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1.
坐落于永定新河-潮白新河与蓟运河汇流处的三河岛及其周边潮间带,以其独特的地理位置,记录了中全新世晚期以来直至现代的泥质海岸带变化过程。作者通过全取心浅孔钻探、全站仪高程测量和沉积学综合研究,重建了该地区中全新世晚期以来地层及沉积环境演替过程:中全新世开放潮坪沉积了“灰色单元”砂泥质层,约在2.4 ka cal BP开始转为晚全新世盐沼环境,沉积了“黄色单元”泥质层。近百余年以来,因人类活动加剧,重归开放潮坪环境,堆积了现代淤泥质层。该项研究成果可为了解现代地质环境,预测未来地质环境的变化过程提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
长江河口水下三角洲210Pb分布特征及其沉积速率 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对长江水下三角洲采集的十个沉积物柱状样中的放射性核素210Pb分析得知,长江水下三角洲表层210Pb放射性比度在2.15~4.22 dpm·g-1之间,210Pb沉降通量在1.50~11.21 dpm·cm-2 yr-1之间,过剩210Pb总量在>48.29~>361.68 dpm·cm-2之间;210Pb沉降通量以及过剩210Pb总量均高于理论值,这表明在沉积物中存在210Pb的净输入和聚集。由210Pb放射性比度剖面所反映的沉积速率可知长江水下三角洲泥质沉积区沉积速率介于1.36~4.11 cm·yr-1之间;总体上呈现近岸沉积速率较低,沿31°N纬线向20 m等深线沉积速率升高的趋势,从122°15′E到122°30′E范围为长江水下三角洲的泥质沉积物堆积中心,其平均沉积速率为3.51 cm·yr-1。 相似文献
3.
为了深入认识珠江现代入海物质在粤西陆架随海流迁移扩散的路径和沉积中心,利用Gao-Collins方法分析了粤西-琼东北近海1 515个站位的粒径趋势,并用210Pb法测定了8支柱样的现代沉积速率。结果表明,在粤西沿岸流和南海暖流这两个相向海流的共同作用下,珠江口外珠江来源的泥质沉积物的主体被限制在-50 m等深线以浅的内陆架。现代珠江入海物质能维持粤西陆架泥质沉积区0.1 cm/a左右的现代沉积速率。在川山群岛至海陵岛一带和琼州海峡东侧泥质区,分别受岛屿阻挡和逆时针中尺度涡旋的影响,形成了现代沉积中心。在沉积物不同粒级的来源和搬运方式存在差异的地方,粒径趋势分析结果可能主要反映的是粗颗粒沉积物的运移趋势,而非细颗粒沉积物的运移方向。 相似文献
4.
黄海和渤海沉积物 210Pb活度的分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用α多道能谱仪测定了黄海和渤海海域 58个表层沉积物样品的 210Pb活度,探讨了黄海和渤海表层沉积物中 210Pb活度的空间分布特征.渤海中部、北黄海中部泥质沉积区和南黄海中部泥质沉积区是 210Pb活度的高值区.渤海湾内、莱州湾内及北黄海西南部沿岸海域则是 210Pb活度的低值区.黄海和渤海海区 210Pb的富集、分布特征受到研究海区水动力条件和沉积物粒级的制约.根据位于黄海和渤海泥质沉积区的 3个岩芯 210Pb活度的垂直分布资料,并结合 2个站位所取岩芯的 210Pb活度的垂直分布资料,探讨了 210Pb活度的垂直分布与沉积环境之间的关系.黄海和渤海 210Pb活度呈现高值的泥质沉积区,其 210Pb活度随岩芯深度衰减的垂直分布很有规律且沉积速率较低,由此可以反映泥质沉积区稳定的沉积环境. 相似文献
5.
长江口沉积物210Pb分布及沉积环境解释 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
在长江河口潮滩、分流河道和水下三角洲共获得18个柱样,进行沉积学分析和210Pb测定,并对其中6根柱样进行137Cs测定。经研究发现,长江口外在水深25～30m,122°30′N,31°00′E附近存在一个泥质沉积中心,沉积速率达2.0～6.3cm/yr。另外,在潮滩和涨潮槽也获得较高沉积速率,其中南汇和横沙岛潮滩沉积速率(1.03～1.94cm/yr)高于崇明东滩(0.51～0.76cm/yr),涨潮槽沉积速率也达0.86cm/yr。此外,在石洞口、南汇、九段沙潮滩和三角洲前缘有部分柱样未获沉积速率,推测为沉积环境不稳定或沉积速率过快所致。 相似文献
6.
在长江河口潮滩、分流河道和水下三角洲共获得18个柱样,进行沉积学分析和210Pb测定,并对其中6根柱样进行137Cs测定。经研究发现,长江口外在水深25～30m,122°30′N,31°00′E附近存在一个泥质沉积中心,沉积速率达2.0～6.3cm/yr。另外,在潮滩和涨潮槽也获得较高沉积速率,其中南汇和横沙岛潮滩沉积速率(1.03～1.94cm/yr)高于崇明东滩(0.51～0.76cm/yr),涨潮槽沉积速率也达0.86cm/yr。此外,在石洞口、南汇、九段沙潮滩和三角洲前缘有部分柱样未获沉积速率,推测为沉积环境不稳定或沉积速率过快所致。 相似文献
7.
百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨 总被引：10，自引：19，他引：10
对长江口泥质区Chjk01与E4站位的沉积物柱状样进行了210Pb测年和粒度分析,结果显示Chjk01孔与E4孔的沉积年代分别为132年(1873～2005年)与41年(1962～2003年),平均沉积速率达2.8cm/a与3.5cm/a.高密度间隔(0.5～1.0cm)粒度分析达到了反映粒度季节性变化的高分辨尺度.两孔粉砂含量随深度基本保持不变,粘土与砂含量则互为消长.Chjk01孔沉积物粒度自1873年以来明显呈三段式变化,1873～1957年间的84年中粒度稳定地逐渐变粗、砂含量增加、粘土含量减少、分选变差; 1957～1981年间的24年中粒度逐渐变细、粘土含量增加、砂含量减少、分选变好,在1970～1981年间的11年中粒度最细; 1981～2005年间的24年中粒度总体变粗、砂含量波动式增大,但变化趋势不明显.E4孔在1962～2003年间的41年中,沉积粒度特征与Chjk01孔基本一致.1873年以来的132年期间长江口泥质区粒度变化的阶段性特征,主要与同时期长江水沙入海主泓位置,以及主汊道的分沙比阶段性演变相对应; 长江口泥质区粒度长尺度的阶段性变化,对长江大通站(1950～2004年)水沙变化和东亚季风强度指数(1873～1995年)变化不敏感.因此,长江水沙入海主泓位置与两孔位置距离的变化是影响泥质区粗、细粒级含量相对变化的主控因素,掩盖了其他因素的影响. 相似文献
8.
基于潮间带和浅海12个柱状样粒度、地球化学元素、210Pb同位素实测数据,结合河流年代特征、岸线历史变化等资料,参照前人关于沉积相和沉积速率研究成果,对现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带及莱州湾西部海域沉积特征进行了分析。根据剩余210Pb比活度信息,综合运用历史地理学方法、沉积环境判别公式和粒度曲线变化特征,初步认识了现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带地区具体沉积年代。对柱状样的数据进行分析后,运用相关特征值定量区分了沉积物的物源。结果表明:在潮间带这样不稳定的沉积环境下,210Pbex比活度阶段性倒置的分布模式虽然无法对年代进行连续标定,但可以在很大程度上指示沉积环境变化。现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带沉积物形成时间要远早于莱州湾西部,210Pb结合沉积环境判别函数、历史地理资料以及粒度特征可以将深度102 cm、80 cm、32 cm分别标定为1929年、1934年和1947年。广利河水系在深度20 cm范围内影响沉积环境。地球化学元素相关特征值分析显示:现代黄河三角洲南部潮间带沉积物风化程度介于黄河和莱州湾南岸之间,个别微量元素富集程度与莱州湾沉积物差异明显,就沉积环境而言,与现代黄河沉积物已有所不同。 相似文献
9.
渤海湾西岸210Pbexc、137Cs测年与现代沉积速率 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
根据渤海湾西岸潮间带上部与堤后盐沼区三个垂直于海岸线的长剖面(L、S和Q剖面)的11个样柱的^210Pbexc 、^137Cs的放射性强度垂直分布特征、蓄积量，以及各样柱所处的微地貌部位对现代沉积过程的制约关系，发现该地区现代沉积速率从东向西(由海向陆)依次为1～3cm／yr、0．35cm／yr和0．1cm／yr，并划分了三个相应的现代沉积亚区：开放高潮坪亚区、近端盐沼亚区和远端盐沼亚区。 相似文献
10.
2017年1月至12月,研究分析了深圳市大气气溶胶中210Pb的活度浓度、沉降通量和沉积速率.结果表明,深圳市大气210Pb比活度范围为0.59～4.72 mBq/m3(平均值为1.58 mBq/m3);沉降通量范围为0.45～1.31 Bq/(m2·d)(平均值为0.74 Bq/(m2·d));沉积速率范围为0.09～1.44 cm/s(平均值为0.71 cm/s).研究发现,深圳市大气210Pb比活度冬季高、夏季低,其季节变化受气象条件和不同气团来源综合影响.大气210Pb的沉降通量和沉积速率均与降水量呈明显的正相关关系,提示降雨是大气中210Pb去除的有效途径. 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
15.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
16.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献
20.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献