海岸带的牡蛎礁进行钻探勘察和地质调查,获取了古海岸牡蛎礁的平面分布特征,主要分布9道牡蛎礁,揭示了牡蛎礁以典型的二元结构为主,且牡蛎礁体层内含有部分夹层的结构特征,同时解释了牡蛎礁主要形成于水流相对静止状态的宽屏浅滩或堆积平原海岸,且有零散牡蛎逐渐聚集形成小群体牡蛎,形成牡蛎层,然后继续聚集附着、密集簇生,最后形成牡蛎礁。 相似文献
2.
地震滑坡是严重的次生地质灾害，也是改变地球表层地貌形态的重要力量，对地震诱发滑坡的规模、数量、类型等研究是地震危险性评价的重要手段，也是认识地震地质灾害的主要方法和途径。位于西安市以南的秦岭山脉北麓中段发育有一条长约50 km的古滑坡群，且基本与山前秦岭北缘断裂带平行展布，普遍认为该古滑坡群可能是由于秦岭北缘断裂的强震活动所诱发，但对于诱发地震的震级大小和影响范围尚没有细致研究。本文通过利用资源3号卫星立体影像制作的高分辨率数值高程模型(DEM)和高分辨率多光谱遥感影像对秦岭北麓古滑坡区域进行了详细的解译工作，并结合对部分古滑坡体进行了野外调查，制作了详细秦岭北麓古滑坡分布图。结果表明:解译出了43处古滑坡，主要集中分布在70 km×10 km的范围内，总滑坡面积是16.57 km2。通过利用地震震级与滑坡面积频度分布的关系分析了诱发秦岭北麓古滑坡群的地震规模，得到了诱发秦岭北麓古滑坡群的地震震级应在7.6~8.1之间。并结合区域地震构造环境以及与现代地震诱发滑坡事件的对比，认为秦岭北麓具有发生7.5级以上地震的潜在能力。该研究对认识现今秦岭北麓古滑坡的成因提供了定量化的数据支持，也对理解秦岭北缘断裂的地震危险性具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
3.
北山地区出露大量古硐井群,其地层时代主要依据区域地层对比和上覆、下伏地层中获得的Sm-Nd全岩等时线年龄确定,没有高精度的年龄数据。为了获得并限定古硐井群的时限,采用LA-ICP-MS和SHRIMP测试方法,对北山地区出露大量古硐井群石英岩中的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb同位素年龄测试,获得最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为1213±24Ma,可以作为古硐井群的下限年龄(中元古代中晚期)。获得3110±6Ma、2786±7Ma等碎屑锆石年龄,暗示甘蒙北山微地块存在古老的地壳残留,表明古硐井群是北山地区的变质基底之一。连续的3个峰值年龄1750Ma、1580Ma和1470Ma,表明古硐井群石英岩的沉积物大部分来自经历过晋宁运动的源区。研究结果为完善北山地区的地层格架提供了有利依据。 相似文献
4.
[摘 要] 本文旨在以平邑盆地官庄群湖相碳酸盐岩为例,研究湖相碳酸盐岩的古地理指示意义。以沉积学理论为指导,依据野外露头剖面分析了平邑盆地古近纪官庄群的地层及其沉积特点,结合盆地的形成及演化,分析了古生物、古气候、物源、水介质物理化学条件等沉积环境条件,明确了官庄群湖相碳酸盐岩沉积时的古地理格局与特征。研究表明平邑盆地在古近纪官庄群沉积时为温暖的内陆淡水湖泊环境,构造活动相对静止,地形平坦,有利于湖泊相碳酸盐岩沉积,且碳酸盐岩集中发育在浅水、中等偏低能量、低陆源碎屑物质的环境。从而说明湖相碳酸盐岩地层形成的古地理背景为构造活动平静、地形平坦、浅水低能沉积环境。 相似文献
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华北克拉通古元古代地层划分与对比 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
华北克拉通古元古代地层分布广泛,主要集中于胶辽吉带、中部带和西部孔兹岩带三个带状区域。近年来华北克拉通古元古代地层研究取得了很大的进展,根据作者的研究和前人的大量工作,本文对华北克拉通主要的古元古代地层的组成、时代、形成的构造背景等进行了总结。发现华北克拉通古元古代底部2.47～2.35Ga间的地层普遍缺失,反映了华北克拉通地质演化历史上的一个静寂时期。～2.3Ga在华北克拉通中条山及鲁山等地发育了少量的冷口变质火山岩以及上太华岩群变质地层。大量的年代学资料表明华北克拉通以往认为时代大致始于2.5Ga的滹沱群、甘陶河群、辽河岩群、绛县群、中条群等众多地层实际年龄多集中在2.2～1.9Ga之间,而且大多数地区所划分的不同的古元古代地层在时间上是并置或叠合的,没有新老或上下关系,仅在中条山地区和五台地区的古元古代地层具有从老到新连续演化的特征。目前,古元古代早期2.4～2.3Ga的地层研究程度还不高,形成的构造背景存在岛弧和裂谷两种不同的认识,我们倾向于活动大陆边缘环境,推测在鲁山-华山-中条山-吕梁山一带存在古元古代早期的岛弧与活动大陆边缘的相互作用。2.2～1.9Ga这一阶段的地层除孔兹岩系外,通常为变质火山-沉积岩系,且火山岩基本都具有双峰式火山岩特征,表明它们应该形成于伸展环境,但对伸展的机制还存在裂谷与弧后盆地的争议,根据作者等的工作本文倾向于它们形成于陆内裂谷环境,反映了华北克拉通可能从2.2Ga开始经历了强烈的伸展活动,最终导致了原有基底的裂解。 相似文献
6.
遗迹化石(或生物成因沉积构造)是原产地环境条件的指示者,是原地埋藏的遗迹群落,因此几十年前即用来研究古环境和古地理。本文从4个方面讨论了利用遗迹化石群落来解释古代环境和古地理条件：①陆相和海相遗迹化石群落的区别;②海陆过渡带环境的遗迹化石群落和海岸线的识别;③遗迹相的古环境和古地理应用,且讨论了Skolithos(石针迹)、Cruziana(克鲁斯迹)、Zoophycos(动藻迹)和Nereites(类砂蚕迹)四个遗迹相研究的新进展;④利用遗迹化石群落对一些地质事件的解释,包括一些沉积事件的解释以及判断缺氧和贫氧环境。 相似文献
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9.
矿物包裹体特征对古岩溶作用的指示性 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
碳酸盐岩溶蚀孔缝中充填矿物包裹体特征对古岩溶作用环境和期次具有较好的指示性。黄骅坳陷奥陶系充填矿物包裹体物理特征反映古岩溶作用环境为埋藏型,包裹体化学特征显示了古岩溶作用与有机质熟化程度有关。包裹体各项特征指标的明显差异性与古岩溶作用的多期性相对应：3种盐度类型反映了浅埋藏、中等埋藏和深埋藏3种环境;4个均一温度段与古岩溶发育的4个期次相吻合。 相似文献
10.
华北古大陆与哥伦比亚超大陆 总被引：52，自引：4，他引：52
由Rogers和Santosh等 (2 0 0 2 )提出的哥伦比亚超大陆 ,是约从 1.9～ 1.5Ga由Nena ,Ur和Atlantic等 3个大陆块体群 ,通过逐步汇聚而形成的一个超级大陆。它是前罗迪尼亚古 -中元古时期的超大陆。从 1.5Ga开始的裂解作用使哥伦比亚超大陆逐步破裂 ,并在 1.0Ga左右这些破裂的大陆块体又重新汇聚形成罗迪尼亚超大陆。文中除介绍Rogers等提出的哥伦比亚超大陆的概念、组成和古大陆重建图外 ,重点阐述了中国华北古大陆 2 .0～ 1.8Ga期间吕梁—中条造山运动和 1.8～1.6Ga时期大规模裂解事件群的性质、特点和同位素年龄数据。文中提出哥伦比亚超大陆汇聚主要峰期与吕梁—中条造山运动的时限相一致 ,华北古大陆属于哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分 ,并可能为Nena大陆块体群的一员 ,在造山及裂解事件群的性质、特点和时代等特征上 ,华北与北美、西伯利亚和西北欧有更大的相似性。 相似文献
11.
渤海湾西北岸划分出了第Ⅰ道—第Ⅵ道牡蛎礁的平面分布(图1);对牡蛎礁壳体的几何形态特征进行了描述(图2),并将牡蛎礁壳体进行了剖面切割(图3);对牡蛎礁壳体进行了X光衍射与激光拉曼(活—古)矿物晶型的对比分析(表1,图4);对俵口村BKP20-2剖面(-2.84m)牡蛎礁一个体右壳:在双目镜下对其内部结构与矿物组分进行了分析(图5);通过机械挖掘剖面及钻探获得:牡蛎礁体的空间堆积厚度与赋存的海拔高度及其各剖面垂直方向上的14C年代数据;并获得牡蛎礁体堆积的内部结构特征(图6);以及牡蛎礁体水平夹层与CaCO3含量变化(图7),其中水平夹层CaCO3含量往往偏高,初步分析可能与气候偏冷有关。对牡蛎礁壳体内充填物及壳外沉积物进行了粒度分析(表3),粒度组分及概率累积曲线等(图9)为分析牡蛎礁的生态环境提供了佐证:即牡蛎礁基本以潮下带生活环境为主。以俵口BKP20剖面为例分析了牡蛎礁体堆积物从埋深-2.14～-6.90m的生物组合特征(表4)。以上资料为获得牡蛎礁堆积体的生长-发育-消亡等演化模式提供了依据(图10)。 相似文献
12.
渤海湾西北岸埋藏牡蛎礁体中的 壳体形态与沉积环境* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
渤海湾西北岸沿岸平原分布的众多埋藏牡蛎礁体中的壳体形态和泥沙沉积物特征是不尽相同的。不同礁体中的壳体形态有明显的区别,有些礁体中的壳体细窄,有些礁体中的壳体较宽厚; 与此相对应,具有不同壳体形态的礁体中的沉积物颗粒和粘土含量也有明显的差别。文章分别对组成大吴庄和岭头两个礁体剖面的牡蛎壳体和泥质沉积物进行测量和分析,结果表明大吴庄礁体中壳体的重量随高度增长的速率大于岭头礁体中的壳体,而两个礁体中壳体的壳重随体积增长的速率大致相同; 组成礁体的壳体形态与礁体的沉积环境有关,沉积物较细、粘土含量高时发育细窄的壳体,沉积物较粗、粘土含量低时发育宽厚的壳体。渤海湾西北岸地区埋藏牡蛎礁体中的壳体本身记录了其生长时的环境信息,可以通过分析礁体中的壳体形态来恢复礁体建礁过程中的沉积环境。 相似文献
13.
Kenneth M. Brown Gerald J. George Gary W. Peterson Bruce A. Thompson James H. CowanJr. 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(3):597-604
Oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica) supply important ecosystem services to estuarine habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico, but little is known of the role
of fish predators in controlling their structure or areal cover on soft sediments. At two sites and during fall and spring,
we employed gill nets and trot lines to remove black drum (Pogonias cromis) from experimental reefs, and assessed oyster survival in comparison to control reefs. Numbers and biomass of black drum
removed from reefs varied seasonally, among sites, and among removal methods. In the fall, black drum were rare at one site
and abundant at the other, but did not significantly lower oyster survival on control reefs at either site. In the spring,
black drum were common at both sites, and significantly lowered oyster survival on control reefs. Oysters and epizoic hooked
mussels comprised roughly a third of the fishes’ diet, and oyster mortality was closely related to the percentage of drum
feeding on oysters. There was little evidence of mortality from other predators of seed oysters like stone crabs or Southern
oyster drills, and a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated black drum biomass was significantly depressed on experimental
reefs during the experiments. Black drum thus appear to be potentially important predators on oyster reefs, but more work
needs to be done on what factors explain the temporal and spatial variation in their abundance and oyster consumption. 相似文献
14.
The importance of intertidal estuarine habitats, like salt marsh and oyster reef, has been well established, as has their ubiquitous loss along our coasts with resultant forfeiture of the ecosystem services they provide. Furthering our understanding of how these habitats are evolving in the face of anthropogenic and climate driven changes will help improve management strategies. Previous work has shown that the growth and productivity of both oyster reefs and salt marshes are strongly linked to elevation in the intertidal zone (duration of aerial exposure). We build on that research by examining the growth of marsh-fringing oyster reefs at yearly to decadal time scales and examine movement of the boundary between oyster reef and salt marsh at decadal to centennial time scales. We show that the growth of marsh-fringing reefs is strongly associated to the duration of aerial exposure, with little growth occurring below mean low water and above mean sea level. Marsh-shoreline movement, in the presence or absence of fringing oyster reefs, was reconstructed using transects of sediment cores. Carbonaceous marsh sediments sampled below the modern fringing oyster reefs indicate that marsh shorelines within Back Sound, North Carolina are predominantly in a state of transgression (landward retreat), and modern oyster-reef locations were previously occupied by salt marsh within the past two centuries. Cores fronting transgressive marsh shorelines absent fringing reefs sampled thinner and less extensive carbonaceous marsh sediment than at sites with fringing reefs. This indicates that fringing reefs are preserving carbonaceous marsh sediment from total erosion as they transgress and colonize the exposed marsh shoreline making marsh sediments more resistant to erosion. The amount of marsh sediment preservation underneath the reef scales with the reef’s relief, as reefs with the greatest relief were level with the marsh platform, preserving a maximum amount of carbonaceous sediments during transgression by buffering the marsh from erosional processes. Thus, fringing oyster reefs not only have the capacity to shelter shorelines but, if located at the ideal tidal elevation, they also keep up with accelerating sea-level rise and cap carbonaceous sediments, protecting them from erosion, as reefs develop along the marsh. 相似文献
15.
渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁是近年来研究程度最高的礁体,天津空港物流中心牡蛎礁则是近年来新发现的礁体。该两处礁体上部的牡蛎个体内部充填的泥、个体之间的泥以及礁体上覆沉积泥层中的硅藻研究表明,礁顶上下（即礁体的上部-顶部和上覆沉积泥层的下部）均富含潮间带环境指示种的Auliscus caelatus,表明礁体发育后期和上覆沉积泥层的初期,均为潮间带环境。尽管如此,从礁顶向上覆沉积泥层转换方式在两处礁体却不相同:（1）大吴庄:Auliscus caelatus种向上逐渐减少,暗示着大吴庄剖面由礁体上部的潮间带中上部、直至上覆沉积泥层下部的潮间带上部、进一步向上覆沉积泥层上部的潮上带转化的趋势。（2）空港:牡蛎礁上覆沉积泥层出现了比例达6%~23%的河口咸水-半咸水种Achnanches brevipes,而下伏礁体内则未见该种,暗示此处泥层受河口作用显著影响。此种不同揭示了礁体停止发育的原因有所不同:在5 520cal BP时,大吴庄礁顶进入潮间带中上部,礁体经常脱离海水而发育停止;在约4 000 cal BP时,空港礁体所在位置因河流作用突然增强,在时间上看很可能是黄河改道在天津入海,古黄河携带大量泥砂入海,掩盖了潮间带的牡蛎礁而导致牡蛎礁发育停止。 相似文献
16.
Once viewed as an inexhaustible fishery resource, eastern oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica) have been dramatically depleted. In North Carolina alone, eastern oyster harvests have declined by 90% since the early 1900s. However, eastern oyster restoration and management efforts have substantially increased since the 1970s. Oyster reefs provide habitat and refuge for organisms, improve water quality, and decrease erosion. Oyster restoration projects aim to construct reefs that function similarly to their natural counterparts. Therefore, post-creation monitoring of these reefs is crucial in determining restoration success. However, monitoring is often lacking or focused only on oyster density and size rather than ecosystem functions such as nekton utilization. This study examines nekton utilization among created reefs compared to natural reefs in an estuary in Wilmington, North Carolina. The objective was to determine whether the created reefs function similarly to the natural reefs in abundance, species richness, and fish size. Using seine nets and Breder traps, reefs were sampled over a 5-month period. No significant difference was detected among reefs for nekton abundance, species richness, and standard length. This is a promising result for future management, indicating that created and natural reefs can support similar communities of fishes and shrimp. 相似文献
17.
Allison M. Colden Kelsey A. Fall Grace M. Cartwright Carl T. Friedrichs 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(5):1435-1448
The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is a prominent ecosystem engineer, whose reefs exhibit strikingly consistent morphologies at multiple spatial scales throughout its North American range. These distinct morphologies are thought to form by interactions of nascent reef structures with hydrodynamics. We carried out two field studies to determine if historical reef configurations applied in a restoration context would improve reef persistence and restoration outcomes. We collected seabed and water column observations across constructed reefs of three orientations representative of those found historically throughout the oyster’s range: parallel or perpendicular to tidal currents or circular. Areas adjacent to reefs were sites of fine sediment trapping, with lower flow velocities, evidence of particle settling, and more fine sediments on the seabed relative to off-reef reference sites. The water column above the reef crest exhibited higher acoustic backscatter, higher flow velocities, and larger particles in suspension, consistent with local erosion of flocculated fine sediment from the reef crest. Perpendicular reefs produced conditions that were more conducive to reef persistence and improved oyster performance, including high flow velocities and enhanced resuspension of sediments from the reef, compared to parallel or circular reefs. Particle trapping in areas between reefs has the potential to inhibit reef growth between existing reef structures, providing support for hypotheses of landscape-scale reef pattern formation. Oyster reef restoration efforts can benefit from this improved understanding of biophysical interactions arising from reef orientation that contribute to sediment dynamics on constructed oyster reefs. 相似文献
18.
Lisa G. Chambers Stephanie A. Gaspar Christian J. Pilato Havalend E. Steinmuller Kevin J. McCarthy Paul E. Sacks Linda J. Walters 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(3):784-799
The restoration of dead/degraded oyster reefs is increasingly pursued worldwide to reestablish harvestable populations or renew ecosystem services. Evidence suggests that oysters can improve water quality, but less is known about the role of associated benthic sediments in promoting biogeochemical processes, such as nutrient cycling and burial. There is also limited understanding of if, or how long postrestoration, a site functions like a natural reef. This study investigated key biogeochemical properties (e.g., physiochemical properties, nutrient pools, microbial community size and activity) in the sediments of dead reefs; 1-, 4-, and 7-year-old restored reefs; and natural reference reefs of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in Mosquito Lagoon (FL, USA). Results indicated that most of the measured biogeochemical properties (dissolved organic carbon (C), NH4 +, total C, total nitrogen (N), and the activity of major extracellular enzymes involved in C, N, and phosphorus (P) cycling) increased significantly by 1-year postrestoration, relative to dead reefs, and then remained fairly constant as the reefs continued to age. Few differences were observed in biogeochemical properties between restored reefs of any age (1 to 7 years) and natural reference reefs. Variability among reefs of the same treatment category was often correlated with differences in the number of live oysters, reef thickness, and/or the availability of C and N in the sediments. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of live intertidal oyster reefs as biogeochemical hot spots for nutrient cycling and burial and the rapidity (within 1 year) with which biogeochemical properties can be reestablished following successful restoration. 相似文献
19.
天津空港牡蛎礁:中全新世环境恶化与新构造控礁作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
新发现的天津空港埋藏牡蛎礁体和下伏、上覆泥层的沉积学、AMS14C年代学研究显示,厚2.3m的礁体分为3部分,起讫年龄是6170～3980cal BP。5900～4100cal BP的中部,是受全新世冷事件4环境恶化控制的缓慢发育期。礁体的结束,则与冷事件3在时间上大致吻合。根据新的年龄数据,将该礁体的归属重新厘定为Ⅲ-2礁群。探讨礁体主要发育区与新构造活动的关系,表明全新世牡蛎礁平原主要位于海河-宝坻-工部-蓟运河断裂圈闭的北西-南东向区域内。这一认识,进一步从实证角度证实了牡蛎礁形成于渤海湾"湾中之湾"的推测。 相似文献
20.
Stephen Gregory Tolley Bethany Bachelor Brosious Ernst Bryan Peebles 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(4):820-833
Oyster reefs provide structural habitat for resident crabs and fishes, most of which have planktonic larvae that are dependent upon transport/retention processes for successful settlement. High rates of freshwater inflow have the potential to disrupt these processes, creating spatial gaps between larval distribution and settlement habitat. To investigate whether inflow can impact subsequent recruitment to oyster reefs, densities of crab larvae and post-settlement juveniles and adults were compared in Estero Bay, Florida, over 22 months (2005–2006). Three species were selected for comparison: Petrolisthes armatus, Eurypanopeus depressus, and Rhithropanopeus harrisii. All are important members of oyster reef communities in Southwest Florida; all exhibit protracted spawning, with larvae present throughout the year; and each is distributed unevenly on reefs in different salinity regimes. Recruitment to oyster reefs was positively correlated with bay-wide larval supply at all five reefs examined. Species-specific larval connectivity to settlement sites was altered by inflow: where connectivity was enhanced by increased inflow, stock–recruitment curves were linear; where connectivity was reduced by high inflows, stock–recruitment curves were asymptotic at higher larval densities. Maximum recruit density varied by an order of magnitude among reefs. Although live oyster density was a good indicator of habitat quality in regard to crab density, it did not account for the high variability in recruit densities. Variation in recruit density at higher levels of larval supply may primarily be caused by inflow-induced variation in larval connectivity, creating an abiotic simulation of what has widely been regarded as density dependence in stock–recruitment curves. 相似文献