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1.
利用GTOP030和SRTM3数字高程（DEM）数据,提取了喜马拉雅山脉（造山带）的数字高程模型并对其进行了地质地貌的初步分析。从SRTM3数字高程数据提取出坡度数据,初步分析了喜马拉雅山脉坡度和高程的特征。数字高程和坡度图清楚地展现了喜马拉雅大型断裂带（构造边界）的空间分布特征。分析了中国气象局下属的西藏、青海、四川和云南4省区气象观测台站55年来的年平均降水量观测数据、喜马拉雅山脉南坡的年平均降水量数据、喜马拉雅DEM和裂变径迹数据,发现喜马拉雅山脉从东至西,年平均降水量逐渐减少,地形起伏逐渐变小,而高程渐次升高,与此同时剥蚀速率降低;从北至南,年平均降水量逐渐增加,地形起伏增大,高程快速降低,而剥蚀速率则急剧升高。这充分说明了喜马拉雅年平均降水量大的地区,地表剥蚀作用相对较强,年平均降水量小的地区,地表剥蚀作用则较弱,即：在喜马拉雅地区,长周期的地表剥蚀过程（可长达数个百万年时间尺度）和短周期（仅仅50年）的降水量观测是耦合的。 相似文献
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数字高程模型在地表过程研究中的应用 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
数字高程模型(DEM)是人们研究地表过程、构造地貌的一种行之有效的方法和手段。DEM是地形表面的数字表达,易于三维可视化和统计分析。DEM作为一种空间数据,可以进行各种空间分析,编制平均高程图、山顶面图、谷地面图、局部地形图、平均坡度图和剖面图,从而有效地显示地形特征,预测地表侵蚀量和地形发展趋势。特定盆地充填面的DEM分析是探讨特定地质时期(新生代)以来地表由沉积转入侵蚀、沉积之后隆升过程、隆升速率和剥蚀量、剥蚀速率等地表过程的有效手段,它与大地构造、深部地球物理相结合,可以揭示隆升机制和大陆动力学背景。低起伏侵蚀面的DEM分析有利于定量揭示山脉夷平面分布,结合基岩地质等其他资料综合分析,可揭示侵蚀面的成因,揭示大地构造与地表过程相互关系是未来研究的主要目标之一。 相似文献
3.
数字高程模型（DEM）是DTM的一种特例,是对地球表面地形地貌的一种离散的数字表达。DEM是地理信息系统进行地形分析的基础数据。采用1：10万数字等高线数据建构30m空间分辨率格网DEM,并基于DEM进行分级,提取坡度、地形起伏度及坡度聚类,坡谱等地形分析;比较准确地表达了福建的总体地形特征,为地理分析及环境评价等提供了基础的数据。 相似文献
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元谋县地质灾害频发,严重威胁了人民生命及财产安全。为了研究境内地质灾害区的地貌特征,以GIS为平台,结合DEM数据提取了研究区高程、坡度信息,并计算了地表粗糙度及地形起伏度。并利用研究区灾害调查资料,探讨了高程、坡度、地表粗糙度、地形起伏度与地质灾害之间的相关性。最终结果表明地质灾害分布受地貌特征制约,地质灾害点分布的区域地貌主要表现为高程1500~2000m的次中山、坡度为25°~73°的险坡,地形起伏度为75~200m的小起伏和地表粗糙度为1.3~1.5的区域。 相似文献
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地形特征(如高程和坡度)和水文特征(如河流长度和河流坡度)是分布式流域水文水质模型的基础输入参数,用于量化描述模型模拟流域的自然特征。这些特征参数的准确性直接影响水文水质过程模拟的准确性。应用数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)在4个不同地形的子流域研究了10种不同分辨率DEM对平均高程、流域面积、坡度、河流坡度、最长河长等参数的影响。结果表明,随着DEM分辨率降低,流域地形变缓,流域平均坡度逐渐减小;随着DEM网格分辨率的变化,子流域划分范围和河道位置也都可能发生变化,且该变化在地形起伏较小的丘陵平原地区较明显,子流域集水面积和河长进一步随之改变;河流坡度随DEM分辨率降低则呈无规则变化。从地形和水文参数两方面揭示了DEM 分辨率在分布式流域模型中的不确定性影响。 相似文献
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大别山构造地貌的DEM初步分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台,利用航天飞机雷达地形测量(SRTM)数据,构建了大别造山带地区的数字高程模型(DEM),对大别山地区的构造地貌进行了模拟解译分析.研究表明,大别山在造山带走向和垂直走向的方向上都是中间高、两边低,两边地势低的部位发育断陷盆地.SRTM DEM地貌图显示,郯庐等大断裂地貌特征明显,断裂构造严格控制了水系的发育,大别山水系多呈格子状分布,在地貌上主要表现为河流的大角度转弯以及主支流近直角交汇;由于本区地壳沿断裂作差异性升降运动,造成地堑谷、断块山和断陷盆地并存的地貌特点.本文统计分析了坡度与高程之间的相互关系,并提取了夷平面信息. 相似文献
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航天飞机雷达地形测绘(shuttle radar topography mission, SRTM)和先进星载热发射和反射辐射成像仪全球数字高程模型(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model, ASTER GDEM)提供了全球覆盖面积最广的数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)数据, 但其高程精度还未得到充分验证, 传统地面测量方法很难适用于验证大面积范围的DEM精度.以冰、云和陆地高程卫星/地学激光测高系统(ICESat/GLAS)高程数据为参考, 综合利用地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)空间分析、三维可视化与统计分析方法, 对中国典型低海拔沿海平原地区和高海拔山地的两种DEM数据高程精度进行了对比分析.结果表明, 高程值小于20m的低海拔地区, SRTM高程精度达到2.39m, ASTER GDEM的精度达到4.83m, 均远远高于这两种数据的标称精度; 而在西南山地, 这两种DEM的精度大约为20m, 与标称精度相当.最后, 建立了ICESat/GLAS与SRTM和ASTER GDEM的一元线性回归模型, 该模型具有较高的拟合度和显著线性关系, 可用于改善这两种DEM的高程精度. 相似文献
9.
山丘区小流域地形空间分析及数字信息提取 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
山丘区小流域地形特征及数字水系的自动提取为山洪防治提供了必要的数据准备.本文采用地形特征自动提取软件包DigitalHydro,对山区小流域地形及水系基本信息进行了提取试验.研究中,地形数据引用栅格型DEM数据SRTM,水平分辨率接近90m,研究对象为浙江省姜湾水文实验流域.该流域拥有3个流量站,提取的集水面积分别为20.64km2,10.21km2,1.31km2,误差分别为-1.2%,0.1%和-3.0%.分析显示,流域地形总体起伏较大,平均坡度为33%,现有DEM分辨率能满足流域水系等基础信息的提取.但在河谷地带存在洼地,造成提取的水系与实际情况存在一定差异,提取水系时,局部需要引入空间分辨率更为细致的地形信息. 相似文献
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Multiscale interaction between monsoonal circulation and the local topography causes the southern front of the Darjeeling–Bhutan Himalaya to receive one of the highest annual rainfalls (3000–6000 mm) and most frequent heavy rains (up to 800 mm day?1) along the whole southern Himalayan margin. An examination of the patterns of annual rainfall, rainfall concentration, overland flow generation and slope instability indices in the Darjeeling–Bhutan Himalaya for 1986–2015 indicates that the mountain front disturbs rainfall gradient between the Bay of Bengal and the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the precipitation concentration indices are lowest at the Himalayan front where the annual rainfall and the number of rainy days are highest. The Himalayan front has the highest predisposition to produce overland flow compared to adjacent foreland and the mountain interior. The average probability of the rainfall initialising the shallow landslides increases from 0.6% for a 1-day rainfall threshold of 144 mm to 6.1% for a 4-day rainfall threshold of 193 mm in the study area. The highest probability (up to 10%) of 2-day and longer low-intensity storms at the mountain front indicate that its area is threatened with particularly larger and deeper landslides. The multivariate regression analysis reveals statistically significant linear relationships of rainfall hazard indices with elevation and the distance to the mountain front in the mountain foreland and Himalaya, respectively. Regionally, the Darjeeling Himalaya reveals lower values of rainfall hazard indices, in comparison to the Bhutan Himalaya. 相似文献
12.
Neoproterozoic India within East Gondwana: Constraints from recent geochronologic data from Himalaya 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Recent geochronologic data of detrital zircons and neodymium isotopic signatures of the Himalaya, Arabian–Nubian Shield, and Western Australia–East Antarctica (the Pinjarra Orogen/Circum-East Antarctic Orogen) are assessed to estimate the location of Neoproterozoic basement of the Himalaya.
The protolith of the Higher Himalayan Gneisses is considered to have been derived from the Pinjarra Orogen/Circum-East Antarctic Orogen of Western Australia–East Antarctica, and not from the Indian Craton to the south. This conclusion strongly suggests the juxtaposition of the Indian Craton, which forms the basement of the Himalaya, with the Circum-East Antarctic Orogen during the Neoproterozoic when the protolith of the Higher Himalayan Gneisses deposited. 相似文献
13.
In Nepal, people live in widely spread settlements in the fragile Himalayan terrains, and suffer more from landslides than from any other type of natural disaster. The small-scale rainfall-triggered landslides in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal are generally shallow (about 0.5 to 2.5 m) and are triggered by changes in the physical property of soil layers during rainfall. The relation between landslides and slope hydrology has received little attention in Himalayan landslide research. Thus, this paper deals with the probability of slope failure during extreme rainfall events by considering a digital elevation model (DEM)-based hydrological model for soil saturation depth and an infinite slope stability model. Deterministic distributed analysis in a geographic information system (GIS) was carried out to calculate the probability of slope failure. A simple method of error propagation was used to calculate the variance of the safety factors and the probability of failure. When normally distributed failure probability values were checked against existing landslides, it was found that more than 50% of the pixels of existing landslides coincided with a high calculated probability of failure. Although the deterministic distributed analysis has certain drawbacks, as described by previous researchers, this study concluded that the calculated failure probability can be utilised to predict the probability of slope failure in Himalayan terrain during extreme rainfall events. 相似文献
14.
Coupling fluvial processes and landslide distribution toward geomorphological hazard assessment: a case study in a transient landscape in Japan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ching-Ying Tsou Masahiro Chigira Yuki Matsushi Narumi Hiraishi Noriyuki Arai 《Landslides》2017,14(6):1901-1914
This study quantified the relationship among deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DGSDs), landslides, and river rejuvenation in the upper reaches of the Kumano River in the Kii Mountains of Japan, an area of frequent bedrock landslides. River profiles and hillslope landforms were examined, and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were used to identify DGSDs and landslides. Many of the deep-seated landslides were associated with rainstorms in 1889 and 2011. Landslide volumes were related to landslide areas on the basis of 52 deep-seated landslides that failed during the 2011 rainfall, providing basic data for landscape denudation and sediment yield. River rejuvenation occurred stepwise, incising moderate relief paleosurfaces and forming two series of knickpoints and V-shaped inner gorges that are up to 400-m deep. More than 65% of DGSDs and 75% of the landslides were located in association with the incised inner gorges along the peripheries of the paleosurfaces or were entirely contained within the inner gorges. DGSDs and landslides associated with the incised inner valley slopes tended to be larger than those developed within the paleosurfaces and may be long-term transient hillslope responses to river incision. Hillslope undercutting caused by rejuvenated river incision may play an important role in long-term slope stability and distribution of mass movements, and could serve as an indicator of landslide hazard. 相似文献
15.
喜马拉雅地区深反射地震──揭示印度大陆北缘岩石圈的复杂结构 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
喜马拉雅山的崛起和青藏高原的隆升被认作是印度板块和亚洲板块中、新生代以来汇聚、碰撞、挤压的结果，是典型的陆－陆碰撞地带。此文介绍了在喜马拉雅山区进行的第一次深反射地震试验的结果。试验剖面布置在北喜马拉雅地区内，从喜马拉雅山山脊南的帕里到康马南的萨马达共中１５点（ＣＭＰ）叠加剖面上表现出如下特点：①显示了在地壳中部有一强反射带，向北缓倾斜下去，延长达１００ｋｍ以上。它可能代表了一个活动的道冲断裂或是一条巨大的拆离带，印度地壳整体或下地壳沿此拆离层俯冲到藏南之下；②上部地壳的反射，显示了上地壳存在着大规模的叠瓦状结构；③下地壳的反射显示了塑性流变特征；④在测线南部莫霍反射明显，深度达７２─７５ｋｍ，发现了南部有双莫霍层的存在；⑤试验中还取得莫霍层下面３２ｓ、３８ｓ、４８ｓ等双程走时的多条反射，均向北倾斜，反射同相轴延续较长，信息丰富，反映了上地幔的成层结构。这些结果对印度大陆地壳整体或其下地壳俯冲到藏南特提斯喜马拉雅地壳之下并导致西藏南端地壳增厚的观点给予了实质性的支持。 相似文献
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METAMORPHISM IN THE LESSER HIMALAYAN CRYSTALLINES AND MAIN CENTRAL THRUST ZONE IN THE ARUN VALLEY AND AMA DRIME RANGE (EASTERN HIMALAYA)1 BrunelM ,KienastJR . tudep啨ｔｒｏ structuraledeschevauchementsductileshimalayenssurlatrans versaledel’Everest Makalu (N啨ｐａｌｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌ) [J].CanadianJ .EarthSciences,1986 ,2 3:1117～ 1137.
2 LombardoB ,RolfoF .TwocontrastingeclogitetypesintheHimalayas :implicationsfortheHimalayanorogeny… 相似文献
17.
V. Raiverman 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,81(3):337-349
Himalayan orogeny in relation to Global Tectonics is a hotly debated subject. Orogeny can result either from collision of continental plates or by an endogenic process of mantle upwelling along pre-existing fracture zones in the crust. This paper describes a new technique of frequency analysis of radiometric ages of crystalline rocks in the mountain ranges straddling the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ), the supposed line of collision between India and Asia, and shows that all the ranges from Karakoram to Lesser Himalaya across the ITSZ got uplifted simultaneously in a particular sequence. This contradicts the concept of suturing, places the ITSZ in the category of one of the intracrustal thrusts of the Himalayan orogenic system and establishes the family affinity between the Karakoram and the Himalaya. Analysis of stratigraphic and structural data points out that this family affinity is not confined to the ranges only but extends beyond into the foreland and oceanic basins as well. This paper also explains a number of apparent contradictions in terrain geomorphology, ophiolites in suture zones, thickness anomaly of Himalaya-derived sediments in eastern and western wings of terrestrial and oceanic basins to the south of the ranges, the status of Mid-oceanic Ridges in global tectonics, convergence aspect between Himalaya and India, nature of Foothills Fault and metamorphism of early Tertiary sediments in the Himalayan foreland basin. 相似文献
18.
Upendra Baral Ding Lin Tapos Kumar Goswami Mondip Sarma Muhammad Qasim Devojit Bezbaruah 《地学学报》2019,31(1):18-27
Geochronology is useful for understanding provenance, and while it has been applied to the central and western Himalaya, very little data are available in the eastern Himalaya. This study presents detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the late Palaeocene–Eocene Yinkiong Group in NE India. The samples are from the late Palaeocene to early Eocene Lower Yinkiong Formation, and the Upper Yinkiong Formation deposited during the early to mid‐Eocene within the Himalayan foreland basin. The U–Pb ages of the detrital zircon within the Lower Yinkiong Formation are older than late Palaeozoic, with a cratonic and early Himalayan Thrust Belt affinity, whereas the Cenozoic grains in the Upper Yinkiong Formation indicate a Himalayan Thrust Belt source and possibly a granitic body within the Asian plate. The shift of the sources and the changes in the foreland basin system strongly suggest that the India–Asia collision in the Eastern Himalaya began before or immediately after the deposition of the Upper Yinkiong Formation, i.e., within the early Eocene (c. 56 to 50 Ma). 相似文献
19.
Detrital zircons (DZ) and Nd isotopic characteristics constraint maximum depositional ages of two distinct Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic terranes across the Main Central Thrust zone (Munsiari Group) in the Himalaya. New DZ ages and Nd isotopic characters are reported from the Inner Lesser Himalaya (iLH) sedimentary belt (Berinag Group quartzite) and the Munsiari Group through the Great Himalayan Sequence (GHS–Vaikrita Group) across the MCT to the lower parts of the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) along the Alaknanda–Dhauli Ganga valleys, Uttarakhand Himalaya. The iLH Berinag Group quartzite yielded nearly unimodal DZ U-Pb ages between 2.05 and 1.80 Ga with εNd(0) values of −17 and −23, while the overthrust Munsiari Group, bounded by the Munsiari Thrust at the base and the Vaikrita Thrust (MCT) at the top, represents the Proterozoic magmatic arc with ∼1.95 and 1.89 Ga U-Pb zircon age population with an average of −25 εNd(0) value; the arc developed during the Columbia Supercontinent assembly. In contrast, overthrust Great Himalayan Sequence (GHS–Vaikrita Group) above the MCT is characterized by entirely new Neoproterozoic 1.05–0.85 Ga zircon population, which appears for the first time in this sequence, and has higher εNd(0) values (average −16). Tectonically overlying the GHS, the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) has first appearance of the Early Paleozoic detrital zircons, with its εNd(0) values like the GHS. Broadly, these characters persist throughout the Himalayan belt from Himachal to NE Himalaya. The iLH sediments were possibly derived from northernly ∼1.9 Ga magmatic arc, and southern the Archean–Proterozoic Aravalli–Bundelkhand nuclei of the Indian craton. Potential sources for the GHS sediments may be a northerly ‘destroyed’ Neoproterozoic magmatic arc whose remnants exists within the Himalaya as the Neoproterozoic granitoids, and possibly be the iLH sedimentary belt, an ‘In-board’ Aravalli–Delhi Fold Belt (ADFB)–Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) in the south. 相似文献