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1.
全球尺度地球化学填图计划对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文中简述了全球尺度地球化学填图发展的历史,以近20年在中国、欧洲、美洲和澳大利亚开展的6项全球尺度地球化学填图计划为例,结合“国际地球化学填图计划”和“全球地球化学基准计划”的相关建议和要求,从样品采集和样品分析两个角度展开评价和对比,并初步总结了全球尺度地球化学填图在采样和分析两个方面存在的问题。6个填图计划中,仅欧洲的FOREGS计划采用多介质采样方案,中国的全国地球化学基准计划（CGB）按照不同的地貌特征采集不同的代表性的汇水域沉积物样品,其他4个计划采用单一介质的采样方案,采集土壤或泛滥平原/河漫滩沉积物。中国的分析水平总体处于国际领先水平,能分析的元素最多（78个）,元素分析检出限全部低于地壳克拉克值,标准物质能监控所有分析的元素。 相似文献
2.
国际地球化学填图新进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
欧洲和中国在国际地球化学填图中起着积极而重要的作用,而且进展也是最显著的。欧洲地球化学基准值填图计划于1996年被欧洲26个国家地质调查局长论坛(FOREGS)正式批准。经过近10年的工作,于2005年出版了电子版欧洲地球化学图集。中国不仅自己开展了多层次地球化学填图计划,而且还与发展中国家合作开展了全球尺度和成矿带尺度地球化学填图合作。欧洲和中国无论是在全球尺度,还是在区域尺度地球化学填图做法上都存在较大的差异。在采样介质上中国使用统一的采样介质,在分析技术上中国使用几种大型设备作为骨干配合使用多方法分析系统;欧洲恰恰相反,欧洲在采样介质上趋向于多介质,而分析技术上只使用少数几种大型设备。欧洲的做法尽管使用多介质采样获得了元素在更多天然介质中的分布信息,但使用单一分析技术,使得很多关键元素没有分析出来,如贵金属元素Ag,Au,Ir,Os,Pd,Pt,Rh,Ru;卤族元素F,Cl,Br,I;分散元素Ge,In,Se,Te;与生命密切相关的元素N,S,B等。尽管欧洲强调以环境为目的,但很多与环境密切相关的元素都没有分析,所以欧洲的全球尺度地球化学填图的信息量大打折扣。这些不统一的做法,特别是在全球尺度地球化学填图不统一的做法,会影响到以后全球地球化学图的编制。 相似文献
3.
中国与欧洲全球尺度地球化学填图分析方法的对比 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
实施国际地球化学填图项目最关键的是分析问题。欧洲和中国在全球尺度地球化学填图做法上存在较大的差异。中国使用统一的采样介质,即泛滥平原沉积物,并使用几种大型设备作为骨干配合使用多方法分析系统,分析76种元素,这是人类历史上首次制作了元素周期表上除惰性气体元素和人工元素以外的几乎所有元素地球化学图。欧洲恰恰相反,欧洲在采样介质上趋向于多介质,而分析技术上只使用少数几种大型设备;分析方法的单一,使得很多关键元素没有分析出来,如贵金属元素Ag,Au,Ir,Os,Pd,Pt,Rh,Ru;卤族元素F,Cl,Br,I;分散元素Ge,In,Se,Te;与生命密切相关的元素K,N,S,B等。尽管欧洲强调以环境为目的,但很多与环境密切相关的元素都没有分析,所以欧洲的全球尺度地球化学填图的信息量大打折扣。这些不统一的做法,将会制约全球地球化学图的编制。 相似文献
4.
作指出了1973年至今世界上50余项地球化学填图计划中普遍存在的缺陷大都涉及分析问题。1988－1992年实施的国际地质对比计划IGCP259项目旨在使全世界地球化学填图方法标准化。在此项目中对分析问题提出了若干规定，主要是要求今后的填图计划应统一分析71种元素，痕量及超痕量元素的检出限必须低于相应的地壳丰度值及采用中国的GSD和加拿大的STSD标样系列，以使全球数据可以对比，在其后开始延续至今的全球地球化学填图计划IGCP360，旨在用极低密度采样早日覆盖全球大陆，讨论了正在实行的两种极低密度采样方案，并提出通过极低密度采集地极少量样品示范性实现IGCP259项目对分析要求的具体建议。 相似文献
5.
新一轮全球地球化学填图:中国的机遇和挑战 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
论述从1988年联合国教科文组织相继批准实施国际地球化学填图(IGCP259)和全球地球化学基准(IGCP360)项目以来,中国和欧洲在制定全球地球化学填图的方法指南及技术标准方面作出的决定性贡献。文中指出,中国的"环境地球化学监控网络及动态地球化学填图"项目、欧洲的FOREGS地球化学基准值填图项目为全球其他国家开展类似工作提供了示范,但地球化学家预期10年内获得全球地表地球化学概貌的愿望至今未能实现。挪威和中国的地球化学家通过IAHS/ICCE正在酝酿"Global geochemical mapping and the sediment-bound flux of major world rivers"重大国际合作项目,以开展新一轮全球地球化学填图。通过国际极地年,IPY317项目首先从北极地区启动。新一轮全球地球化学填图项目计划以中国提出的"全球地球化学填图的泛滥平原沉积物采样草案"和挪威提出的"三角洲中河漫滩沉积物的采样草案"作为实施方案,因而巩固和扩大了中国地球化学填图技术在全球的优势地位。论文在分析中国面临的机遇与挑战后,建议政府主管部门对新一轮全球地球化学填图给予优先支持。 相似文献
6.
老挝地质条件优越,资源潜力巨大. 为响应国家“一带一路”倡议,在老挝全境开展1∶100万国家尺度地球化学填图工作. 采集了大量地球化学数据,为研究区元素分散富集、矿产开发、环境保护、农业生产提供了高质量的基础地球化学数据.共采集地球化学样品2 079件,采用高精度分析技术及严格的质量控制,分析了69种元素. 采用X±3S一次性剔除异点后数据集的中位值作为估值,首次给出了老挝全国69种元素地球化学背景值,填补了老挝国家尺度地球化学填图工作的空白. 初步讨论了老挝全境、7个三级大地构造单元,6个三级成矿带69种元素的背景值特征. 研究表明不同构造单元中受地质背景、构造及岩浆活动的影响,元素分布具有各自特征,同时不同成矿带受成矿作用及构造岩浆活动的影响,元素在各个成矿带分布特征不同,元素的富集对矿床有很好的指示意义. 这些背景值的获得为下一步深入研究老挝地球化学填图数据提供了基础对比数据. 相似文献
7.
8.
不同实验室产生地球化学图的相似性—以Ag、Cs、Ga、Ge为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
编制中国76种元素地球化学图将使我们首次了解元素周期表上除氢，氧及惰性气体之外所有元素在中国大陆表层的分布，川滇黔桂76例元素地球化学图的编制是这一研究项目的试点，本文以不同实验室取得的Ag,Cs,Ga,Ge分析数据为例，探索，衡量不同实验室地球化学图相似性的方法，以优选实验室进行川滇黔桂4省区约4000件组合样76例元素的大规模分析工作。 相似文献
9.
《地质科技情报》2017,(5)
随着我国一带一路战略部署的推进,我国在一带一路相关国家承担的地质调查任务也在逐步增加。地球化学填图由于其可靠性高、精度好、进度可控等原因,往往是国外地质调查工作的重要一环。地球化学调查工作主要环节包括野外样本采集、样本分析、数据处理及成图等。由于数据处理及成图决定了地球化学填图工作中地球化学异常的圈定及地球化学分布的判定,其模型和方法的研究越来越受到地质科学家的重视,并成为地球化学填图工作中的重要一环。设计了基于ArcGIS建模器的数据处理模型,并将其用于地球化学数据处理。该模型不仅实现了从地球化学采样数据分析到地球化学成图的自动化,而且模型可以在科研人员和生产人员之间共享。模型实现了地球化学填图工作中的以下主要功能:(1)地球化学各元素含量数据的批量插值;(2)元素的分类及异常提取;(3)用栅格数据表示的元素含量数据转换为矢量的等值线/面并平滑。该模型已成功应用于中国商务部援摩洛哥东阿特拉斯山地区1∶10万低密度地球化学填图项目,应用于包含3个工作区45种元素共7 974个地球化学样品的数据处理。成功地解决了项目有效工期短、数据分析任务重、输出图件质量要求高等问题,充分显示了模型的高效实用性,可望在未来地质调查工作中发挥巨大作用。 相似文献
10.
地球化学填图与地球化学勘查 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在中国与西方国家，地球化学填图的目的与做法并不相同，西方的地球化学填图是由研究机构开展的，使用等离子焰光量计、X射线荧光光谱仪等大型仪器进行多元素分析，目的是取得多种元素在地球表层分布的基础性资料。地球化学勘查则由矿业公司主要分析少量成矿元素，目的是为了找矿。而中国的地球化学填图计划却做出了巨大努力，使地球化学填图取得的资料既有学术价值又对矿产勘查具有重大的实用意义。本文详细讨论了西方国家与中国地球化学填图与地球化学勘查的思路、方法与技术的演变，并瞻望了地球化学填图在21世纪的巨大发展前景。 相似文献
11.
More than 40 national and regional geochemical mapping projects in the world carried out from 1973 to 1988 do not conform to common standards. In particular they have many analytical deficiencies. In the period 1988 to 1992, the International Geochemical Mapping project （Project 259 of UNESCO＇s IGCP Program） prepared recommendations designed to standardize geochemical mapping methods. The analytical requirements are an essential component of the overall recommendations. They included the following： 71 elements should be analyzed in future mapping projects; the detection limits of trace and ultratrace elements must be lower than the corresponding crustal abundances; and the Chinese GSD and Canadian STSD standard sample series should be used for the correlation of global data. A proposal was also made to collect 5000 composite samples, at very low sampling densities to cover the whole Earth＇s land surface. In 1997 an IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines was formed to continue the work which began with IGCP 259. From 1997 up to now, new progress has been made especially in China and FOREGS countries under the aegis of this working group, including the study of suitable sampling media, development of a multi-element analytical system, new proficiency test for selection of competent laboratories and role of wide-spaced mapping in mineral exploration. One of the major problems awaiting solution has been the inability of many laboratories to meet the IGCP recommendations to generate high quality geochemical maps. Fortunately several laboratories in China and Europe have demonstrated an ability to meet the requirements and they will be well placed to render technical assistance to other countries. 相似文献
12.
煤中有害微量元素对生态环境和人体健康的潜在影响是地球化学和能源环境领域研究的热点之一,地球化学制图对深刻理解地球化学过程及其变化规律具有重要作用。目前,尚缺乏中国煤中有害微量元素含量的空间分布图。通过对中国煤炭样品中1 167个Be、1 315个Co、1 406个Cu、1 191个Mo、1 247个Th 和1 390个Zn含量数据进行统计分析,测算中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th 和 Zn 的平均含量,并利用ArcGIS技术绘制中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th、Zn的含量地球化学空间分布地图。结果表明:中国煤中有害微量元素含量跨度大,数据分布呈正偏性,不符合正态分布特征;中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th和Zn 的平均含量分别为2.10、5.53、21.36、2.19、7.35和30.02 mg/kg;各元素含量的空间分布极不均匀;煤中有害微量元素含量空间分布格局是多种因素综合作用的结果,如物源区母岩、热液作用、水运移作用等,其中热液作用是煤中有害微量元素异常富集的典型特征。研究成果可为煤中微量元素研究和环境管理提供直观有效的参考。 相似文献
13.
Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km2 of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km2 and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km2 with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km2 has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km2). Approximately 1 million km2 have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km2, and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km2 and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements. 相似文献
14.
Geochemical mapping in China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
China's National Geochemical Mapping Project (Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance, RGNR project) was initiated in 1979. From 1978 to 1982, cooperative research projects were carried out for the preparation and distribution of standard reference samples and for the development of field sampling techniques, multi-element analytical methodology and a unified data quality monitoring procedure. Large pilot surveys were also commenced in several provinces. After five years of technical preparation, the project came into its full implementation. More than 5 million km2 of Chinese land surface has been covered by this project. During 1993–1995, another national geochemical project, under the name of ‘Environmental geochemical monitoring network and dynamic geochemical maps in China’ as a pilot survey to choose the suitable sampling medium for the global geochemical mapping application, was carried out in China. The remarkable achievements of China's geochemical mapping projects are widely recognized. Nearly 66% of new discoveries of economic mineralization by MGMR were attributed to the RGNR project. New concepts and new methodologies have emerged through these projects. They also made a great contribution to the international activity toward standardization of geochemical mapping methodology and the possible realization of wide-spaced global geochemical mapping. 相似文献
15.
Health risk, defined as possibility or probability of health damage, illness or death of humans due to exposure to risk factors
in the environment, was derived for geological environment (soils) and estimated at national scale for the whole Europe and
at more detailed regional scale for Slovak Republic. The assessment was based on data obtained from international geochemical
mapping of Europe (Geochemical Atlas of the Europe—827 soil samples) and national geochemical mapping programme of the Slovak
Republic (9,860 soil samples). The following chemical elements were evaluated: As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb,
Sb, Se and Zn. The health risk assessment method was based on calculations of average daily doses of individual elements analysed
in every collected soil sample. Exposure levels were set by using exposure parameters and reference doses from integrated
databases of US EPA. The results of calculations were transformed into various sorts of maps (dot, pixel) to delineate areas
where increased contents of risk elements can pose risk to human health. The average levels of chronic and carcinogenic risk
are presented in the form of tables for single European countries and administrative units of Slovak republic. The results
of European mapping (Geochemical Atlas of Europe) indicate that increased levels of potentially toxic elements in soil (mainly
As, Pb and Ni) occur primarily in the countries of southern and western Europe. Such elements are associated with increased
health risk for resident population. For the countries of northern Europe health risk was estimated at significantly lower
level. Relatively high sampling density in Slovak Republic made it possible to calculate health risk at more detailed scale
for individual administrative units (municipalities, provinces). The increased health risk level was found in areas well known
for high soil contamination (e.g. mining areas). 相似文献
16.
中国淡水湖泊沉积物地球化学背景与环境质量基准建立的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国150余个淡水湖泊表层沉积物和深层沉积物的地球化学数据,采用中位数绝对中位差的方法统计获得了中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、TN、TP、TOC及pH的地球化学背景值,为我国湖泊沉积物环境质量基准的建立和湖泊生态环境质量监管提供了重要依据。统计结果表明,我国表层湖泊沉积物中的As、Cd、Hg等重金属元素以及TP、TOC等发生了显著富集,显示出强烈的人类活动对湖泊沉积物环境质量的改变。在探讨国外环境质量基准值对我国淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量评价适应性的基础上,提出直接采用国外相关标准还不能客观评价我国湖泊沉积物的污染程度和生态风险,应充分考虑我国湖泊沉积物的地球化学背景,建立适应我国情况的沉积物环境质量基准。 相似文献
17.
笔者回顾了近年来中国化探的一些理论与方法技术上的重大新进展,立足于地球化学填图基础上的矿集区、多元素异常集结区与地球化学块体理论,利用地球化学资料进行矿产资源潜力评价与稀有分散元素独立成矿的可能性评价,利用地球化学资料进行成矿岩体演化与中国西南大地幔柱的初步研究,这些探索性的研究均取得了令人鼓舞的成就。化探方法技术的应用成果显著,如地球化学填图与矿产勘查一体化,多元素分析与分析质量监控方法不断完善外来物覆盖浅钻取样,深穿透地球化学方法,全国生态、农业、环境地球化学调查,全球地球化学填图方法研究等。在回顾近年化探成果的基础上,提出中国化探在21世纪的发展,整体思路是立足于地球化学填图及地球化学填图与矿产勘查一体化。需要有将研究、填图、调查、勘查、工程一体化的大科学计划。提出了涉及地球化学填图、矿产勘查与综合利用、能源勘查、生态环境调查、全球变化研究等的12个重点发展方向。 相似文献
18.
The separation of anomalies from geochemical background is an important part of data analysis because lack of such identifications might have profound influence on or even distort the final analysis results. In this article, 1 672 geochemical analytical data of 11 elements, including Cu, Mo, Ag, Sn, and others, from a region within Tibet, South China, are used as one example. Together with the traditional anomaly recognition method of using the iterative mean ±2σ, local multifractality theory has been utilized to delineate the ranges of geochemical anomalies of the elements. To different degrees, on the basis of original data mapping, C-A fractal analysis and singularity exponents, Sn differs from the other 10 elements. Moreover, geochemical mapping results based on values of the multifractal asymmetry index for all elements delineate the highly anomalous area. Similar to other 10 elements, the anomalous areas of Sn delineated by the asymmetry index distribute along the main structure orientations. According to the asymmetry indexes, the 11 elements could be classified into 3 groups: (1) Ag and Au, (2) As-Sb-Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo, and (3) Sn-Bi-W.This paragenetic association of elements can be used to interpret possible origins of mineralization, which is in agreement with petrological analysis and field survey results. 相似文献