共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
建立了适用于栅格单元系统的基于运动波理论的降尺度新安江模型(KWXAJ)。在栅格单元中采用新安江模型计算产流,运动波模型进行坡面汇流演算。模型中,为考虑上游坡地单元入流的径流入渗(run-on)效应,在进行坡地产流计算时,降雨及上游坡面流及壤中出流被同时作为来水输入新安江模型。在运动波模型中,糙率系数依据土地利用方式及洪水量级确定。选取淮河史灌河流域黄泥庄以上集水区域,作为研究区域。用流域历史上的13次洪水过程来率定和验证此模型。研究表明,run-on机制对流域产汇流预测有重要影响,其显著影响流域内土壤蓄水量时空分布,进而改变产汇流机制。数据分析还显示,不考虑run-on机制将导致模拟洪峰滞后。 相似文献
2.
根据流域降雨径流的基本过程,以蓄满产流理论为基础,建立了一个网格型松散结构的分布式流域水文模型。模型将流域离散为包含河道与不包含河道两种类型的单元格,以协克里金方法插值得到空间离散的降雨输入,考虑的产汇流物理过程包括降雨、植被截留及蒸散发、单元格产流、单元格汇流及河网汇流。模型结构简单,参数较少,在充分利用植被覆盖类型图及土地利用类型图的基础上,能够获得大部分参数的选用值。通过在长江三峡区间沿渡河流域的实际应用,模型计算成果令人满意。 相似文献
3.
等流时单元法是一种具有物理基础同时又非常简便的分布式流域汇流模型。若能应用于大流域,会显著提高大流域分布式水文模型的计算能力,可以扩展其在大流域分布式水文模型中的应用,降低其限制性。采用基于DEM的等流时单元法进行坡面汇流计算,即坡面汇流经河流两侧并入河道,河道汇流使用扩散波方程（USGS的河道汇流程序包SFR1）,将其推广到大流域分布式水文模型的应用之中。该方法与二维坡面汇流的扩散波数值方程相比较,能够节省计算时间。在伊通河中下游较大流域上试用结果表明,农安站计算与实测流量的最大相对拟合误差为13%,模型月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.9。等流时单元法用于大流域分布式水文模型的坡面汇流是可行的。 相似文献
4.
面向流域水资源管理,提出了一个基于GIS/RS的流域分布式水文模型,模型主要包括单元水文模型与河网汇流模型两大部分。单元水文模型涉及到冠层截留、融雪、蒸散发、坡面流、非饱和土壤水运动和地下水出流等水文物理过程。产流计算考虑到地形坡度的影响采用基于地形指数的计算方法。汇流演算基于河网结构采用分段马斯京根方法。模型的大部分参数与输入信息可以利用GIS和RS技术获取,能够对气候变化和人类活动对下垫面的改变,做出快速的模拟与响应。 相似文献
5.
城市地表雨水汇流运动波计算方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从以圣维南方程为基础的坡面流角度出发,引入运动波描述城市地表汇流过程,同时考虑全面汇流和部分汇流,利用分级叠加法,对净雨强度随时间变化的城市地表雨水径流过程用坡面流运动波方程进行模拟计算,并将地表划分成多个子集水单元,按照各子集水单元的地表属性分别得到相应的流量过程,最后汇总得到区域出口处的流量过程。最后用实测资料对模拟计算结果进行了验证,结果表明模拟结果与实测资料拟合度较高,该方法得出的模拟结果基本合理,可在城市降雨径流计算等方面作为参考。 相似文献
6.
雅砻江流域分布式水文模型开发研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
面向南水北调西线水源区之一雅砻江流域生态水文调控,开发了一个基于物理机制的日过程流域水循环系统的分布式模拟模型.模型的产流过程计算考虑了雨强大小,采用Green-Ampt模型或Richards方程.汇流过程计算考虑了河道属性(纵横断面及河道控制工程),采用运动波方程或动力波方程模型.计算单元内采用了"马赛克"法即把单元内土地归为5种地域分别计算再汇总.1985～2000年雅砻江流域径流模拟较准确,水量平衡方面误差小于5%,模型与实测径流过程线相关系数达到0.86～94,Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率达0.7以上,表明该模型具有较高精度,能够满足流域生态水文调控中水循环各个过程的模拟与预测,构建了一个良好平台. 相似文献
7.
根据农田坡面氮、磷流失的主要过程,建立了基于次降雨事件的坡面氮、磷迁移模型。模型采用改进的Green-Ampt方程和运动波方程计算下渗与坡面流,土壤侵蚀采用修改的欧洲土壤侵蚀模型计算,用考虑了侵蚀影响与扩散作用的迁移模型计算坡面氮、磷迁移过程,采用一维对流扩散方程计算氮、磷在土壤中的迁移过程。利用室内人工降雨资料对模型进行了率定及验证。结果表明,模型可以较好地模拟地表径流中氮、磷浓度,率定期与验证期模型效率系数均在0.89以上。根据坡地氮、磷流失机理,分析了降雨强度与地表坡度对坡面径流中氮、磷浓度的影响。 相似文献
8.
基于山坡水文试验的新认识, 提出变动产流层概念, 将壤中流的描述从单一的土壤层间拓展到土壤-风化基岩界面, 通过对壤中流形成及发展过程的精细刻画, 实现了蓄满-超渗产流及其转换机制的统一描述。基于变动产流层概念, 根据运动波模型理论, 推导了单元网格的超渗/饱和地面径流、壤中流的计算公式, 利用非线性水库计算地下径流量, 采用二维扩散波进行地表汇流、一维扩散波进行河道汇流, 建立了面向山丘区的变动产流层分布式水文模型(VRGL)。对典型湿润山丘区的屯溪流域2010—2019年共24场洪水进行模拟, 结果显示: 洪峰流量和洪量的相对误差均在±20%内, 确定性系数在0.84左右, 表明VRGL具有较高的精度, 可用于山丘区洪水预报。 相似文献
9.
对当前坡面汇流计算方法的研究进展进行了较为系统的总结与分析,并对坡面汇流的非线性效应以及城市低影响开发中的雨水入渗与蓄集对坡面汇流的控制作用进行了简要分析。从模型简单实用的角度出发,认为以流域时间-面积关系与线性水库相串联的ModClark法等为代表的概念性分布式坡面汇流模型具有良好的发展前景;考虑到基于等流时单元的变动等流时线法在反映雨强非线性影响中存在的问题,认为根据水文响应单元在不同雨强条件下汇流时间的变化,调整其汇流参数以反映坡面汇流的非线性效应,对于流域坡面汇流的分布式模拟更具有实际意义;针对目前低影响开发设施长时间序列大空间尺度的室外降雨径流监测资料普遍较为缺乏的现状,给出了后期应积极选择合适的技术以加强低影响开发性能监测工作的建议。 相似文献
10.
为防止和减缓河道洪水灾害，作出可靠的洪水预报是十分必要的。人们业已提出许多方法并用于联机洪水预报，但大多数方法尚需进一步改进。为此Ｈｉｒａｎｏ等人（１９８６）提出了一个洪水位预报的动力模型。在本研究中，将该模型改进后用于多站系统，并用批处理去改正系统参数的初值。根据非恒定流的连续方程和动量方程用运动波理论求解，并引进单位线以估计坡面旁侧入流。当预报中所取的预见期等于或小于坡面汇流时间时，可不用降雨 相似文献
11.
12.
Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
13.
Studies on rain.runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin,which is re-garded as a key ecological shelter,will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yang-tze River Basin.In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment,rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use-forestland.farmland and grassland.Results showed that(1)within the same rainfall process,overland flow occurs first on farmland,then on grassland,and finally on forestland;(2)soil surface coverage has a great im-pact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow.The runoff amount Can increase 2-4 times after the coverage iS removed;(3)the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil.but it takes no effect on infiltration once,overland flow becomes stable;(4)the runoff coefficient of the lime-stone soil forestland iS greater than that of the yellow soil forest land,but less than that of the farmland;(5)threeempirical infiltration models,including Horton'model,Kostiakov'model,and modified Kostiakov'model,were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation.The results showed that the Kostiakov'model per-formed better than both the Horton'model and modified Kostiakov model.According to the results of this research,the Kostiakov's model Can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
14.
This study examined changes in hydrograph characteristics of rural statuses to urban statuses on watershed divisions in Taiwan. The main approach was to relate applicable model parameters with the corresponding imperviousness based on calibration and verification using a semidistributed model and 102 events. The model structure is conceptual linear reservoirs with parallel-type cascaded storages which is represented by overland and channel coefficients. The hourly mean rainfall of the watershed and its divisions were calculated using the Kriging method. The time-variant rainfall losses were calculated using the constant percentage method. The spatial and temporal model inputs, division effective rainfall, were obtained by subtracting mean rainfall of divisions from the rainfall losses. In calibration, the storage values of 50 events derived using appropriate parameter bounds were more reasonable than those using inappropriate bounds. Based on the optimal interval method, the overland storages displayed more marked change than did channel storage in response to imperviousness changes. By contrast, the channel storages were unaffected by the changes in urbanization. The overland storages were related with the imperviousness by using the regression equations for determining their relationships in continuous changes of urbanized divisions. The verification of the regression relationships was based on 52 events. The results indicated that power linkage was an available selection for linking division parameters with the corresponding imperviousness. Finally, the study concludes (1) appropriate bounds in parameter calibration are useful for obtaining significant storage values and (2) the study results using these suitable storages indicated large changes in imperviousness on the downstream divisions, marked urbanization resulted in reduced the time to peak at least 10 %, the peak discharge exceeded an increment of 20–30 %. 相似文献
15.
A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin of Northwest China (I) model structure and equations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ren-sheng Chen Shi-hua Lu Er-si Kang Xi-bin Ji Zhihui Zhang Yong Yang Wenwu Qing 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(6):1299-1309
It is absolutely necessary to quantify the hydrological processes in earth surface by numerical models in the cold regions
where although most Chinese large rivers acquire their headstreams, due to global warming, its glacier, permafrost and snow
cover have degraded seriously in the recent 50 years. Especially in an arid inland river basin, where the main water resources
come from mountainous watershed, it becomes an urgent case. However, frozen ground’s impact to water cycle is little considered
in the distributed hydrological models for a watershed. Took Heihe mountainous watershed with an area of 10,009 km2, as an example, the authors designed a distributed heat-water coupled (DWHC) model by referring to SHAW and COUP. The DWHC
model includes meteorological variable interception model, vegetation interception model, snow and glacier melting model,
soil water-heat coupled model, evapotransporation model, runoff generation model, infiltration model and flow concentration
model. With 1 km DTM grids in daily scale, the DWHC model describes the basic hydrological processes in the research watershed,
with 3∼5 soil layers for each of the 18 soil types, 9 vegetation types and 11 landuse types, according to the field measurements,
remote sensing data and some previous research results. The model can compute the continuous equation of heat and water flow
in the soil and can estimate them continuously, by numerical methods or by some empirical formula, which depends on freezing
soil status. However, the model still has some conceptual parameters, and need to be improved in the future. This paper describes
only the model structure and basic equations, whereas in the next papers, the model calibration results using the data measured
at meteorological stations, together with Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) outputs, will be further introduced. 相似文献
16.
在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下,利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了上方来水对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移以及土壤水分再分布的影响。结果表明:对于初始含水量很低的土壤,与上方无来水相比,上方来水时降雨入渗过程中入渗率有一个上升的阶段,但平均入渗率反而降低;在降雨入渗初期,由于上方来水的沿程入渗,上方来水对坡面湿润锋运移的影响较大,但随后几乎没有影响,湿润锋的运移主要与基质势梯度有关;土壤水分沿坡面呈"波浪形"分布是坡面径流的波动性、上方来水(径流)的沿程入渗以及侧向沿坡向下流等综合作用的结果。 相似文献
17.
Suketi river basin is located in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It encompasses a central inter-montane valley and surrounding mountainous terrain in the Lower Himachal Himalaya. Morphometric analysis of the Suketi river basin was carried out to study its drainage characteristics and overall groundwater resource potential. The entire Suketi river basin has been divided into five sub-basins based on the catchment areas of Suketi trunk stream and its major tributaries. Quantitative assessment of each sub-basin was carried out for its linear, areal, and relief aspects. The analysis reveals that the drainage network of the entire Suketi river basin constitutes a 7th order basin. Out of five sub-basins, Kansa khad sub-basin (KKSB), Gangli khad sub-basin (GKSB) and Ratti khad sub-basin (RKSB) are 5th order sub-basins. The Dadour khad sub-basin (DKSB) is 6th order sub-basin, while Suketi trunk stream sub-basin (STSSB) is a 7th order sub-basin. The entire drainage basin area reflects late youth to early mature stage of development of the fluvial geomorphic cycle, which is dominated by rain and snow fed lower order streams. It has low stream frequency (Fs) and moderate drainage density (Dd) of 2.69 km/km 2. Bifurcation ratios (Rb) of various stream orders indicate that streams up to 3rd order are surging through highly dissected mountainous terrain, which facilitates high overland flow and less recharge into the sub-surface resulting in low groundwater potential in the zones of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order streams of the Suketi river basin. The circulatory ratio (Rc) of 0.65 and elongation ratio (Re) of 0.80 show elongated nature of the Suketi river basin, while infiltration number (If) of 10.66 indicates dominance of relief features and low groundwater potential in the high altitude mountainous terrain. The asymmetry factor (Af) of Suketi river basin indicates that the palaeo-tectonic tilting, at drainage basin scale, was towards the downstream right side of the drainage basin. The slope map of Suketi river basin has been classified into three main zones, which delineate the runoff zone in the mountains, recharge zone in the transition zone between mountains and valley plane, and discharge zone in the plane areas of Balh valley. 相似文献