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青藏高原多圈层相互作用研究一直是国际地学界研究的热点和难点,而高原各主要块体精确的内外耦合作用记录成为取得突破的关键。西秦岭地处高原东北向生长的关键节点部位,夷平面保留完好,具典型性,是研究区域内外力耦合作用的良好载体。在野外考察的基础上,通过地貌因子提取法和目视解译法,对该区进行定量解译分析发现,山顶面与主夷平面分别残留于高山顶部和普遍分布在西秦岭山脉主体部分,夷平面东北向倾斜暗示高原在该区抬升幅度由内部向边缘逐渐减小。梳理和分析该区有关低温热年代学和构造变形证据,获得该区新生代以来造山期次主要发生在66~47 Ma、38~22 Ma、≤13 Ma,期间的47~38 Ma和22~13 Ma相对平静期为准平原过程。初步推断现存的山顶面在始新世中期（约47 Ma）开始夷平,主夷平面的发育始于中新世早期（约22 Ma）,约13 Ma准平原形成。青藏运动导致这两级地貌面隆升到现代高度,最终奠定现代地貌格局。 相似文献
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地带性与非地带性夷平面* 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
夷平面是指由剥蚀和夷平作用所产生的,以截面形式横切所有在年龄上先于它的地层和构造的一种平缓地形。前人普遍认为,夷平面是在构造相对稳定条件下经过长期外营力作用形成的一个接近基准面的平坦地形,是地貌长期演化的终极产物。 流水侵蚀是夷平面形成的动力学基础。"夷平面"一直是解释新生代以来大的构造格局和地貌演化的重要理论依据,如我国青藏高原隆升的研究。 基于气候地貌学原理,文章提出了寒冻夷平面和干旱夷平面的概念;从坡地演化过程理论模型入手,探讨了寒冻、干旱夷平面和流水夷平面的形成机理;提出有别于传统"构造侵蚀旋迴"理论的"构造隆升和地面剥夷动态平衡"的气候夷平地貌假说;此外,还简要分析了这三类夷平面的全球分布规律。 相似文献
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S. Bs de Berc J.C. Soula P. Baby M. Souris F. Christophoul J. Rosero 《Tectonophysics》2005,399(1-4):351
The eastern Ecuadorian Andes appear as a fold-and-thrust belt adjacent to a continental foredeep represented by one of the world's largest tropical alluvial megafans, the Pastaza megafan, debouching into the Amazonian lowland. The apex of the Pliocene–Pleistocene megafan situated in the present-day wedge top (Subandean Zone) has been cut by an erosion surface, the western part of which has been uplifted of 500 m along the frontal thrust, forming a poorly dissected plateau, the Mera plateau. This erosion surface erased most of the previous fluvial landscape but preserved a large thrust-related anticlinal hinge deforming less erodible underlying strata, the Mirador fold and smaller-sized anticlines. This surface has been then incised by two antecedent major rivers, the Pastaza and the Napo, and few tributaries. The plateau edge is marked by a series of large scale gently sloping landslides clustered along a 70 km long concave eastward line associated with the frontal thrust fault. The newly formed immature rivers issued from the landslides or sourced within east-dipping remnants of the erosion surface downstream of the landslide line constitute the greatest part of the streams feeding the Ecuadorian Amazonian basin. At 70 to 100 km from the landslide line, the drainage abruptly changes from highly immature to mature with a well-defined hinge line representing the outer limit of landslide and tectonic control. The diversions of the Pastaza River indicate ongoing fold growth since at least the late Pleistocene in the Eastern Cordillera, and the early Holocene in the Mera plateau. The preserved terraces of the Pastaza valley are all degradational and are ascribed to periods of tectonic (seismic) activity alternating with periods of tectonic quiescence or decreased seismic activity rather than to climatic events. 14C dating of the plateau erosion surface and of the upper Pastaza terraces indicates that the minimum average incision rate since 18,000 years BP varies locally in the upper Pastaza valley from 0.5 to 0.67 cm year−1 , increasing from 18,000 years BP to now. A comparison of these incision rates with fold-and-thrust fault uplift rates indicates that incision in the upper Pastaza valley was a result of rapid uplift (up to 1 cm year−1) along the Mirador fold-and-thrust which caused a restoration of the local equilibrium profile of the upper reach, combined with smaller local fault uplift along the westernmost thrust faults. The uplift of the whole Mera plateau with respect to the upper Amazonian basin gives a minimum average uplift rate of 2.8 cm year−1 since 18,000 years BP. The overall uplift of the Mera plateau and the Eastern Cordillera is likely to have been caused by a regional-scale low angle thrust ramp emerging as the frontal thrust fault. 相似文献
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北京西山潭柘寺地区第四纪冰川与环境问题 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
第四纪时期,北京西山潭柘寺地区没有发生过任何山地冰川作用。所渭的冰川遗迹、冰碛、冰水沉积及各种冰蚀地貌,实际上是不存在的。因此,所渭的冰期划分也都是不可靠的。在更新世冰期阶段,北京西山属冰缘环境,而非冰川环境。 相似文献
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Staircases of gravelly river terrace deposits in southern England occupy valleys typically underlain by frost-susceptible and brecciated bedrocks. The valleys developed during the Quaternary by alternating episodes of (1) brecciation, incision and planation through the bedrock, forming wide low-relief erosion surfaces; and (2) aggradation in braidplains of gravel a few meters thick that bury the erosion surfaces. A conceptual model to account for some of the terraces proposes that brecciation resulted from ice segregation in the ice-rich layer in the upper meters of Pleistocene permafrost, making them vulnerable to fluvial thermal erosion and therefore predisposing the bedrock to planation. The low gradients of the valleys were adjusted such that rivers transferred fine materials out of the basins but lacked the competence to remove gravel, which therefore accumulated within floodplains. The model challenges the prevailing view of incision during climate transitions. It attributes incision and planation to very cold and arid permafrost conditions, when rivers had limited discharges and hillslopes supplied limited volumes of stony debris into valley bottoms. 相似文献
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四川攀枝花昔格达组下伏砾石层成因和时代探讨与古金沙江河谷发育 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文主要描述和讨论了四川省攀枝花市沿金沙江分布、并以炳草岗地龙箐剖面为代表的昔格达组湖相沉积下伏的砾石层的沉积特征及其河流相成因.根据前人对昔格达组湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究结果,为4.2/3.28～2.6/2.12/1.78 MaBP的上新世中、晚期或至早更新世早期,表明其下伏厚达50 m的砾石层的形成时代约为4.2～4.5/5 MaBP的上新世早期.早上新世金沙江河流相砾石层在接近金沙江谷底位置的发现,表明金沙江很早就已经从青藏高原主夷平面下切了2000 m以上、已在接近其现今谷底的位置上存在.这对于探讨古金沙江的河谷发育及其与青藏高原隆升的关系,具有重要的指示意义. 相似文献
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以江苏中部淤长型泥质潮滩为例,建立了基于过程的潮滩动力地貌演变数学模型,研究了在沿岸潮流作用、供沙充分情况下双凸形潮滩横剖面形成机制。在向岸方向,流速自潮下带至低潮位线附近急速减小,潮间带区域流速则缓慢减小,泥沙在流速急变区域迅速堆积形成上凸点。潮下带中部在小潮期的淤积量大于大潮期冲刷量,总体淤积率较高;加之潮间带中部较弱的落潮流不足以将其上风处底沙掀动并向海输运,导致落潮后期潮下带上部含沙量小、沉积率相对较低,最终在潮下带中部形成下凸点。随着滩面淤长抬升,上、下凸点位置逐步向高、低潮位线附近移动。与前人关于双凸形剖面形成机制的定性分析成果相比,尚有不一致之处,需通过现场观测等进一步探讨。 相似文献
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为探究江苏中部沿海双凸型剖面演变特性,在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮间带布设了10个水准观测站,2012年9月至2013年11月对该潮滩剖面演变过程开展了现场观测.结果表明:该潮滩剖面呈现出双凸型特征,平均高、低潮位线附近的滩涂形成淤积率较高的地形凸点;潮间上带受潮流影响小,滩面高程相对稳定;平均高、低潮位之间的区域滩面高程季节性变化明显,总体呈现冲刷状态;潮间下带冲刷显著,滩面坡度增大.全剖面自岸向海呈现"稳定—淤积—稳定—淤积—冲刷"的双凸型剖面特征. 相似文献
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祁连山东南缘基于RGMAP的数字化地貌研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在RGMAP平台下, 以数字高程模型DEM为基础, 结合野外路线调查、图切构造地貌剖面, 较系统地研究了青藏高原东北缘祁连山东南麓(达坂山—拉脊山) 地区典型层状地貌分布发育特征, 初步识别出了调查区的两级夷平面(一级夷平面海拔3000m、二级夷平面4000m左右)、多级山足剥蚀面(1~ 11级) 及主要入海水系如黄河及其支流, 如湟水河、大通河发育的河流阶地系列, 其中湟水河发育7级河流阶地, 黄河5级河流阶地, 黄河干流于盐锅峡段贯通之前, 湟水河一度为黄河上游源头.结合野外调查和室内分析, 本文详细描述了各级层状地貌分布特征、沉积学、形成时代及其与新构造运动的关联, 说明典型层状地貌的发育是青藏高原晚新生代以来间歇性构造抬升的结果. 相似文献
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Baffin Bay, Texas is the flooded Last Glacial Maximum incised valley of the Los Olmos, San Fernando and Petronila Creeks along the north‐western Gulf of Mexico. Cores up to 17 m in length and high‐resolution seismic profiles were used to study the history of Baffin Bay over the last 10 kyr and to document the unusual depositional environments within the valley fill. The deposits of the Baffin Bay incised valley record two major and two minor events. Around 8·0 ka, the estuarine environments backstepped more than 15 km in response to an increase in the rate of sea‐level rise. Around 5·5 ka, these estuarine environments changed from environments similar to other estuaries of the northern Gulf of Mexico to the unusual suite of environments found today. Another minor flooding event occurred around 4·8 ka in which several internal spits were flooded. Some time after 4·0 ka, the upper‐bay mud‐flats experienced a progradational event. Because of its semi‐arid climate and isolation from the Gulf of Mexico, five depositional environments not found in the other incised‐valley fills of the northern Gulf of Mexico are found today within Baffin Bay. These deposits include well‐laminated carbonate and siliciclastic open‐bay muds, ooid beaches, shelly internal spits and barrier islands, serpulid worm‐tube reefs and prograding upper‐bay mud‐flats. Based on these unusual deposits, and other characteristics of Baffin Bay, five criteria are suggested to help identify incised valleys that filled in arid and semi‐arid climates. These criteria include the presence of: (i) hypersaline‐tolerant fauna; (ii) aeolian deposits; and (iii) carbonate and/or evaporite deposits; and the absence of: (iv) peat or other organic‐rich deposits in the upper bay and bay‐margin areas; and (v) well‐developed fluvially dominated bayhead deltas. 相似文献
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青藏高原夷平面及其年代是高原隆升、时代和幅度研究中的一个关键问题。可可西里东部地区通过1∶100000航测地形图所示的山顶面形态特征分析表明,本区广泛分布的山顶平坦地形面为青藏高原主夷平面的一部分,其海拔高度大多在4900～5200m。本区平坦顶面的熔岩方山常与夷平面交叉分布,也为高原主夷平面一部分,其同位素年代19.6～6.95MaB.P.之间的有39个(9.9～6.95MaB.P.有17个)。又据本区相邻的山间盆地内的火山地貌年龄推论,夷平面形成于9.9～6.95MaB.P.之后,3MaB.P.之前已形成 相似文献
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黄河兰州谷地新构造运动的初步研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
通过分析新构造运动在黄河兰州谷地的表现,证明自上新世末以来本区新构造运动强烈,相继发生过3次主要构造事件,制约和影响黄河兰州谷地的形成、发育及环境演变。新构造运动以脉动式整体抬升和差异式断块运动的方式活动,使本区自2.4Ma以来上升约800m。由于特定的地貌位置和特殊的区域地质构造,本区新构造运动完全受制于青藏高原阶段性强烈隆起。 相似文献
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Mihaela Trelea‐Newton Nicholas R. Golledge 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(4):614-628
Geomorphological mapping of locally nourished glaciers was conducted in four glens in the southeastern Monadhliath Mountains, Scotland. Three glaciers are interpreted to be of Younger Dryas age based on geomorphological similarity to features in other Scottish upland areas known to have been glaciated during the Younger Dryas, and on comparison to adjacent ice‐free areas in the lower glens where landform‐sediment assemblages typically reflect peri/paraglacial readjustment during the stadial. Here we reconstruct Younger Dryas glacier termini based on moraine alignments and associated geomorphological and sedimentological evidence. An adjacent wide plateau area at high altitude may have permitted extensive ice accumulation, but no unequivocal geomorphological signature is evident. To establish upper glacier limits, a series of ice profiles are modelled. The results yield a range of realistic glacier configurations bracketed between two distinct scenarios: a valley glaciation with the glaciers' upper limit on the plateau edge, and a low‐domed icecap centred on the plateau with ice flowing radially into the lower glens. Reconstructed equilibrium‐line altitudes are 795 m a.s.l. for the valley‐glacier scenario and 894 m a.s.l. for the icecap scenario. Calculated mean ablation‐season temperatures at the ELA are 1.2°C and 0.4°C for the valley‐glacier and the icecap scenario, respectively, from which we infer mean annual precipitation rates between 323 and 520 mm a?1. Palaeoclimate results indicate a stadial climate in central Scotland 65–79% more arid than at present, comparable to that of western Norway for the stadial and to the present‐day Canadian Arctic. 相似文献
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岷江源地区新构造运动特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了深入了解岷江断裂带晚新生代以来的构造活动,以岷江源地区河谷地貌、新生代盆地、夷平面为主要研究内容,研究区内新构造运动的特征。结果表明该区河谷地貌以宽谷和窄谷的交替出现为特点,源区发育三级夷平面,新构造运动强烈,地貌差异显著。该区新近纪以来主要经历了早期(5.3 Ma)伸展断陷和中期(1.8 Ma)逆冲推覆兼左行走滑及晚期(0.13 Ma)掀斜抬升演化过程。岷江源区河谷地貌的演化严格受新构造运动的影响,构造运动控制了河谷以及第四纪断陷盆地的形态,影响了河岸两侧阶地的分布、形态与结构。本区新构造运动具有南北分带型和东西向掀斜运动的不对称性等特征。本研究为进一步研究青藏高原东缘的活动构造提供了重要的地貌证据。 相似文献
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通过对湖北宜昌地区白垩纪—第四纪沉积演化的研究,发现存在3个明显的沉积旋回,每个旋回由下部颗粒粗大的砾石层和上部颗粒较细小的粉砂-泥质层组成。3个沉积旋回对应了宜昌以西三峡地区3期构造演化旋回,同时反映了三峡地区3期夷平面的存在。结合前人研究结果、古生物化石和对第四系善溪窑组的测年数据,认为3期夷平面形成时代分别为:鄂西期夷平面形成于白垩纪晚期—古近纪的始新世,山原期夷平面形成于上新世—早更新世初,云梦期夷平面形成于早更新世末—中更新世早期。 相似文献
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乌江下游岩溶地貌形态特征初探——以重庆武隆及其邻近地区为例 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
乌江下游为典型的亚热带岩溶中山峡谷地貌,主要以大型的岩溶峡谷、天生桥和大 的天坑以及大型溶洞、地下河及丰富多彩的次生沉积物为特征。本文主要分析了乌江下游的 岩溶个体形态特征及层状地貌面的岩溶形态组合特征,探讨了乌江下游岩溶地貌的演化过程,认为:（1）乌江下游地区的层状地貌分为两级夷平面、一级溶蚀面、五级水平溶洞和三 级阶地;（2）不同地区岩溶形态特征有明显差异:在鄂西期地面上,地面完整性较好,以低矮的峰丛和平坝、大的浅洼地相组合。山原期地面,不同地区岩溶形态组合特征有所差别: 在水系裂点以下地区,主要以峰丛-峡谷组合为主;河流裂点以上的上游地区,地面保存相对完整,为锥状峰丛、深洼地景观。盆地期溶蚀面以峰丛-槽谷、谷地为主。（3）乌江下游岩溶地貌的形成,经历了鄂西期、山原期、盆地期和峡谷期地貌演化阶段,并形成鄂西期、山原期岩溶夷平面、盆地期溶蚀面和深切峡谷。 相似文献
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深部物质运动的气体地球化学特征 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
根据氦同位素地球化学资料讨论了中国东部和云南腾冲地区上地幔的脱气。尽管地球脱气作用主要发生在地球形成时的十亿年间，但是后期的脱气作用仍是影响大气圈演化的主要因素。在两种力学性质不同的构造带──中国东部大陆裂谷和位于欧亚板块与印度板块缝合带的腾冲火山区，采集了天然气样，并分析了气体组分和氦同位素组成，较高的３Ｈｅ／４Ｈｅ值和地质、地球物理资料表明天然气和温泉气中的氦相当一部分是来自上地幔。来自上地幔的氦和其他气体自第三纪以来不断在气藏中聚集或向大气中逃逸。伴有源于上地幔的岩浆活动的地幔脱气是深部物质运动的具体表现形式，它对新生代气候演变可能有直接影响。 相似文献