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1.
2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带中段发生汶川8.0级特大地震。大震发生时释放应力并对震源区及外围构造应力场产生影响,受汶川地震断层破裂方式和强度空间差异性的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场也应表现差异特征,至今鲜有针对该科学问题深入的分析和讨论。经过系统收集、梳理汶川地震后沿龙门山断裂带水压致裂地应力测量数据与2008年汶川地震中强余震序列震源机制解资料,对汶川地震后龙门山断裂带中上地壳构造应力场进行厘定,通过与震前构造应力场对比,深入探讨了汶川8.0级地震对龙门山断裂带地壳应力场的影响,进而对汶川震后应力调整过程及青藏高原东缘龙门山地区深部构造变形模式进行研究,研究结果表明:受汶川8.0级地震的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力场空间分布具有差异性,近地表至上地壳15 km深度范围,映秀—青川段最大主应力方向为北西西向、地应力状态为逆走滑型,青川东北部最大主应力方向偏转至北东东向、应力状态转变为走滑型;15~25km深度范围,龙门山断裂带最大主应力方向仍为北西—北西西向、应力状态以逆冲型为主。汶川8.0级地震后,龙门山断裂带中地壳北西西向逆冲挤压的构造应力特征进一步支持了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区东西两侧刚性块体碰撞挤压、逆冲推覆的动力学模式。 相似文献
2.
川甘陕交汇地区新构造活动强烈、地震频发,具有复杂多样的构造变形模式和构造强烈活动特征,为一潜在地震危险性研究的关键构造部位。为了查明川甘陕交汇关键构造部位地壳浅表层现今地应力环境和潜在地震危险性,在甘肃省水市甘谷县及四川省广元市三堆镇实施机械岩心钻探工程和水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果表明,甘谷钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,甘谷地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,且具有较高地应力值,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N41°E,易于钻孔附近北西西向西秦岭北缘断裂产生左旋走滑兼逆冲活动;三堆钻孔3个主应力关系为SHShSv,该地区现今水平主应力起主导作用,钻孔附近最大水平主压应力方位平均为N85°W,利于钻孔附近北东向青川断裂产生右旋走滑兼逆冲活动。利用库仑摩擦滑动准则对断裂活动进行分析,结果表明天水和广元地区的地应力大小均已经达到了使地壳浅部断层产生滑动失稳的临界条件,需加强地应力实时监测和分析。该研究成果为川甘陕交汇关键构造部位的断裂活动性分析和地质环境安全评价提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
跨渤海通道海域缺乏实测地应力基础数据,而海域钻探原位实测又承担着巨大风险与重重困难,为取得工程区现今地应力场特征第一手资料,利用以水压致裂地应力测量为主,以空心包体、非弹性应变恢复、差应变、声波各向异性法为辅的综合地应力测量技术,对研究区海域开展三维地应力测试与研究,建立了线性回归方程,得到了回归拟合曲线。结果表明,渤海海峡最大水平主应力σH、最小水平主应力σh与垂直主应力σv均随测试深度的增加呈线性增大规律;海峡南部地应力状态存在σH>σh>σv的关系,处于逆冲应力状态,应力场方向为NE,最大水平主应力大于垂直主应力,区域内构造力处于主导地位;海峡北部应力状态为σH>σv>σh,有利于走滑断层活动,应力场方向为NE,区域内构造力处于主导地位;整个工程区内地应力各分量值之间相差不大,远远小于区内断层活动应力值的下限,表明研究区目前处于稳定状态。研究结果符合一般地应力测... 相似文献
4.
汶川5．12地震引起的库仑应力变化及其对周边地震活动的影响 总被引：9，自引：9，他引：0
汶川"5.12"8.0级特大地震,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。地震对周围地区断层活动性的影响和余震发展方向是人们关心的一个问题。根据汶川地震同震静态位移我们计算了周围地区一些断层的库仑应力变化,并据此评价了震后周围地区断层和地震的活动性。计算结果表明,龙门山断裂带东北段,包括北川、青川、宁强等地,为库仑应力增强区,有利于地震的发生。较大的余震分布与库仑应力增强区有较好的对应关系。鲜水河断裂带主要为库仑应力下降区,只有一小段为增高区,鲜水河断裂带总体上不利于地震活动。成都地区的西北部库仑应力增强,东南部应力下降。库仑应力变化的研究对大震后地震趋势的分析有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
松辽盆地基底内的地应力状态是地震等地质灾害研究、盆地动力学分析和油气资源开发利用等领域的重要基础数据。岩心非弹性应变恢复法是近年来发展起来的基于钻孔岩心的近原位三维地应力测量方法。本文将岩心非弹性应变恢复法应用于松辽盆地大陆科学钻探松科2井(SK-2)深部地应力测量,获得了松辽盆地基底内近6～7 km的三维地应力状态,结果表明盆地基底内(6 646～6 846 m)为走滑断层应力环境(σH>σV>σh),最大水平主应力方向为近E-W方向。盆地基底内的应力状态与盆地内及周边邻近区域的震源机制解(震源深度7～15 km)所反演的应力环境相吻合。盆地基底处于以E-W向近水平挤压为主导的构造应力场,这种应力状态的形成,可能为西太平洋板块NW向挤压运动背景下,受控于NE-NEE走向的依兰—伊通断裂和敦化—密山断裂右行走滑产生的次级应力场。研究结果对于认识区域构造应力场背景及松辽盆地的形成与演化过程具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
6.
川西地区地质构造环境复杂,该区深埋隧道建设过程中经常面临岩爆风险,而地应力条件对深埋隧道的规划建设和岩爆风险预判具有重要意义。本研究利用水压致裂法在川西折多山某深埋隧道开展了原地应力测量及其工程效应分析。某钻孔196~650 m深度范围内的地应力测试结果显示,隧址区以水平构造应力为主导,测试深度范围内水平主应力随深度线性增加,且应力增加梯度高于中国大陆背景值。地应力结构整体以逆断型(SH>Sh>Sv)为主,其中389.50~560.50 m深度范围属应力释放区,地应力结构以走滑型(SH>Sv>Sh)为主。侧压系数及最大、最小水平主应力比值随深度分布基本符合中国大陆各参数变化特征。最大水平主应力方向为NWW向,与区域应力场分布及周边活动断裂反映的力学机制一致,主要受印度板块向欧亚板块持续俯冲和高原物质东南向扩散作用控制。测点现今地应力强度较高,临近断裂失稳状态,随着应力的不断积累,区内优势破裂方向或已有断裂的特殊构造部位可能发生失稳滑动。最后,基于地应力测量结果对深埋隧道围岩稳定性进行了预判分析,受隧址区高地应力影响,围岩发生中-强岩爆的可能性较大,需优化设计并重点防护。 相似文献
7.
通过汶川科学钻探钻孔地质实体(岩芯)的构造研究、非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)地应力测试,结合区域构造和汶川地震NW向余震带的综合分析,提出沿映秀-北川断裂走向的狭窄范围内存在一组NW-SE向构造,其总体产状为:走向N48°W,倾角中等,与映秀-北川断裂带的总体走向和ASR地应力测试获得的一组最大主应力方位(侧伏方向224°)和最大水平应力方位(44°)接近垂直。NW-SE向构造,除少数发育为宏观的断裂构造外,多数表现为密集的裂隙系(或隐断裂)和隐伏断裂,以逆冲性质为主,局部略具左行走滑特征。映秀-北川断裂两侧相向倾斜的NW-SE向裂隙系表明其两侧存在有方向相反的运动,映秀-北川断裂属两侧具有不同形成机制和相向位移的双侧走滑型断裂。映秀-北川断裂的同震垂向位移受NE-SW向构造和NW-SE向构造双重因素制约,在汶川地震的主震带与NW向余震带叠置部位具最大的垂向位移量。从时间尺度分析,在汶川地震的全过程中,仅开始时刻表现为自NW→SE方向的强烈逆冲作用,随后的主要时间段内均表现为沿断裂带方向的运动和自SW→NE方向的逆冲。NW-SE向构造的形成是龙门山深部应力和能量长期积聚的结果,强震发生时,初始时刻的自NW向SE方向的强烈挤压,瞬即转换成自SW向NE方向的运动和强烈挤压。NE-SW向挤压构造应力场,是由NW-SE向挤压作用长期积累和诱导,并叠置在区域NW-SE向主导的挤压构造应力场之上的局部构造应力场,但在发震后,它主导了地震能量自震源区沿断裂走向向NE方向的快速传递和扩展及NW向强余震的发生,地震能量在NE-SW向强烈挤压过程中得到最终释放。因此,映秀-北川断裂在地震的不同阶段,其性质存在差异,在地震宁静期或弱震期(应力积累和闭锁期)以自NW往SE方向的逆冲性质为主,兼有右行走滑特征,但在强震期(应力释放和解锁期),除发震时表现为强烈的继承性逆冲作用,随后即转化为以平行断裂带走向自SW向NE方向的快速运动和扩展及自SW往NE方向的逆冲作用为主。 相似文献
8.
龙门山活动断裂带运动学特征及其构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2008年青藏高原东缘龙门山地区发生的MS8.0级地震,致使龙门山断裂带的后山断裂、中央断裂和前山断裂也发生了构造活动,产生了不同规模的同震地表破裂带,同时在活动断裂面上保留了最新擦痕和正反阶步。根据断裂面阶步及最新擦痕测量分析,后山断裂的耿达—草坡段为逆冲断层,汶川—茂县段为逆-走滑断层,由擦痕反演的最大主压应力为近水平的NW—NWW向;平武—青川段为走滑-逆断层,由擦痕反演的最大主压应力为近水平的SWW—W向。中央断裂的映秀—小鱼洞段为逆冲断层,小鱼洞北—北川段为逆-走滑断层,由擦痕反演的最大主压应力为近水平的NW—NWW向;北川县北—南坝段为走滑-逆断层,由擦痕反演的最大主压应力为近水平的SWW—W向。前山断裂的都江堰—蓥华段为逆冲断裂,蓥华—西坪段为逆-走滑断层,由擦痕反演的最大主压应力均为近水平的NW—NWW向。对比分析表明,擦痕反演最大主压应力方向变化过程与地震资料反演最大主压应力方向变化过程相吻合。 相似文献
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南迦巴瓦地区是喜马拉雅东构造结新构造活动最为强烈的区域, 晚第四纪活动断裂发育, 地震活动强烈, 嘉黎断裂带、东久-米林断裂带及墨脱断裂带等活动断裂构造稳定性直接影响该地区工程规划建设。地应力是区域构造稳定性评价的关键性参数, 当前, 关于南迦巴瓦地区地应力场研究成果相对缺乏, 难以满足交通廊道地质安全风险评价实际需求。基于震源机制解数据, 采用应力张量反演方法, 揭示南迦巴瓦地区构造应力场最大主应力方向; 依据断层滑动失稳临界地应力条件, 联合应力形因子和断层摩擦系数反演, 估算南迦巴瓦周边不同区域地应力绝对大小。结果表明: 南迦巴瓦地区现今地应力场最大主应力方向为北东至北北东向; 最大、最小水平主应力大小随深度线性增加梯度分别为0.032~0.0355 MPa/m、0.0227~0.0236 MPa/m, 存在非均匀特征, 估测结果与原位地应力实测值一致性较好; 在当前地应力环境下, 南迦巴瓦周边地区主要活动断裂局部段落存在较大的地震危险性。研究成果可为南迦巴瓦地区工程规划建设提供参考。 相似文献
10.
5.12汶川8.0级地震断层的同震位移方式、大小和空间变化为检验断层几何学、运动学与动力学分析理论与方法提供了一个现实范例。本文通过对汶川8.0级地震断层同震位移的几何学、运动学特征和可能的深部过程分析,并考虑到地震动力作用的影响,探讨了断层同震位移的地质意义和断层运动学模型问题,继而讨论了汶川8.0级地震过程中所呈现出的断层构造变形的现象对断裂构造分析的有关理论和方法的启示。提出了如下初步认识:(1)根据地震破裂面两侧地表高程差确定的断层垂直同震位移,并不完全是深部震源破裂的构造位移扩展到地表所致,而是包含了地震动力作用对断层破裂面两侧深部岩体的结构损伤破坏(膨胀)强烈程度差异所形成的非构造位移;(2)汶川地震的发震断层走滑-逆冲位移大小和方式的空间变化,可以用区域稳态构造应力和地震动力的联合作用给予合理解释,即断层的逆冲位移成分可以归因于为垂直断层的南东向的区域构造挤压应力作用之结果,而水平走滑位移则与震源体破坏过程形成的地震动力作用方向与不同区段断层的交角变化所致,即震源体上方映秀-北川断层南段和彭灌-江油断层,无论是区域构造应力,还是地震动力,都与断层走向近于直交,因此,断层以逆冲为主;而映秀-北川断... 相似文献
11.
SUN Dongsheng WANG Lianjie WANG Hongcai MA Yinsheng ZHOU Chunjing and CUI Junwen 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(4):1120-1128
The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms. 相似文献
12.
The Killari earthquake of September 29, 1993 (Mw=6.2) in peninsular India triggered several aftershocks that were recorded by a network of 21 stations. We computed the change in regional static stress caused by coseismic slip on the earthquake rupture and correlated it with the aftershocks with a view to constrain some of the rupture parameters of this earthquake. We evaluated the six available estimates of fault plane solutions for this earthquake and concluded that reverse slip on a 42° dipping, N112° trending fault, which extends up to the surface from a depth of 7 km, produces maximum correlation between the increased static stress and aftershock distribution. Our analysis suggests that the majority of coseismic slip occurred on the part of the rupture that lies in the depth range of 3–6.5 km. 相似文献
13.
2003年青海德令哈地震序列的重新定位和发震构造 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用交切法对2003年4月17日德令哈地震序列的ML=6.7主震和截止至2003年10月25日的ML小于1.0级的余震,共117次地震事件进行了初始定位,并以双差地震定位法对这些地震重新进行精确定位。认为德令哈地震序列的主震震中位置为37.566°N,96.509°E,震源深度为13km,余震震源空间位置分布与哈佛大学震源机制解给出的走向为294°的节面一致。德令哈地震序列重新精确定位的结果清楚地表明了穿过震区的走向NWW—SEE、倾向NE的大柴旦—宗务隆山现代活动断裂带是这次德令哈地震序列的发震构造,同时表明该区域应力场水平最大主应力方向范围大致在N24°E—N34°E。 相似文献
14.
The Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that occurred off the Pacific coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, was followed by thousands of aftershocks, both near the plate interface and in the crust of inland eastern Japan. In this paper, we report on two large, shallow crustal earthquakes that occurred near the Ibaraki-Fukushima prefecture border, where the background seismicity was low prior to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Using densely spaced geodetic observations (GPS and InSAR datasets), we found that two large aftershocks in the Iwaki and Kita-Ibarake regions (hereafter referred to as the Iwaki earthquake and the Kita-Ibarake earthquake) produced 2.1 m and 0.44 m of motion in the line-of-sight (LOS), respectively. The azimuth-offset method was used to obtain the preliminary location of the fault traces. The InSAR-based maximum offset and trace of the faults that produced the Iwaki earthquake are consistent with field observations. The fault location and geometry of these two earthquakes are constrained by a rectangular dislocation model in a multilayered elastic half-space, which indicates that the maximum slips for the two earthquakes are 3.28 m and 0.98 m, respectively. The Coulomb stress changes were calculated for the faults following the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on the modeled slip along the fault planes. The resulting Coulomb stress changes indicate that the stresses on the faults increased by up to 1.1 MPa and 0.7 MPa in the Iwaki and Kita-Ibarake regions, respectively, suggesting that the Tohoku-Oki earthquake triggered the two aftershocks, supporting the results of seismic tomography. 相似文献
15.
龙门山断裂带二侧的地壳厚度和速度结构存在很大差异,所以过去采用的单一均匀速度模型定位方法并不合适。Hypo2000定位程序对震中所在的不同区域进行分区分层对应,得出非均匀速度模型。用Hypo2000定位程序对汶川8·0级地震前后十余年187个地震台网记录进行了整理、筛选,得出震中分布图显示震前龙门山断裂带北端,即北川以北没有太多地震,主要还是活跃在中南部映秀地带,汶川8·0级地震也发生在这个地区,震后沿龙门山断裂带往北,北川以北出现了较多的余震。从余震深度剖面图看出,龙门山余震带南段断裂带呈上陡下缓的铲形断裂形态,余震带北段具有近乎直立的陡倾破裂结构,且地表破裂的二侧均有余震分布。 相似文献
16.
Crustal tectonic activities are essentially the consequences of the accumulation and release of in situ stress. Therefore, studying the stress state near active faults is important for understanding crustal dynamics and earthquake occurrences. In this paper, using in situ stress measurement results obtained by hydraulic fracturing in the vicinity of the Longmenshan fault zone before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake and finite element modeling, the variation of stress state before and after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is investigated. The results show that the shear stress, which is proportional to the difference between principal stresses, increases with depth and distance from the active fault in the calm period or after the earthquakes, and tends to approach to the regional stress level outside the zone influenced by the fault. This distribution appears to gradually reverse with time and the change of fault properties such as frictional strength. With an increase in friction coefficient, low stress areas are reduced and areas with increased stress accumulation are more obvious near the fault. In sections of the fault with high frictional strengths, in situ stress clearly increases in the fault. Stress accumulates more rapidly in the fault zone relative to the surrounding areas, eventually leading to a stress field that peaks at the fault zone. Such a reversal in the stress field between the fault zone and surrounding areas in the magnitude of the stress field is a potential indicator for the occurrence of strong earthquakes. 相似文献
17.
断层之间的相互作用及其地震地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从断层间相互作用产生的同震库仑应力改变入手,提出了断层间相互作用的触震与缓震效应,探讨了断层间的相互作用对断层活动性、断层未来地震潜势及余震活动分布图像的影响.从断层间相互作用的角度分析了大陆强震准周期丛集复发行为的可能的物理机制.认为断层间的相互作用具有重大的地震地质意义,在进行断层活动习性和断层地震危险性定量评价及余震分布图像预测时,应该充分考虑断层间相互作用的影响. 相似文献
18.
D. Denham L. G. Alexander I. B. Everingham P. J. Gregson R. McCaffrey J. R. Enever 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):507-521
The 1979 Cadoux earthquake (magnitude Ms ～ 6.0), which caused over $4 million damage in 1979, occurred in the Southwest Seismic Zone (SWSZ) of Western Australia and produced a shallow dipping thrust fault with an average strike close to north‐south. The fault length was approximately 15 km and the maximum displacement close to 1 m. The seismic moment is estimated to be 1.8 ±0.1 X 1018 Nm and the earthquake was, like the 1968 Meckering earthquake, caused by east‐west compressive stress in the crust. Aftershocks of the Cadoux earthquake are still continuing (1986) at the northern and southern ends of the area affected by the main earthquake; strain‐release data from the aftershocks indicate that significant strain energy is yet to be released in the region. Overcoring measurements in the SWSZ indicated high stress (up to 30 MPa) at shallow depths (～ 10 m). Near the epicentre of the Cadoux earthquake overcoring measurements revealed stress levels ranging from about 4 MPa, less than 1 km from the fault trace, to about 20 MPa at 15 km from the fault. This difference in stress at the two locations is much larger than the stress drop associated with the Cadoux earthquake (～ 1 MPa) obtained from seismological observations. However, the maximum compressive stress direction is consistent with the direction of the P‐axis obtained from the focal mechanism. Reliable hydro fracturing results, from a depth of 65 m, were similar to the stress directions and magnitudes obtained from overcoring measurements made at the same site. It appears that the crust in the SWSZ is under compressive stress and that earthquake activity releases this stress in small areas rather than along linear fault zones. Shallow earthquakes of similar magnitude could well take place in the SWSZ during the next 50 years. 相似文献