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1.
《地质学报》2016,(8)
流域的岩石化学风化过程是全球碳循环中的重要环节。以往的流域水化学碳汇通量估算大多是基于碳酸对岩石的风化作用。而实际上,硫酸和碳酸一样,也参与了碳元素的地球化学循环,从而对全球碳循环过程产生影响。长江流域水体近几年出现酸化现象,大部分河段SO_4~(2-)和Ca~(2+)含量增高,其对应的岩石风化过程和大气CO_2消耗速率也发生变化。文章对长江干流及主要支流2013年不同季节的离子组成进行监测,利用水化学平衡法和Galy估算模型,对长江流域岩石化学风化速率和CO_2消耗通量进行了估算,对硫酸参与下的长江流域岩石风化和碳循环过程进行了分析。结果表明,长江流域水体离子主要来源于硅酸盐岩风化和碳酸盐岩风化。其中碳酸盐岩风化对河水离子贡献率为92%。在硅酸盐岩广泛分布的赣江流域,碳酸盐岩风化离子贡献也达85%。分析表明,硫酸参与了长江流域的岩石风化过程,对水体中离子产生一定影响。硫酸的参与加快了碳酸盐岩的化学风化速率,平均提高约28%。在不考虑硫酸溶蚀作用下,流域大气CO_2消耗速率平均为514.12×10~3 mol/km~2·a,但是硫酸参与时,CO_2消耗速率为467.18×10~3 mol/km~2·a,扣除碳汇量约14%。在各支流中,乌江流域受硫酸影响最大,而对雅砻江的影响最小,这与乌江流域的含煤地层、矿床硫化物及大气酸沉降有关。 相似文献
2.
流域的岩石化学风化过程是全球碳循环中的重要环节。近年来流域水化学碳汇通量估算已越来越多地关注到外源水(硅酸盐风化)及外源酸对全球碳循环的影响。文章选取万华岩地下河流域为研究区,流域硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩分布面积占比为64%和36%,于2017年对洞口进行为期一年的取样监测,并分别于4月和9月对万华岩地下河系统内13个水点的离子组成进行监测,利用水化学平衡法和Galy模型,对流域岩石化学风化速率和CO2消耗通量进行了计算,对万华岩地下河系统的岩石风化和碳循环过程进行了分析。结果表明,万华岩地下河系统岩石风化消耗CO2的速率为31.02 t·(km2·a)-1;以碳酸岩风化为主,其风化速率为硅酸盐溶蚀的20倍;流域内碳酸盐岩风化对CO2消耗量占到整个流域的92.16%;不同岩石风化类型对碳通量的贡献率以碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩最大,为87.06%;流域上游的外源水对岩溶碳汇具有巨大的促进作用,外源水汇入后碳酸盐岩碳汇速率可以达到无外源水汇入流域的2倍;硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩次之,为9.24%;碳酸风化硅酸盐岩最小,为3.7%,在计算流域碳汇量的时候应将硫酸参与岩石风化的影响去除。 相似文献
3.
西南喀斯特流域碳酸盐岩的硫酸侵蚀与碳循环 总被引：49，自引：2，他引：47
流域化学侵蚀及其速率与流域生态和环境之间的关系是当前地表地球化学研究的重要前沿领域,其中碳酸盐岩的硫酸风化机制及其与区域碳循环的关系则是科学家们最为关注的科学问题.因此,近年通过研究西南喀斯特流域地表水地球化学对这一科学问题进行了研究,发现西南喀斯特地区河水一般含有较多的SO2-4,从化学计量学、SO2-4的δ34S和溶解无机碳(DIC)的δ13S分析发现,硫循环中形成的硫酸广泛参与了流域碳酸盐矿物的溶解和流域侵蚀:西南喀斯特流域碳酸盐岩的侵蚀速率为97 t/(km2?a),消耗CO2量为25 t/(km2?a).对乌江流域河水硫酸盐离子的硫同位素研究结果认为:参与流域侵蚀的硫酸主要来自煤系地层硫化物和矿床硫化物的氧化及大气酸沉降,分别对河水SO2-4的贡献为50%、27% 20.5%(其余2.5%的SO2-4为硫酸盐蒸发岩的溶解);硫酸风化碳酸盐岩向大气净释放CO2的总通量为8.2 t/(km2?a),依此计算西南喀斯特区域向大气释放CO2的通量为4.4×1012g/a,相当于每年西南碳酸盐岩风化消耗CO2总通量的33%.将乌江流域的研究结果对我国大陆碳酸盐岩分布区域进行相应计算发现,硫酸风化碳酸盐矿物向大气释放的CO2总通量为28×1012g/a,相当于全球硅酸盐风化消耗CO2量的26%.硫酸参与流域侵蚀改变了区域碳循环,人为过程可以通过释放酸沉降、矿业活动和土地利用等形式加速流域侵蚀和影响流域元素的生物地球化学循环. 相似文献
4.
珠江流域碳酸盐岩与硅酸盐岩风化对大气CO_2汇的效应 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对珠江流域11个测站的河水1个水文年4次取样进行水化学和同位素测试分析,揭示无论是碳酸盐岩区还是硅酸盐岩区,岩石风化均使河流的离子成分以HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+为主,碳酸盐岩风化溶蚀速率和由碳酸盐岩风化溶蚀引起的大气CO2消耗量分别为27.60 mm/ka和540.21x103mol/(km2·a-1),是硅酸盐岩风化速率和由硅酸盐岩风化引起的大气CO2消耗量的10.8倍和6.7倍,说明碳酸盐岩风化是流域碳汇过程及效应的主体。由于有利的水热条件和高的碳酸盐岩面积比例,珠江流域平均岩石风化速率和由岩石风化作用引起的大气CO2消耗量分别为30.15mm/ka和620.36×103mol/(km2·a-1),为全球60条河流平均值的2.6倍。 相似文献
5.
岩石风化碳汇是全球碳汇的重要组成部分,通过对赤水河流域水体主要离子组成进行测定,分析赤水河流域河水水化学特征及其岩石风化过程对大气CO_2的消耗。结果表明:赤水河流域离子组成以Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量均值为317.88 mg/L,高于全球流域均值(65 mg/L)。元素比值分析表明赤水河流域离子组成主要受岩石风化控制,其中碳酸盐岩风化为主导控制因素,碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩对河水溶质贡献率分别为70.77%和5.03%。人类活动和大气降水对流域河水溶质的贡献很小。流域岩石化学风化速率为126.716 t/(km~2·a),高于黄河、长江、乌江及世界河流均值。流域岩石化学风化对大气CO_2的消耗量为10.96×10~9mol/a,岩石风化对大气CO_2消耗速率为5.79×10~5mol/(km~2·a),与长江流域接近,高于黄河流域。 相似文献
6.
为深入评估中国南方陆地风化过程及河流物质循环过程, 通过测定西江主要干、支流丰水期及枯水期水体主要离子和锶及其同位素比值, 结合Galy模型对西江流域化学风化特征及CO2消耗通量进行计算。结果表明: (1)西江流域化学风化受人类活动的影响较小, 流域化学风化过程主要受到碳酸的控制。(2)河水阳离子的主要物质来源为硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化, 硅酸盐岩在丰水期和枯水期的阳离子物质来源摩尔占比均为0.04, 碳酸盐岩中石灰岩占比分别为0.79和0.78, 白云岩分别为0.17和0.18。(3)西江流域在丰水期和枯水期的化学风化过程具有一定的差异性, 由于硫酸参与白云岩的风化作用影响碳酸盐岩风化过程中的CO2消耗通量, 导致各个化学风化过程所涉及的CO2通量有所差别。(4)碳酸风化碳酸盐岩在丰水期和枯水期所消耗的CO2通量分别为(0.78~244.25)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.10~49.16)×106 mol/km2/yr, 硫酸风化碳酸盐岩所产生的CO2通量分别为(0.25~42.16)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.01~13.90)×106 mol/km2/yr, 碳酸风化硅酸盐岩所消耗CO2通量的分别为(0.05~17.83)×106 mol/km2/yr和(0.02~6.07)×106 mol/km2/yr。 相似文献
7.
通过对四川省雅安龙苍沟峨眉山玄武岩小流域的水化学组成研究,分析了不同物质来源对小流域溪水溶解质的贡献,并对该小流域岩石风化速率和CO2消耗速率进行了估算。结果表明,龙苍沟流域溪水呈中性,PH平均值为6.82。溪水中阳离子以Ca^2+为主,约占阳离子总量的56%;阴离子以HCO3^-为主,约占阴离子总量的45%。碳酸盐岩风化、硅酸盐岩风化、大气降水和人为活动对溪水阳离子平均贡献率分别为50.2%、38.2%、10.5%和1.1%。流域硅酸盐岩风化速率为37.54±24.94 t/km^2/yr,硅酸盐岩风化对大气C02消耗速率为5.4±3.6 mol C/km^2/yr。本文首次对我国峨眉山玄武岩省化学风化大气CO2消耗量进行估算,得到其年消耗通量为1.35±0.89×10^11 mol C/yr,约为全球玄武岩CO2年消耗通量的3.31±2.18%。 相似文献
8.
《地球科学进展》2017,(3)
研究非岩溶水和硫酸参与溶蚀对地下河流域岩溶碳汇通量的影响,有助于提高岩石风化碳汇通量估算精度,对于推进地质作用与全球气候变化研究意义重大。选取湘南北江上游武水河流域内4条典型地下河为对象,通过水化学对比分析,揭示硅酸盐岩风化对流域地下水化学的重要影响。运用Galy方法计算流域非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐岩风化消耗大气/土壤CO_2对岩石风化碳汇的重要贡献,并评价了H_2SO_4参与下碳汇通量的扣除比例。结果显示:(1)流域内有非岩溶地层的L01,L02地下河,Na~+,K~+和SiO_2浓度明显高于纯碳酸盐L03和L04地下河,非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐的风化对地下河水中K~+,Na~+,SiO_2浓度有一定贡献;(2)4条地下河的[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-]当量比值为1.05~1.15,[Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)]/[HCO_3~-+SO_4~(2-)]的当量比值为0.99~1.08,Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)相对于HCO_3~-过量,过量的Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)与SO_4~(2-)相平衡,证实硫酸参与流域碳酸盐岩的溶蚀;(3)L01和L02地下河岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中非岩溶地层中的硅酸盐风化消耗所占比例分别为3.36%和2.22%,而L03和L04地下河中硅酸盐风化消耗比例小于0.50%,表明有非岩溶地层存在的地下河流域,其岩石风化消耗的CO_2通量中硅酸盐风化消耗占有一定比例;(4)在考虑硫酸参与碳酸盐岩溶蚀时,4条地下河的碳汇通量分别扣除4.84%,4.52%,6.20%和9.36%。 相似文献
9.
文章选择深圳市的亚热带典型小流域作为研究对象,通过定期采集流域内降水、泉水、岩石及风化残积土样品,分析所有样品的常量元素和微量元素,探讨流域水体的化学成分组成和主要成分来源以及岩石化学风化程度和风化趋势,结合流域水文气象数据估算了花岗岩化学风化速率及CO2消耗速率。结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,主要受控于硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解作用和阳离子交换作用。花岗岩的化学蚀变指数（CIA）为47.15~57.47,残积土的CIA为59.24~82.71。A-CN-K三角图指示风化初期Na,Ca活泼性元素流失,风化中后期K元素流失,Al元素逐渐富集。花岗岩的平均化学风化速率为14.40 m/Myr。岩性、离子径流通量和气候条件的不同可能是造成化学风化速率差异的主要原因。大气酸沉降对岩石风化的贡献约占总化学风化量的11.73%。研究区平均CO2消耗速率为0.59×106 mol/(km2 yr),酸雨使得岩石在风化过程中对大气/土壤中CO2的消耗减少。 相似文献
10.
贵州喀斯特地区河流的研究--碳酸盐岩溶解控制的水文地球化学特征 总被引：41，自引：1，他引：40
测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的河流枯水期的主元素、Sr2+离子浓度和Sr同位素比值。这些河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。这些河流及其支流有高的溶解盐,TZ+变化范围为：2.1～6.3 meq/L,高于全球河流的平均值(TZ+=0.725 meq/L)。河水含有较高的溶质浓度,河水水化学组成以Ca2+和HCO-3为主,其次为Mg2+和SO2-4,Na++K+和Cl-+Si分别只占阳离子和阴离子组成的5%～10%。
这些河流的化学和同位素组成主要受其自流盆地的地质特征控制。流经碳酸盐岩地层的乌江水系河流具有较高的Sr浓度（1.1～9.70 mol/L）和较低的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7077～0.7110）,与流经碎屑岩地层的沅江水系的清水江河流中较高的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7090～0.7145）及较低的Sr浓度（0.28～1.32 mol/L）形成鲜明的对比。
流域盆地的地理岩性控制了河水的化学组成和同位素组成。对河水的化学计量分析表明河水化学组成受碳酸盐岩溶解控制,而碳酸盐岩主要受碳酸和硫酸作用而溶解。乌江流域受硫酸作用特别明显,表明硫酸主要来源于燃煤或流域盆地硫化物矿物氧化而形成的大气输入。化学元素和同位素比值之间的相互关系表明3个主要来源为：石灰岩、白云岩和硅酸盐岩的风化。同时估计了碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的化学风化速率,结果表明流域盆地的碳酸盐岩风化速率远远高于许多世界大河。岩石风化过程中硫酸的出现或土地的过度使用或土壤植被的退化等都可能是导致流域的碳酸盐岩风化速率如此高的原因。 相似文献
11.
热液条件下CO2和H2通过费托合成反应产生烷烃从热力学上来说是可行的,但是,前人的实验研究表明,如果没有合适的催化剂,该反应难以进行,并且烷烃产物的种类依赖于催化剂的种类和性质.在镍铁矿的催化作用下,热液中的CO2和H2能够反应形成CH4,在铬铁矿催化作用下反应能够产生CH4、C2H6和C3Ha.热液条件下,CO2和H2能否反应形成碳数大于3的烷烃,还需要进一步的催化实验加以查证.本研究在300℃、30 MPa条件下进行实验,以Fe、CoCl2和13C标识的NaH13CO3在NaCl溶液中反应.13C同位素示踪结果表明,实验反应过程中CO2和H2反应形成了丁烷和戊烷. 相似文献
12.
James D. Webster 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1990,104(4):424-438
Fluid/melt distribution coefficients for F have been determined in experiments conducted with peraluminous topaz rhyolite melts and fluids consisting of H2O and H2O+CO2 at pressures of 0.5 to 5 kbar, temperatures of 775°–1000°C, and concentrations of F in the melt ranging from 0.5 to 6.9 wt%. The major element, F, and Cl concentrations of the starting material and run product glasses were determined by electron microprobe, and the concentration of F in the fluid was calculated by mass balance. The H2O concentrations of some run product glasses were determined by ion microprobe (SIMS). The solubility of melt in the fluid phase increases with increasing F in the system; the solubility of H2O in the melt is independent of the F concentration of the system with up to 6.3 wt% F in the melt. No evidence of immiscible silica- and fluoriderich liquids was detected in the hydrous but water-undersaturated starting material glasses (8.5 wt% F in melt) or in the water-saturated run product glasses. F concentrates in topaz rhyolite melts relative to coexisting fluids at most conditions studied; however, DF (wt% F in fluid/wt% F in melt) increases strongly with increasing F in the system. Maximum values of DF in this study are significantly larger than those previously reported in the literature. Linear extrapolation of the data suggests that DF is greater than one for water-saturated, peraluminous granitic melts containing 8 wt% F at 800° C and 2 kbar. DF increases as temperature and as (H2O/H2O+CO2) of the fluid increase. For topaz rhyolite melts containing 1 wt% F and with H2O-rich fluids, DF is independent of changes in pressure from 2 to 5 kbar at 800° C; for melts containing 1 wt% F and in equilibrium with CO2-bearing fluids the concentrations of F in fluid increases with increasing pressure. F-and lithophile element-enriched granites may evolve to compositions containing extreme concentrations of F during the final stages of crystallization. If F in the melt exceeds 8 wt%, DF is greater than one and the associated magmatic-hydrothermal fluid contains >4 molal F. Such F-enriched fluids may be important in the mass transport of ore constituents, i.e., F, Mo, W, Sn, Li, Be, Rb, Cs, U, Th, Nb, Ta, and B, from the magma. 相似文献
13.
David M. Harris Alfred T. Anderson Jr. 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,87(2):120-128
The products of the 1974 eruption of Fuego, a subduction zone volcano in Guatemala, have been investigated through study of
silicate melt inclusions in olivine. The melt inclusions sampled liquids in regions where olivine, plagioclase, magnetite,
and augite were precipitating. Comparisons of the erupted ash, groundmass, and melt inclusion compositions suggest that the
inclusions represent samples of liquids present in a thermal boundary layer of the magma body. The concentrations of H2O and CO2 in glass inclusions were determined by a vacuum fusion manometric technique using individual olivine crystals (Fo77 to Fo71)
with glass inclusion compositions that ranged from high-alumina basalt to basaltic andesite. Water, Cl, and K2O concentrations increased by a factor of two as the olivine crystals became more iron-rich (Fo77 to Fo71) and as the glass
inclusions increased in SiO2 from 51 to 54 wt.% SiO2. The concentration of H2O in the melt increased from 1.6 wt.% in the least differentiated liquid to about 3.5% in a more differentiated liquid. Carbon
dioxide is about an order of magnitude less abundant than H2O in these inclusions. The gas saturation pressures for pure H2O in equilibrium with the melt inclusions, which were calculated from the glass inclusion compositions using the solubility
model of Burnham (1979), are given approximately by P(H2O)(Pa)=(SiO2−48.5 wt.%) × 1.45 × 107. The concentrations of water in the melt and the gas saturation pressures increased from about 1.5% to 3.5% and from 300
to 850 bars, respectively, during pre-eruption crystallization. 相似文献
14.
Giancarlo Della Ventura Francesco Radica Fabio Bellatreccia Andrea Cavallo Francesco Capitelli Simon Harley 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,164(5):881-894
We report a FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) study of a set of cordierite samples from different occurrence and with different H2O/CO2 content. The specimens were fully characterized by a combination of techniques including optical microscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, EMPA (electron microprobe analysis), SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry), and FTIR spectroscopy. All cordierites are orthorhombic Ccmm. According to the EMPA data, the Si/Al ratio is always close to 5:4; X Mg ranges from 76.31 to 96.63, and additional octahedral constituents occur in very small amounts. Extraframework K and Ca are negligible, while Na reaches the values up to 0.84 apfu. SIMS shows H2O up to 1.52 and CO2 up to 1.11 wt%. Optically transparent single crystals were oriented using the spindle stage and examined by FTIR micro-spectroscopy under polarized light. On the basis of the polarizing behaviour, the observed bands were assigned to water molecules in two different orientations and to CO2 molecules in the structural channels. The IR spectra also show the presence of small amounts of CO in the samples. Refined integrated molar absorption coefficients were calibrated for the quantitative microanalysis of both H2O and CO2 in cordierite based on single-crystal polarized-light FTIR spectroscopy. For H2O the integrated molar coefficients for type I and type II water molecules (ν3 modes) were calculated separately and are [I]ε?=?5,200?±?700?l?mol?1?cm?2 and [II]ε?=?13,000?±?3,000?l?mol?1?cm?2, respectively. For CO2 the integrated coefficient is $ \varepsilon_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} }} $ ?=?19,000?±?2,000?l?mol?1?cm?2. 相似文献
15.
为了计算高温，高压和高密度流体的热力学性质，提出了一个具有19个参数的维里型状态方程，其中参数与温度间的函数关系采用由Sutherland位能函数导出的维里系数近似式。除临界点附近以外，在已报道的pVT数据所覆盖的大部分超临界区域内，该方程均可适用。用该方程对H2O，CH4，H2，CO2，CO和O2等流体pVT关系的计算结果令人满意，其中pVT上限分别为：91-610GPa,1.6-11.0cm^3/mol,4000-5000K。计算体积的平均偏 小于0．8％，最大偏差小于5．4％。 相似文献
16.
17.
Summary The pattern of hydrothermal alteration associated with a gold prospect located within a differentiated iron-rich gabbro sill in the Chibougamau region has been investigated in order to establish the alteration mechanism. The gold mineralization, occurring in east-west trending shear zone, shows a close spatial relationship to zones of intense alteration. Ankerite-sericite-pyrite/ankerite-fuchsite-chlorite/ankerite-sericite-chlorite, and chlorite-calcite-magnetite form four distinct alteration facies which extend outward from the mineralized zones. Detailed mineralogical, petrological and chemical studies show that the iron content of chlorite increases whereas the iron content of the carbonate decreases from the mineralized zone outwards. The hydrothermal alteration pattern is shown to be derived from a single fluid with a high initial CO2/H2O ratio. At first, reducing reactions prevailed and, with progressive fluid-rock interaction, the CO2/H2O ratio was lowered and oxidation reactions dominated.
With 9 Figures 相似文献
Alterationsmuster in beziehung zur goldmineralisation und dem CO2/H2O- Verhältnis
Zusammenfassung Hydrothermale Alterationen in Zusammenhang mit einer Goldvererzung eines differenzierten eisenreichen gabbroischen Sills im Chibougamaugebiet wurden untersucht, um den Umwandlungsmechanismus zu ermitteln. Die Goldvererzung in der Ost-West verlaufenden Scherzone ist eng mit Zonen intensiver Alteration verbunden. 4 deutlich unterscheidbare Alterationsfazics, die mit zunehmender Entfernung von der Vererzung auftreten, sind: Ankerit - Serizit - Pyrit/Ankerit - Fuchsit - Chlorit/Ankerit -Serizit - Chlorit und Chlorit - Kalzit - Magnetit. Detailierte mineralogische, petrographische und geochemische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß sich von der Vererzung weg der Eisengehalt im Chlorit, erhöht, gleichzeitig aber in Karbonaten verringert. Die hydrothermale Alteration ist auf eine einzige fluide Phase mit ursprünglich hohem CO2/ H2O-Verhältnis zurückzuführen. Vorherrschend waren zunächst reduzierende Reaktionen. Mit zunehmender Wechselwirkung zwischen Fluid und Gestein erniedrigte sich das CO2/H2O-Verhältnis und oxidierende Reaktionen nahmen zu.
With 9 Figures 相似文献
18.
CaCO3－CO2－H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：13
在介绍了CaCO3- CO2 - H2O岩溶系统平衡化学的原理后,对平衡化学的控制因素,包括温度、CO2 分压、体系的开放程度、离子强度效应、同离子效应、酸效应、碱效应、离子对效应进行了分析,并与CaMg ( CO3 )2 - CO2 - H2O 岩溶系统平衡化学作了对比。结果显示,天然开放的岩溶系统的平衡pH值范围为6. 80～8. 40,在此pH值范围内,水中的碳组分主要以HCO-3 形式存在; 与开放系统相比,在其它条件相同情况下,封闭系统的平衡pH值较高,而平衡[ Ca2+ ]和平衡[ HCO-3 ]较低,特别是在低CO2 分压时,两者的差异更明显;在封闭系统条件下,两种不同的纯CaCO3 - CO2- H2O饱和溶液相混合,将导致溶液对CaCO3 重新具有侵蚀性;离子强度效应、酸效应和离子对效应使方解石的溶解度增加,而同离子效应和碱效应使方解石的溶解度降低; 与方解石溶解平衡相比,其它条件相同时,白云石溶解平衡pH较高,在温度< 70℃时溶解度较大,但在温度> 70℃时溶解度较小。 相似文献
19.
Guoxiang Chi Benoît Dubé Kenneth Williamson Anthony E. Williams-Jones 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,40(6-7):726-741
The Campbell-Red Lake gold deposit in the Red Lake greenstone belt, with a total of approximately 840 t of gold (past production + reserves) and an average grade of 21 g/t Au, is one of the largest and richest Archean gold deposits in Canada. Gold mineralization is mainly associated with silicification and arsenopyrite that replace carbonate veins, breccias and wallrock selvages. The carbonate veins and breccias, which are composed of ankerite ± quartz and characterized by crustiform–cockade textures, were formed before and/or in the early stage of penetrative ductile deformation, whereas silicification, arsenopyrite replacement and gold mineralization were coeval with deformation. Microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy indicate that fluid inclusions in ankerite and associated quartz (Q1) and main ore-stage quartz (Q2) are predominantly carbonic, composed mainly of CO2, with minor CH4 and N2. Aqueous and aqueous–carbonic inclusions are extremely rare in both ankerite and quartz. H2O was not detected by laser Raman spectroscopic analyses of individual carbonic inclusions and by gas chromatographic analyses of bulk samples of ankerite and main ore-stage quartz (Q2). Fluid inclusions in post-mineralization quartz (Q3) are also mainly carbonic, but proportions of aqueous and aqueous–carbonic inclusions are present. Trace amounts of H2S were detected by laser Raman spectroscopy in some carbonic inclusions in Q2 and Q3, and by gas chromatographic analyses of bulk samples of ankerite and Q2. 3He/4He ratios of bulk fluid inclusions range from 0.008 to 0.016 Ra in samples of arsenopyrite and gold. Homogenization temperatures (T
h–CO2) of carbonic inclusions are highly variable (from −4.1 to +30.4°C; mostly to liquid, some to vapor), but the spreads within individual fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) are relatively small (within 0.5 to 10.3°C). Carbonic inclusions occur both in FIAs with narrow T
h–CO2 ranges and in those with relatively large T
h–CO2 variations. The predominance of carbonic fluid inclusions has been previously reported in a few other gold deposits, and its significance for gold metallogeny has been debated. Some authors have proposed that formation of the carbonic fluid inclusions and their predominance is due to post-trapping leakage of water from aqueous–carbonic inclusions (H2O leakage model), whereas others have proposed that they reflect preferential trapping of the CO2-dominated vapor in an immiscible aqueous–carbonic mixture (fluid unmixing model), or represent an unusually H2O-poor, CO2-dominated fluid (single carbonic fluid model). Based on the FIA analysis reported in this study, we argue that although post-trapping modifications and host mineral deformation may have altered the fluid inclusions in varying degrees, these processes were not solely responsible for the formation of the carbonic inclusions. The single carbonic fluid model best explains the extreme rarity of aqueous inclusions but lacks the support of experimental data that might indicate the viability of significant transport of silica and gold in a carbonic fluid. In contrast, the weakness of the unmixing model is that it lacks unequivocal petrographic evidence of phase separation. If the unmixing model were to be applied, the fluid prior to unmixing would have to be much more enriched in carbonic species and poorer in water than in most orogenic gold deposits in order to explain the predominance of carbonic inclusions. The H2O-poor, CO2-dominated fluid may have been the product of high-grade metamorphism or early degassing of magmatic intrusions, or could have resulted from the accumulation of vapor produced by phase separation external to the site of mineralization.Geological Survey of Canada contribution 2004383. 相似文献