共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
根据流域降雨径流的主要过程,考虑流域气象及下垫面要素的空间异质性,建立了具有物理基础的分布式降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性分栅格单元为坡面单元和河网单元。在坡面单元上主要计算降雨、下渗、坡面流、壤中流等水文过程,而河网单元则主要计算河道汇流过程。模型利用空间权重插值方法将雨量站点的降雨量插值到各个计算单元,采用运动波方程来计算坡面流,将壤中流概化为垂向流和侧向流,分别用Green-Ampt公式和运动波方程来模拟,河道汇流也采用运动波方程。模型结构简单、参数的物理意义明确,大多数参数可利用DEM、土壤类型图、植被类型图直接获取,少数敏感参数通过率定确定。模型在浙江省甬江上游黄土岭流域和皎口流域进行了应用和检验,其结果令人满意。 相似文献
2.
概念性水文模型数量众多,判断模型是否适合研究流域可以通过模拟结果来体现,但是熟悉流域的产汇流特性可以筛选模型,从根源上大量减少工作量,也可以解决相似流域无资料的问题。选取6种概念性水文模型,以马渡王、板桥和志丹这3个半湿润与半干旱流域为研究区域,探讨流域特性与模型结构之间的关系,并通过降雨和地形地貌分析其对模型模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明,流域地形及植被对产汇流过程有重要影响,由于局部产流现象严重,河道坡度影响大于流域平均坡度,当区域气候条件相差不大时,地形地貌比降雨对流域产汇流特性影响更大。因此对于水文模型的选择,可以在熟悉流域产汇流特性的基础上因地制宜,必要时可以增加适合研究流域的模块来获得更好的预报,在半干旱与半湿润流域,同时具有蓄满和超渗机制的模型能得到更好的应用。 相似文献
3.
基于二维运动波模型,建立了一个适用于小流域场次降雨产汇流过程的动力学模型。通过对典型小流域内不同区域(坡顶、坡中及坡底区域及距离流域出口的远近)种植植被时产流过程的数值模拟,分析了小流域内植被分布对产流过程的影响。结果表明:植被分布及其特性对小流域场次降雨产流有较明显的影响;下游区域种植植被的减水效果和延滞洪峰作用优于上游区域,陡坡区域减水效果优于缓坡区域,且郁闭度越大,这种差别越明显;在该研究条件下,下游区的减水效果可达到上游区的3倍;30%郁闭度条件下减水效果可达10%和20%郁闭度条件下的3倍和1.4倍。 相似文献
4.
基于GIS对新安江模型的改进初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新安江模型能较好解决降雨时空分布问题,但忽略了其他分布不均的影响。流域汇流特征在很大程度上取决于流域形状特征和地形分布。提出一种方法,利用数字高程模型(DEM)划分子流域,提取各单元流域的平均坡度和最大汇流路径长度,以最大汇流路径长度推求形状系数,并将形状系数和平均坡度引入模型结构中,建立其与汇流参数之间的相关关系,使新安江模型能同时考虑降雨、流域形状以及地形分布。将改进后的模型应用于沿渡河流域进行验证,效果良好。 相似文献
5.
为提高新安江模型的汇流计算精度并减少经验因素对参数率定的影响,将新安江产流模型与改进的BP汇流模型相耦合,建立XBK(XAJ-BP-KNN)模型。该模型以前期模拟流量和新安江产流模型计算的产流量作为BP网络的输入,出口断面流量作为网络输出,拟合汇流的非线性关系,代替新安江模型的分水源、线性水库及河道马斯京根法的汇流计算;采用相似原理和K-最近邻算法,基于历史样本的模拟误差及相应影响要素对网络输出进行误差修正,实现了无前期实测流量的连续模拟;模型使用SCE-UA算法与遗传早停止LM算法相结合的全局优化方法进行参数优选。在呈村流域的验证表明XBK模型的模拟精度高于新安江模型,全局优化方法能找到最优参数,降低了模型的使用难度。 相似文献
6.
分布式水文模型对流域水文过程的应用深度及广度不断加深,常与数值天气及气候预报相结合,面临巨大的计算量。近年来GPU技术的进步使普通电脑能够实现高效而又廉价的并行计算。提出了资料插值、单元产流以及单元汇流采用GPU并行计算,马斯京根法河道汇流采用一种非并行的递归方法。基于笔记本电脑和NVIDIA GPU/CUDA结合C#语言,由分布式新安江模型在沂河流域的模拟应用表明,降水量空间插值及新安江产流的并行执行效率为普通CPU上C#的8~9倍。使用直接递归法实现马斯京根汇流演算比以往采用汇流次序表的执行效率提升0.5~0.9倍。 相似文献
7.
8.
流域水文模型的比较分析研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
许多流域水文模型的精度甚高,其主要计算结果如蒸散发、产流、水源划分与汇流也都很接近.这里有共同原因:蒸散发模型都应用了蒸散发能力与分土层计算,产流机制对湿润地区都采用蓄满型,分水源都采用线性水库结构,汇流都属于河网汇流性质.这样是符合水文规律的。但各个模型都有明显的参数不独立问题,其最优解很不唯一。造成不独立性的原因主要是分水源结构的并联性质,不是流量过程线不足以作为识别根据。汇流参数在一般范围内变化不影响分水源参数的解。参数不独立问题可以用结构性约束加以解决。应当把模型看成是水文规律的科学假设,在检验中改进,并促进水文科学的发展。 相似文献
9.
港口湾水库入库洪水预报模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于港口湾、胡乐司流域产、汇流分析，提出了分流域、分单元入库洪水预报模型的整体构架，产流计算应用了蓄满产流模型，汇流计算提出了拟线性河网汇流指数模型：Csj=Sso αe^-βA j，实现了汇流系数因入流强度自动调整的目标。 相似文献
10.
对于给定的流域,选择合适的水文模型进行模拟是水文学研究的难点。选取中国11个典型流域,划分为蓄满产流区、超渗产流区及混合产流区,分别验证4种经典概念性模型与4种灵活架构模型。研究表明:蓄满产流区灵活架构模型难以提高模拟精度,但可以检验模型构件对模拟结果的影响,排除不合实际的模型结构;超渗产流区灵活架构模型可以提高模拟精度,但缺乏系统性,难以完整准确地描绘水文过程。综合而言,灵活架构模型表现不稳定,通用性差,但架设与修改方便,易于确定流域产汇流关键过程,是水文模拟的有效手段。 相似文献
11.
基于山坡水文试验的新认识, 提出变动产流层概念, 将壤中流的描述从单一的土壤层间拓展到土壤-风化基岩界面, 通过对壤中流形成及发展过程的精细刻画, 实现了蓄满-超渗产流及其转换机制的统一描述。基于变动产流层概念, 根据运动波模型理论, 推导了单元网格的超渗/饱和地面径流、壤中流的计算公式, 利用非线性水库计算地下径流量, 采用二维扩散波进行地表汇流、一维扩散波进行河道汇流, 建立了面向山丘区的变动产流层分布式水文模型(VRGL)。对典型湿润山丘区的屯溪流域2010—2019年共24场洪水进行模拟, 结果显示: 洪峰流量和洪量的相对误差均在±20%内, 确定性系数在0.84左右, 表明VRGL具有较高的精度, 可用于山丘区洪水预报。 相似文献
12.
DEM分辨率对分布式水沙过程模拟具有重要影响,然而,产生影响的内部机制尚不明确。改进水沙物理模型CASC2D-SED的结构,将坡度由DEM在模型内部直接提取改为由模块单独计算,并将坡度设计为模型的独立输入参数,通过单独改变坡度参数来研究坡度对水沙模拟DEM尺度效应的影响。基于改进的CASC2D-SED模型,以内蒙古准格尔旗沙圪堵镇附近的一个小流域为研究对象,以无人机航测的1m分辨率DEM数据、野外实测与室内实验获得的土壤特性数据、土地利用数据和降雨数据为基础,采用3种水沙模拟方案进行多象元尺度的水沙过程模拟,进而探索水沙过程模拟的DEM尺度效应及发生机制。研究表明:⑴在4~20m GRID分辨率区间模拟的径流量位于323.18m3和411.43m3之间,波动不大;⑵2~20m GRID分辨率区间内,模拟的侵蚀流量在3.43m3和65.61m3间变化,波动很大;(3)坡度和径流路径是水文过程模拟DEM尺度效应的两个对立影响因子,是水文过程模拟DEM尺度效应不明显的主要原因;⑷DEM尺度效应对侵蚀输沙具有重要影响,地形坡度是侵蚀输沙DEM尺度效应的主要控制因子;⑸地形坡度随DEM分辨率降低而发生的空间上的波动变化是侵蚀输沙量随DEM分辨率降低而波动变化的原因。 相似文献
13.
分布式流域水文模型从DEM数据中提取河流,由于地图数据的比例尺、DEM网格的分辨率等原因,生成的河流可能与真实的河流不重合,流域内的径流可能汇集不到出口断面,必须对DEM数据进行处理。目前GIS软件中常用的处理方式是将河流经过的网格高程普遍降低,这种方法还不够理想。理想的DEM数据处理方法应满足以下原则:修改后生成的河流与真实的河流重合,流域内的径流能够汇入河道到达流域出口断面;DEM数据中网格的高程来自实测地图,最能代表网格的高程,只是由于对网格高程的插值滤掉了一些地形细节,因此高程修改的网格数目应达到最小。基于这个原则,提出DEM数据修改方法,平滑掉河流经过的凸起网格并且填充流域内的洼地,修改最少的网格高程,使由DEM数据生成的河流能够与真实的河流重合,达到模拟真实的径流流动路径的目的。 相似文献
14.
Shattri Mansor Nader Saadatkhah Zailani Khuzaimah Arnis Asmat Nor Aizam Adnan Siti Noradzah Adam 《Natural Hazards》2018,93(2):739-764
The objective of this paper is to develop a spatial temporal runoff modelling of local rainfall patterns effect on the plant cover hilly lands in Kelantan River Basin. Rainfall interception loss based on leaf area index, loss/infiltration on the ground surface, and runoff calculation were considered as the main plant cover effects on the runoff volume. In this regard, a hydrological and geotechnical grid-based regional model (integrated model) was performed using Microsoft Excel® and GIS framework system for deterministic modelling of rainfall-induced runoff by incorporating plant cover effects. The infiltration process of the current model was integrated with the precipitation distribution method and rainfall interception approach while the runoff analysis of integrated model was employed based on loss/infiltration water on the ground surface with consideration of water interception loss by canopy and the remaining surface water. In the following, the spatial temporal analysis of rainfall-induced runoff was performed using 10 days of hourly rainfall events at the end of December 2014 in Kelantan River Basin. The corresponding changes in pressure head and consequent rate of infiltration were calculated during rainfall events. Subsequently, flood volume is computed using local rainfall patterns, along with water interception loss and the remaining surface water in the study area. The results showed the land cover changes caused significant differences in hydrological response to surface water. The increase in runoff volume of the Kelantan River Basin is as a function of deforestation and urbanization, especially converting the forest area to agricultural land (i.e. rubber and mixed agriculture). 相似文献
15.
A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin of Northwest China (I) model structure and equations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ren-sheng Chen Shi-hua Lu Er-si Kang Xi-bin Ji Zhihui Zhang Yong Yang Wenwu Qing 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(6):1299-1309
It is absolutely necessary to quantify the hydrological processes in earth surface by numerical models in the cold regions
where although most Chinese large rivers acquire their headstreams, due to global warming, its glacier, permafrost and snow
cover have degraded seriously in the recent 50 years. Especially in an arid inland river basin, where the main water resources
come from mountainous watershed, it becomes an urgent case. However, frozen ground’s impact to water cycle is little considered
in the distributed hydrological models for a watershed. Took Heihe mountainous watershed with an area of 10,009 km2, as an example, the authors designed a distributed heat-water coupled (DWHC) model by referring to SHAW and COUP. The DWHC
model includes meteorological variable interception model, vegetation interception model, snow and glacier melting model,
soil water-heat coupled model, evapotransporation model, runoff generation model, infiltration model and flow concentration
model. With 1 km DTM grids in daily scale, the DWHC model describes the basic hydrological processes in the research watershed,
with 3∼5 soil layers for each of the 18 soil types, 9 vegetation types and 11 landuse types, according to the field measurements,
remote sensing data and some previous research results. The model can compute the continuous equation of heat and water flow
in the soil and can estimate them continuously, by numerical methods or by some empirical formula, which depends on freezing
soil status. However, the model still has some conceptual parameters, and need to be improved in the future. This paper describes
only the model structure and basic equations, whereas in the next papers, the model calibration results using the data measured
at meteorological stations, together with Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) outputs, will be further introduced. 相似文献
16.
为了解决由降雨强度引起的径流汇流的非线性问题,提出一种基于SCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service)流速公式的时变分布式单位线计算方法。引入参考雨强表征SCS公式中流速系数对应的水力条件。由降雨过程的时段雨强与参考雨强的比值构成一个量纲一因子,将该因子加入SCS公式后使其能够考虑降雨对流速的影响。改进后的流速公式用于计算一次降雨过程中不同降雨时段对应的时变分布式单位线,时变分布式单位线与新安江模型的产流模块构成降雨径流模型,将模型用于裴河流域率定参考雨强。率定后的模型用于谭家河流域进行应用检验,结果显示,确定性系数大于等于0.9的洪水场次,由时不变单位线的42%增大为83%。提出的方法能够显著提高流域水文模型的降雨径流模拟能力。 相似文献
17.
建立了适用于栅格单元系统的基于运动波理论的降尺度新安江模型(KWXAJ)。在栅格单元中采用新安江模型计算产流,运动波模型进行坡面汇流演算。模型中,为考虑上游坡地单元入流的径流入渗(run-on)效应,在进行坡地产流计算时,降雨及上游坡面流及壤中出流被同时作为来水输入新安江模型。在运动波模型中,糙率系数依据土地利用方式及洪水量级确定。选取淮河史灌河流域黄泥庄以上集水区域,作为研究区域。用流域历史上的13次洪水过程来率定和验证此模型。研究表明,run-on机制对流域产汇流预测有重要影响,其显著影响流域内土壤蓄水量时空分布,进而改变产汇流机制。数据分析还显示,不考虑run-on机制将导致模拟洪峰滞后。 相似文献
18.
A distributed object-based rainfall–runoff simulation (DORS) model with incorporation of detailed impervious surface-area (ISA) data, derived from digital true-color orthophotography data with high spatial resolution, was developed. This physically based model simulates hydrologic processes of precipitation interception, infiltration, runoff, evapotranspiration, change of soil moisture, change of water-table depth, runoff routing, groundwater routing, and channel-flow routing. The modeling processes take objects based on land-cover types as fundamental spatial units in order to reduce data volume, increase computational efficiency, strengthen representation of watersheds, and utilize the data in variable scales. US Geological Survey stream-gaging data were used to validate the temporal variation of simulated discharge within two watersheds in Rhode Island State. The ratio of absolute error to the mean and the Nash coefficient in the validation period are 7.2% and 0.90 for the first watershed, and 8.0% and 0.77 for the second watershed, respectively. The results indicate that the DORS model is able to capture the relationship between rainfall and runoff in the study area, and that it is applicable in the further study of ISA impacts on the water cycle and associated pollution problems. The results also demonstrate that the performance of the hydrologic simulation is improved with ISA data with high spatial resolution. 相似文献
19.
C.-L. Chang Y.-C. Chao 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(6):1563-1570
The BASINS model, developed by the United States EPA, is a popular simulation tool for predicting watershed responses, such as runoff, pollution exports, and water quality. It requires large amounts of data to set parameters. Many studies state that model input is a major source of model uncertainty. Thus, improvements to the quality and completeness of the data will improve the certainty of the model. The objective of this study is to discuss the effects of spatial data, including digital elevation models (DEMs) and spatial rainfall records, on predictions of runoff from the BASINS model. The result shows that both DEMs and rainfall data can significantly influence peak flow and runoff volume. Rainfall input has more influence on the curve shape of hydrograph than DEM resolution. DEM resolution can have more impact on peak flow predictions than rainfall input. Because the model uncertainties from DEMs and rainfall records influence each other, the prediction error does not always decrease when DEM resolution increases. The present results show that the BASINS model produces reliable answers in the case area when the grid size is less than 100 m × 100 m and the precipitation records from the Bihu Rainfall Station are correct and complete. 相似文献