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1.
Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
2.
Studies on rain.runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin,which is re-garded as a key ecological shelter,will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yang-tze River Basin.In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment,rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use-forestland.farmland and grassland.Results showed that(1)within the same rainfall process,overland flow occurs first on farmland,then on grassland,and finally on forestland;(2)soil surface coverage has a great im-pact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow.The runoff amount Can increase 2-4 times after the coverage iS removed;(3)the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil.but it takes no effect on infiltration once,overland flow becomes stable;(4)the runoff coefficient of the lime-stone soil forestland iS greater than that of the yellow soil forest land,but less than that of the farmland;(5)threeempirical infiltration models,including Horton'model,Kostiakov'model,and modified Kostiakov'model,were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation.The results showed that the Kostiakov'model per-formed better than both the Horton'model and modified Kostiakov model.According to the results of this research,the Kostiakov's model Can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
3.
为揭示中、低纬度高寒山区降雨-径流的形成过程,指导水资源的合理开发利用,选择黑河上游红泥沟小流域为研究区,基于河道径流量及雨水和河水稳定同位素的观测数据,构建二元混合模型,计算了2013年7月23日及8月21日两次典型降雨-径流事件中事件水（降雨）和事件前水（流域前期储水）对河道径流的贡献及其动态变化.结果显示:两次降雨事件中事件前水的贡献比例分别为68.69%和54.46%;事件前水的贡献比例在涨水阶段减小,在退水阶段增大.结合河水电导率的观测结果,进一步分析了降雨-径流的形成过程:河道径流的形成主要受饱和区蓄满产流、河岸带地下径流和山坡地下径流3种产流机制控制;事件水主要源于蓄满产流,事件前水主要源于河岸带和山坡地下径流;事件初期和末期以河岸带地下水补给为主,涨水阶段后期和退水阶段前期转为以蓄满产流和山坡地下水补给为主,洪峰期间蓄满产流的贡献达到最大.两次事件的对比表明,事件前的湿度条件和降雨强度对降雨-径流的形成过程有着重要影响:前期越湿润,流域储水能力越弱,导水能力越强,事件水的贡献越大,河道径流对降雨的响应越迅速;降雨强度越大,蓄满产流及其中的事件水比例越高,河道径流中事件水的比例也越高. 相似文献
4.
5.
Ata Amini Pezhman Taherei Ghazvinei Mitra Javan Bahram Saghafian 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(8):3271-3279
Recently, water and soil resource competition and environmental degradation due to inadequate management practices have been increased and pose difficult problems for resource managers. Numerous watershed practices currently being implemented for runoff storage and flood control purposes have improved hydrologic conditions in watersheds and enhanced the establishment of riparian vegetation. The assessment of proposed management options increases management efficiency. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of watershed managements on runoff storage and peak flow, and determine the land use and cover dynamics that it has induced in Gav-Darreh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The watershed area is 6.27 km2 which has been subjected to non-structural and structural measures. The implemented management practices and its impact on land use and cover were assessed by integrating field observation and geographic information systems (GIS). The data were used to derive the volume of retained water and determine reduction in peak flow. The hydrology of the watershed was modeled using the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) model, and watershed changes were quantified through field work. Actual storms were used to calibrate and validate HEC–HMS rainfall–runoff model. The calibrated HEC–HMS model was used to simulate pre- and post-management conditions in the watershed. The results derived from field observation and HEC–HMS model showed that the practices had significant impacts on the runoff storage and peak flow reduction. 相似文献
6.
King Talal Dam (KTD) watershed is the most important one in Jordan. At its outlet lies the KTD (80 MCM capacity) which serves
irrigation purposes in the Jordan Valley. However, the dam suffers from accelerated annual sedimentation. Therefore, this
study is directed to assess the erosion risk over the watershed, and to simulate actual annual sediment yield at the dam in
order to devise the appropriate conservation practices. Generalized assessment was first conducted over the watershed on the
basis of drainage texture, rainfall erosion index (R), and the ratio p2/P. As a result, the watershed is divided into zones of severe, high (gullying), high (overland flow) and low erosion risk.
Sediment yield at the dam was evaluated by a simulation model. For model validation the simulation results were compared to
the measured values over 12 years period, and a good agreement was obtained in some of the years. The simulation results allow
us to assess the application of two practical conservation practices: terracing and plantation of trees.
Received: 18 November 1997 · Accepted: 18 May 1998 相似文献
7.
利用水化学方法识别岩溶水文系统中的径流 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过暴雨中的野外观测,确认了桂林丫吉试验场S31泉岩溶水文系统中多种径流形式：表层岩溶带管道流、回归流、坡面流和壤中流。现场测量发现不同形式径流的水化学特征(pH、电导率、Ca2+、HCO-3)存在差异,Ca2+的质量浓度相差最大可以达到3倍。从CaCO3-H2O-CO2平衡体系来看,CO2分压（pCO2）对径流的水化学特征具有控制作用。在大气pCO2影响下的岩溶水矿化度较低,而土壤空气pCO2达到2.7%,是大气的近百倍,其影响的径流矿化度较高。鉴于大气中和土壤中pCO2的显著差异,从水化学特征上将径流分为2类,并且认为它们构成了系统出口洪水的2个主要来源。在此基础上利用水化学方法计算出S31岩溶泉洪水时的径流构成。结果表明,在暴雨的情形,由大气pCO2环境产生形成的岩溶水的比例占到泉水总量的70%,进一步证明了快速流在岩溶水中的重要作用。 相似文献
8.
Hatem A. Ewea Amro M. M. Elfeki Jarbou A. Bahrawi Nassir S. Al-Amri 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(5):424
Runoff peak and volume in flood studies are estimated relying on temporal rainfall distribution from various storm patterns. Usually, SCS distributions types (I, II, III, IA) are commonly used. Using these distributions in runoff calculations assume that the in situ temporal rainfall pattern typically behaves as the one described by the SCS-type distribution, which is due to cyclonic frontal storms and actually developed in temperate environment. To what extent such assumption is valid in the arid environment? How much the impacts of rainfall temporal patterns are reflected in runoff volumes and peaks? The aim objectives of the current study are to answer the above two questions and clarify the validity of aforementioned assumption and exemplify such effect. Real rainfall data collected from rain gauges of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region over a period of more than 20 years are utilized. Temporal rainfall patterns and their parameters are deduced. Many hydrological simulations are performed and comparisons, in terms of runoff volume and peak flows, are made to show the effects of the common rainfall storm patterns and the developed rainfall storm patterns in the region based on the current study. Results indicate that major bursts of the design rainfall storm pattern are located in the first time of the storm period in the two quartiles which is mainly due to convective rainfall type in thunderstorms unlike the commonly used by SCS types relying on frontal cyclonic storms. Makkah Al-Mukkramah temporal rainfall pattern does not behave as the “typical pattern” assumed by SCS distributions that are deduced from different environments. The impacts of the temporal pattern reflected as an overestimate in the runoff peak reached to 68 %. The developed hyetographs and tables presented in the current study are recommended to enhance economical and rational design practice in watersheds of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region. 相似文献
9.
根据流域降雨径流的主要过程,考虑流域气象及下垫面要素的空间异质性,建立了具有物理基础的分布式降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性分栅格单元为坡面单元和河网单元。在坡面单元上主要计算降雨、下渗、坡面流、壤中流等水文过程,而河网单元则主要计算河道汇流过程。模型利用空间权重插值方法将雨量站点的降雨量插值到各个计算单元,采用运动波方程来计算坡面流,将壤中流概化为垂向流和侧向流,分别用Green-Ampt公式和运动波方程来模拟,河道汇流也采用运动波方程。模型结构简单、参数的物理意义明确,大多数参数可利用DEM、土壤类型图、植被类型图直接获取,少数敏感参数通过率定确定。模型在浙江省甬江上游黄土岭流域和皎口流域进行了应用和检验,其结果令人满意。 相似文献
10.
An impervious surface cover is continuously spreading over the Wu-Tu upstream watershed due to the concentrated population
and raised economical demands, while that area also frequently suffers from heavy storms or typhoons during the summer season.
The increased flood volume due to this extended imperviousness causes a greater potential hazard than that of the past. In
order to evaluate the urbanized impacts on the watershed, a set of methods were used to estimate the changes of the watershed
storage. This research chose 51 observed events from three raingauges on the Wu-Tu upstream watershed, Taiwan, to study the
volume characteristic of abstracted rainwater. In the study, the block Kriging method was used to estimate the area rainfall
and the hourly excess was derived through the non-linear programing (NLP). A total of 40 samples were calibrated through the
hydrological model and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model using the optimum seeking method in order to search out and
establish the best parameters that illustrate the hydrological and geomorphic conditions at that time. Eleven cases were used
to examine the established relationship of the parameters and the impervious coverings. A design storm approach was used to
view the changes of the volume for various scale storms/typhoons because of the different degrees of urbanization. Then, a
diagram was designed to show the relationships that exist among the runoff coefficient, return period, and impervious surface.
The satisfactory results show that storage capability of rainwater for various scale storms on the Wu-Tu watershed would be
respectively reduced about 42–156 cms in different decrements up to now. 相似文献
11.
对当前坡面汇流计算方法的研究进展进行了较为系统的总结与分析,并对坡面汇流的非线性效应以及城市低影响开发中的雨水入渗与蓄集对坡面汇流的控制作用进行了简要分析。从模型简单实用的角度出发,认为以流域时间-面积关系与线性水库相串联的ModClark法等为代表的概念性分布式坡面汇流模型具有良好的发展前景;考虑到基于等流时单元的变动等流时线法在反映雨强非线性影响中存在的问题,认为根据水文响应单元在不同雨强条件下汇流时间的变化,调整其汇流参数以反映坡面汇流的非线性效应,对于流域坡面汇流的分布式模拟更具有实际意义;针对目前低影响开发设施长时间序列大空间尺度的室外降雨径流监测资料普遍较为缺乏的现状,给出了后期应积极选择合适的技术以加强低影响开发性能监测工作的建议。 相似文献
12.
The prospect of changing climate has led to uncertainty about the resilience of forested mountain watersheds in the tropics. In watersheds where frequent, high rainfall provides ample runoff, we often lack understanding of how the system will respond under conditions of decreased rainfall or drought. Factors that govern water supply, such as recharge rates and groundwater storage capacity, may be poorly quantified. This paper describes 8-year data sets of water stable isotope composition (δ2H and δ18O) of precipitation (4 sites) and a stream (1 site), and four contemporaneous stream sample sets of solute chemistry and isotopes, used to investigate watershed response to precipitation inputs in the 1780-ha Río Mameyes basin in the Luquillo Mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico. Extreme δ2H and δ18O values from low-pressure storm systems and the deuterium excess (d-excess) were useful tracers of watershed response in this tropical system. A hydrograph separation experiment performed in June 2011 yielded different but complementary information from stable isotope and solute chemistry data. The hydrograph separation results indicated that 36% of the storm rain that reached the soil surface left the watershed in a very short time as runoff. Weathering-derived solutes indicated near-stream groundwater was displaced into the stream at the beginning of the event, followed by significant dilution. The more biologically active solutes exhibited a net flushing behavior. The d-excess analysis suggested that streamflow typically has a recent rainfall component (∼25%) with transit time less than the sampling resolution of 7 days, and a more well-mixed groundwater component (∼75%). The contemporaneous stream sample sets showed an overall increase in dissolved solute concentrations with decreasing elevation that may be related to groundwater inputs, different geology, and slope position. A considerable amount of water from rain events runs off as quickflow and bypasses subsurface watershed flowpaths, and better understanding of shallow hillslope and deeper groundwater processes in the watershed will require sub-weekly data and detailed transit time modeling. A combined isotopic and solute chemistry approach can guide further studies to a more comprehensive model of the hydrology, and inform decisions for managing water supply with future changes in climate and land use. 相似文献
13.
利用环境同位素氚和氧-18对实验集水区进行降雨和径流响应的研究表明:(1)地面径流必源于本次降雨的概念不确,其中往往有非本次降雨的水量.经对1986年～1989年各次降雨估算表明,非本次降雨贡献最高可达50.5%.(2)非饱和带壤中流和饱和带地下水径流中必有非本次降雨的水量,并与地面径流一样,在次降雨径流过程中有时程变化.(3)对不同径流组成的流量过程,非本次降雨所占的比重不同.通过分析,可知降雨径流相关关系中的一一对应假定不确切,认为:传统的降雨径流经验关系和单位线概念需重新考虑;传统的过程线经验划分方法和现行同位素划分方法的有关基本假定不完全符合实际. 相似文献
14.
采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。 相似文献
15.
Rainfall runoff is a critical hydrological process related to soil erosion and agricultural non-point pollu-tion. In this study, 25 simulation experiments on rainfall were carried out in five runoff plots. Rape (Brassica campestris) was planted on the downslope of the plots. Experiments were conducted when the vegetation coverage reached 80%. Each plot was subjected to five rainfall events differing in intensity. The results showed: (1) the runoff coefficients of overland flow and subsurface flow were less than 0.6 and 0.005, respectively; (2) the discharge of overland flow was the quadratic function of time; (3) runoff coefficient was the function of slope gradient and rain-fall intensity. When the slope gradient increased from 8.7% to 46.6%, the runoff coefficient of overland flow first increased and then decreased. The runoff coefficient reached the maximum when the slope gradient was within the range of 17.6%-36.4%; and (4) the process of subsurface flow generation included the increasing phase and reces-sion phase. Discharge was a logarithm function of time in the increasing phase, and an exponential function in the recession phase. Runoff coefficient of subsurface flow decreased first and then increased when the slope gradient varied from 8.7% to 46.6% and was not correlated with rainfall intensity. 相似文献
16.
Hyerin Kim Sung-Hyun Cho Dongguen Lee Youn-Young Jung Young-Hee Kim Dong-Chan Koh Jeonghoon Lee 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(2):82
For water resources management, many studies for investigating flow paths from rainfall to subsurface have been conducted for last half century. A hydrograph separation based on end member mixing was carried out to evaluate the importance of the hydrological pathways providing the main sources of a small granitic watershed, Dorim-cheon, Seoul. An analysis of chloride, oxygen-18 and deuterium isotopes from precipitation and stream water during three storms was conducted with high-resolution data using 129 samples. Stream water, collected in advance of rain event, was assumed as a pre-event water (baseflow) component according to its dry condition and isotopic values compared with the values of different time periods. The contribution from vadose water was ignored due to the thin soil layer covering the study area. Using a two-component mixing model, hydrograph separation of the stream water in Dorim-cheon was conducted based on weighted mean values of rain water and pre-event water component with the high-resolution datasets. As a result of the analysis with water isotopes, contribution of groundwater was dominant during the entire study period (73–74%) except of instant dominance of rainfall at the earliest period. Using chloride as a tracer for hydrograph separation, a significant difference for the amount of pre-event water contribution was identified. This might be caused by the large variation of chloride concentration during the rain event and the end member determination. 相似文献
17.
Understanding the hydrological response of small and large river basins is crucial for regional climate and hydrology studies. Also, rainfall space–time variability (Known in semi arid climate) has a major influence on hydrological dynamics. As consequent, we developed a software application (with MATLAB) in order to take into account the rainfall space-time variability, and that open a major prospects of studying hydrometeorological effects such scale effect and moving storms. In this context, in order to asses scale and dynamic rainy events effect in hydrologic modelling, this study focuses on instantaneous rainy data in central Tunisia (Merguellil and Skhira watershed): a rainfall runoff modelling was done to investigate basins responses and a developed geomorphology-based transfer function, was applied. A systematic hydro-meteorological analysis have been implemented to understand different types of variability and rainy fields dynamic, the relevance of rainfall network and scale effects. As result, two different behaviours of studied basins are detected. Responses of studied areas are much related to event dynamic (East/West and West/East) and hydrographs change according to event direction. 相似文献
18.
Lázaro Valentin Zuquette Janaina Barrios Palma Osni José Pejon 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(3):371-387
This study was carried out in the Córrego do Vaçununga basin constituted of eolic sandstones of Botucatu Formation and residual unconsolidated materials (>90%), considered the most important unconfined aquifer in Brazil, in the city of Luiz Antonio, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Laboratory and in situ tests were performed to characterize the unconsolidated materials in terms of basic physical properties, potential infiltration rate, suction and hydraulic conductivity. The results for infiltration and overland flow depths were obtained according to Morel-Seytoux and Khanji (Water Resour Res 10(4):795–800, 1976) and Chu (Water Resour Res 14(3):461–466, 1978) adaptation of the Green and Ampt [J Agr Sci 4(Part 1):1–24, 1911] model for steady and transient rainfalls, respectively. Rainfall data were collected from January of 2000 to December of 2002, and 12 scenarios were defined considering the intensity and durations. Rather than high homogeneity in terms of the texture of unconsolidated materials, the infiltration and overland flow ratio depends on the type of land use and associated management practices. The results showed that rainfall with high intensity and short duration do not produce high overland flow ratio as we have observed for transient scenarios with long duration and low intensities. 相似文献
19.
The approach of tropical cyclone (TC) Juliette, in 2001, to the Baja California Peninsula triggered at least 419 landslides. Most of the landslides were shallow slips and debris slides of limited areal extent, which were converted rapidly into debris flows to be exported quickly out of the mountain areas towards the lowlands. Main factors affecting landslide occurrence were total storm rainfall and intensity, aspect, geology and vegetation association. Two processes can be distinguished as initiating slope failure. Accumulation of rainfall from exposed bedrock slopes, generating excess overland flow, was the main process linked to failures in concave topography. A combination of wind and excess overland flow in the more convex or planar upper slopes was a secondary process related to heterogeneity of vegetation associations in the oak-dry tropical forests ecotone, as uprooted trees dislodged large regolith and bedrock blocks, priming hillslopes for further runoff concentration. An estimative threshold curve for triggering landslides in this region is sketched. From the analysis of historical information, storms like Juliette approach the southern peninsula on average once every 100 years. Denudation estimates are in the higher end of the spectrum for a tectonically passive margin. These estimates should be considered when taking decisions regarding management of water resources in this area through damming of streams. The results emphasize the need for a more detailed representation of the spatial distribution of the rainfall and winds for this mountainous region affected by TCs. 相似文献