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1.
汶川桃关震区生态景观格局时空变化分析与生态地质环境评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“5．12”汶川地震震区主要位于川西高山峡谷区,本身就较脆弱的生态地质环境受到重创。而生态地质环境是人类社会可持续发展的基础之一,正确评价生态地质环境的质量及其对生态景观格局的效应,是制定和规划灾后重建的重要依据。从以往研究来看,借助于遥感与GIS技术对高山峡谷山区生态地质环境及生态景观格局时空效应进行全面而定量的研究较少,尤其是应用高空间分辨率卫星遥感图像和航空图像进行地震灾区前后对比分析的尚未见到。
本文以汶川县桃关地区为例,应用遥感与GIS技术,探讨了生态景观格局时空变化研究方法和生态地质环境评价思路,基于高精度卫片／航片以及震后地形图等资料,提取了桃关地区景观时空分布信息和生态地质环境因子,分析了生态景观格局时空变化效应,并采用“加权指数求和法”评价模型对生态地质环境进行综合运算,得到地震前后生态地质环境评价等级图及受损区域分布图。最后。从生态地质环境和生态景观两方面准确地对震区地质生态脆弱性进行了评估,为山区居民经济发展和居住地址的合理规划提供有力的理论依据。 相似文献
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土地利用/景观格局已成为影响中国水环境质量的重要因素,但目前仍然欠缺土地利用/景观格局和水环境质量之间复杂关系的深入研究。以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例,兼顾水环境承载力与人为活动所产生的压力,建立土地利用/景观格局对水环境质量影响的结构方程模型,计算不同土地利用/景观格局指标对水环境质量的贡献率。研究表明:点源污染是湟水流域水环境质量恶化的主要因素,其贡献率最大(37.3%);而土地利用/景观格局的4个指标(不透水面面积占比、建设用地中绿地面积占比、湿地连通性和湿地聚集度)对水环境质量的贡献率相对较大,分别为9.14%、 7.91%、 7.44%和6.96%。加大点源污染控制力度、增强湿地连通性与聚集度、增大建设用地中绿地面积并减少不透水面面积是改善湟水流域小峡桥断面上游水环境质量的有效措施。 相似文献
3.
南京玄武湖隧道,既在城市中心,又在水下,是脆弱环境下典型的地质工程。影响水下隧道施工的不权有环境工程地质条件,还有城市环境约束因素;另外,隧道施工会对城市环境产生不良影响。作者对上述问题作了具体分析,并用系统工程的思想对隧道出口及施工方案的选择进行了初步评价。 相似文献
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在特殊的自然环境与人文条件构建下,台湾地区的景观研究面临着不同于其它地区的研究问题。其中主要包括如何对脆弱的动、植物等自然资源进行合理的保护,如何解决城市快速发展所带来的环境污染、交通混乱、空间不
足及居民对休闲游憩的需求,如何基于完善的公众参与制度与现代化的科学技术,建立符合生态、经济、社会需求的土地经营管理制度等现实问题。目前台湾地区的景观研究多利用观察、文献及案例分析、问卷调查、权重与因素决定及相关的自然资源价值评估方法、景观变迁分析方法,并结合地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS）、遥感（RS）技术,就上述问题进行探讨。未来台湾地区的景观研究发展,仍将以符合生态的原则为基础,同时结合专业教育,降低自然与人为灾害所付出的社会成本、确立景观资源价值评估方式、构建最适的土地利用规划与监测方式以及形成具有台湾本土特色的规划设计风格等,以促进景观研究的发展。 相似文献
6.
城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究进展 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
城市规划不仅需要适应区域气候，更需要通过城市自身的合理空间配置来缓解因城市化引起的城市大气环境问题，因此，加强城市景观格局大气环境效应的研究对于提高城市规划的水平具有重要的意义。从城市下垫面的大气环境效应、大气数值模式、遥感应用技术以及城市规划的气候适应性等方面综述了城市景观格局的大气环境效应的研究进展，并分析了城市景观格局的大气环境效应应用于城市规划面临的主要问题。尽管城市景观组分的大气环境效应已经得到充分认识和应用，但是景观组分的空间组合，即城市景观格局对城市大气环境的影响及其应用研究仅仅处于起步的阶段。为了推动城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究并应用于城市规划之中，除了需要深入研究“格局影响过程”的机制外，还需要重点解决2个问题：一是寻找能够用来研究城市景观格局与大气环境相互作用的格局参数；二是确认具有一般意义的理想城市景观格局模式。 相似文献
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Hong-key Yoon 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):471-477
The French Renaissance gardens and Japanese hill gardens have constrasting garden landscapes. Japanese gardens are naturalistic and intend to give illusions that they are the beautiful spots of unspoilt nature. In contrast, the appearances of French gardens are not an imitation of nature but boldly reorganised landscapes in geometric forms. These two contrasting types of garden landscapes represent two different sets of geomentalities (frames of mind regarding geographical environment).An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the Ninth New Zealand International Conference on Asian Studies, Hamilton, 23–26 August 1991. Its abridged version is published in D. Bing and K. Henshell (ed.)Japanese Perceptions of Nature and the Natural Order (Hamilton, NZ 1992), pp. 1–11. The present paper was developed from the first half of the conference paper, and was completed during my three month's tenure in 1993 as a Japan Foundation fellow. I am grateful to the Japan Foundation for their generous support of my research on the Japanese geomentality. 相似文献
9.
Rescue excavations in the Middle Rhone Valley have provided opportunities to develop innovative strategies for the study of palaeoenvironments. These strategies involve sampling and analysis of botanical remains, recovered not only from archaeological sites but also in “off-site” pedosedimentary sequences thought to be poor in botanical remains. Thus, these remains (phytoliths, pedo-charcoal) give access to unexplored depositional contexts, such as alluvial plains. Moreover, off-site data are useful because they minimise the hazard of cultural bias (e.g., selection of species during wood gathering). Comparison of data collected in the alluvial plain with data obtained via anthracological analyses of karstic caves and rock-shelters in the hinterland suggests a complex agro-sylvo-pastoral management of the landscape during the Middle Neolithic. We propose a pattern that supposes considerable specialization in use of plains vs. slopes in the landscape, and a strong and continuous human pressure on the vegetation and soils between 4500 and 3500 cal BC. Nevertheless, these constraints are not sufficient to explain the persistence of such a system for more than a millennium. Favourable climatic conditions are thought to have been a determining factor in the persistence of an ecologically meta-stable relationship between human societies and their natural environment. 相似文献
10.
石漠化景观格局分布特征及其影响因素分析——以贵州省盘县为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以贵州省盘县2004年石漠化现状分布为基础,探讨石漠化斑块的空间组合格局类型及其影响因素。结果表明,该区石漠化景观呈现出极强度石漠化斑块集中分布型、强度石漠化与无石漠化斑块混合分布型、潜在石漠化与无石漠化为主分布型、轻中度石漠化聚集分布型和石漠化斑块相间分布型5种空间组合分布格局。人为干扰、自然因素是造成该区石漠化空间格局存在明显差异的主要原因。从全县来看,石漠化主要分布在坡度10°～ 17. 5°的地带,其次是17. 5°～ 35°的区域。从发生石漠化的土地类型来看,轻度石漠化主要分布于灌丛和坡耕地,中度石漠化主要分布于中覆盖草地和坡耕地,强度和极强度石漠化主要分布于中覆盖草地和来利用地。碳酸盐岩的分布、地形地貌和亚热带山地气候差异形成了不同的景观类型,而有限的土地资源和土地利用方式是控制喀斯特石漠化的主导因子。通过土地利用规模调整和优化,因地适宜实施退耕还林还草等,将有望实现强度、极强度石漠化景观逐渐向无石漠化景观的转变。 相似文献
11.
农业生态系统是一种人工-自然复合生态系统,人类行为和管理决策干扰生态系统服务的供给和需求,生态系统服务之间的关系也随之发生变化.以西安市农业生态系统为研究对象,测算了农产品供给、固碳、水源涵养、净化环境及文化娱乐5项生态系统服务价值,分析农业生态系统服务总价值的空间差异,并根据景观特点和农业生态系统服务价值将研究区划分为3个区,探索不同分区生态系统服务功能之间的相互关系,并提出了西安市的生态系统管理对策.结果表明：研究区提供的农业生态系统服务总价值为590×108元.从生态系统服务大分类来看,调节服务 > 供给服务 > 文化服务.各区县农业生态系统服务功能价值差别较大.1999-2013年,西安市供给服务上升,调节服务和支持服务下降.西安市农业生态系统服务功能价值大致呈现由市中心向边缘区逐渐加强的趋势.在不同的农业区域生态系统中,生态系统服务内部各功能之间的相关性差异较大.在耕区、园区、林区生态系统中,农产品提供与固碳、水源涵养、净化环境、文化休闲服务之间的相关性差异大,而调节服务与文化服务以及调节服务各功能之间的相关关系均呈现显著正相关.为了维护城市生态系统的稳定,应该调整城市绿地景观格局,构建“绿色斑块、绿色廊道、湿地、农田”镶嵌共存的绿地生态系统;在发展农区、园区生态产业过程中,应当调整农业产业结构,选择经济效益与生态效益兼顾的作物品种和植被类型. 相似文献
12.
额济纳蒙古族民间景观格局反映的区域环境状况 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以内蒙古额济纳旗为例,对当地土尔扈特蒙古族自18世纪初定牧于此开始,至20世纪之前形成的水域、植被和沙丘3大类蒙古族民间自然景观类型进行了研究.水域景观格局特征表明,相对于现代生态环境状况,在20世纪之前,额济纳冲积平原水环境较为优越,整个地区水域景观广布,地下水埋藏较浅.在植被景观格局方面,两河地区主要以胡杨-沙枣河岸林和河岸湿地为主;两湖地区主要以芦苇沼泽-芨芨草草甸和湖岸梭梭林为主;整个地区植被景观处于早期演替阶段.绿洲内部荒漠沙丘景观分布格局体现了干旱荒漠地区的景观基质特征. 相似文献
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Dynamics of land use/cover changes and the analysis of landscape fragmentation in Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rapid urban expansion due to large scale land use/cover change, particularly in developing countries becomes a matter of concern since urbanization drives environmental change at multiple scales. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has been experienced break-neck urban growth in the last few decades that resulted many adverse impacts on the environment. This paper was an attempt to document spatio-temporal pattern of land use/cover changes, and to quantify the landscape structures in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh. Using multi-temporal remotely sensed data with GIS, dynamics of land use/cover changes was evaluated and a transition matrix was computed to understand the rate and pattern of land use/cover change. Derived land use statistics subsequently integrated with landscape metrics to determine the impact of land use change on landscape fragmentation. Significant changes in land use/cover were noticed in Dhaka over the study period, 1975–2005. Rapid urbanization was manifested by a large reduction of agricultural land since urban built-up area increased from 5,500?ha in 1975 to 20,549?ha in 2005. At the same time, cultivated land decreased from 12,040 to 6,236?ha in the same period. Likewise, wetland and vegetation cover reduced to about 6,027 and 2,812?ha, respectively. Consequently, sharp changes in landscape pattern and composition were observed. The landscape became highly fragmented as a result of rapid increase in the built-up areas. The analysis revealed that mean patch size decreased while the number of patches increased. Landscape diversity declined, urban dominance amplified, and the overall landscape mosaics became more continuous, homogenous and clumped. In order to devise sustainable land use planning and to determine future landscape changes for sound resource management strategies, the present study is expected to have significant implications in rapidly urbanizing cities of the world in delivering baseline information about long term land use change and its impact on landscape structure. 相似文献
15.
Mike T. Carson 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(5):385-409
The royal court of the Kamehameha Dynasty in Kawaihae, Hawai‘i Island, presents an unequalled opportunity to examine the ethnohistoric rendering of a cultural landscape, in comparison to the geoarchaeological record of physical transformation of this same landscape. Beneath the surface, earlier occupation layers predate the historic royal precinct of the A.D. 1790s through 1820s. Drawing on results of 19 controlled excavations, point‐specific cultural activities are situated within the last several centuries of natural terrain formation, beginning A.D. 1200–1400 and ending A.D. 1830–present. Geoarchaeological excavations provide the means to place the stratified cultural deposits, occupational horizons, and activity areas in the context of depositional history, environmental transformation, and changing social circumstances in a continuous sequence. The material‐based geoarchaeological landscape chronology and the ethnohistorically defined cultural landscape are combined for a more holistic view than either one could provide independently. 相似文献
16.
贵州喀斯特聚落文化类型及其特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从喀斯特环境人地关系的角度出发,探讨贵州喀斯特聚落文化的组成因子和文化层;依据地域分异规律、相似性原则、综合分析原则,将贵州喀斯特聚落文化分为谷地聚落、半坡村聚落、溪边村聚落、丘原区聚落、洞穴聚落和屯堡聚落六种主要类型。谷地聚落因峰丛洼地环境容量小,形成散珠状小聚居的形态和独特的垦殖文化景观;半坡村聚落因喀斯特山地环境的影响,形成依山而建、聚族而居、典型的吊脚楼民居建筑等特征;溪边村聚落因峰林坝地环境容量较大,沿河形成串珠状聚族而居的形态;丘原区聚落因丘原盆地环境容量大、地域环境开放,形成多民族杂居、村寨密集分布、文化交融强等特征;洞穴聚落因岩洞环境的特殊性,形成依洞而建的小聚居形态;屯堡聚落因喀斯特环境和历史的影响,形成典型的集聚型村落,将石文化、江南文化、军事文化有机结合。通过探讨各类型聚落文化在聚落规模、聚落布局、聚落环境、建筑、生活习俗等方面的特征,可为合理开发贵州喀斯特聚落文化提供依据。 相似文献
17.
Antony G. Brown Charlotte Hawkins Lucy Ryder Sean Hawken Frances Griffith Jackie Hatton 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(4):834-855
This paper presents the first systematic study of the vegetation history of a range of low hills in SW England, UK, lying between more researched fenlands and uplands. After the palaeoecological sites were located bespoke archaeological, historical and documentary studies of the surrounding landscape were undertaken specifically to inform palynological interpretation at each site. The region has a distinctive archaeology with late Mesolithic tool scatters, some evidence of early Neolithic agriculture, many Bronze Age funerary monuments and Romano‐British iron‐working. Historical studies have suggested that the present landscape pattern is largely early Medieval. However, the pollen evidence suggests a significantly different Holocene vegetation history in comparison with other areas in lowland England, with evidence of incomplete forest clearance in later‐Prehistory (Bronze?Iron Age). Woodland persistence on steep, but poorly drained, slopes, was probably due to the unsuitability of these areas for mixed farming. Instead they may have been under woodland management (e.g. coppicing) associated with the iron‐working industry. Data from two of the sites also suggest that later Iron Age and Romano‐British impact may have been geographically restricted. The documented Medieval land management that maintained the patchwork of small fields, woods and heathlands had its origins in later Prehistory, but there is also evidence of landscape change in the 6th–9th centuries AD. We conclude that the Blackdown Hills area was one of many ‘distinctive subregions’, which due to a combination of edaphic, topographic and cultural factors could qualify as an eco‐cultural region or ‘pays’. It is argued that the use of such eco‐culturally distinctive regions or pays can provide a spatial and archaeological framework for palaeoecology, which has implications for landscape research, designation and heritage management. 相似文献
18.
Mitch Rose 《Geoforum》2002,33(4):455-467
In the endeavour to reveal the politics behind landscape production, cultural geographers often neglect the most fundamental question of landscape, namely the question of how: how does the landscape work as both a visual and material space? How does it ‘stick' in the mind and in the world? By relying on concepts such as ideology, hegemony and naturalized discourse, cultural geographers have parried the question by assuming a structural connection between the landscape's appearance in the world and people's everyday consciousness. The goal of this paper is to provide an alternative account of the landscape's existence. I argue that the landscape comes to appear in the world as it is put to task. This means that the landscape's existence is not founded on its capacity to inscribe or normalize consciousness through its appearance in the world but on the landscape's capacity to be called forth through practice. The argument is elaborated through the work of George Bataille whose concept of the labyrinth provides the theoretical groundwork for an alternative understanding of what the landscape is as well as how it can be studied. 相似文献
19.
Anton Gosar 《GeoJournal》1993,30(3):215-223
The ethnic structure of Slovenia has in recent decades changed dramatically due to the geo-political rearrangements in Central Europe and due to the socio-economic developments in former Yugoslavia. The mixed, dark-age based ethnic pattern was at first eliminated to be replaced by a similar level of multi-ethnicity of a different origin recently. Ethnic groups of mostly Slavic (Croat, Muslim, Serb) origin have in the past couple of decades migrated to urban centers of Slovenia, thus replacing there former German and Italian minority population. Problems of attitudinal, cultural, social and linguistic nature emerge and impact the poli-structured cultural landscape of the independent nation-state. 相似文献
20.
The Apuseni Mountains are unusual on account of the extreme fragmentation of the settlement pattern particularly in the upper
Aries valley. Not only is hamlet settlement very much the rule, but these small units of settlement may be quite widely separated
from each other by distance and altitude. Such networks have evolved through clearance of the high surfaces which cannot be
efficiently farmed from the valleys in which modern infrastructure has been concentrated over the last century. Important
questions therefore arise with regard to the survival capacity of communities which are critical elements in a cultural landscape
that constitutes a valuable resource for both Romania and Europe. In other parts of the region dispersal is not so extreme,
but there are still depopulation tendencies which are potentially damaging for the cultural landscape. The paper examines
the lifestyles associated with outlying settlements and the extent to which centralising tendencies have been resisted in
recent times. In the context of the present transition it considers the actions being considered to safeguard fragile mountain
communities in a vulnerable area exposed to growing commercial penetration associated with cross-border cooperation on the
Hungarian- Romanian frontier.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献