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1.
藏北高原夏季典型天气大气边界层特征分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用加密探空资料,分析了藏北高原那曲和安多地区夏季典型晴天与阴天边界层风速、位温与比湿时空分布及变化特征.结果发现:在夏季8月,上述地区东西分量风速(切变)晴天均比阴天小,安多地区盛行偏西风,那曲地区盛行偏东风;南北分量风速(切变)晴天比阴天大.边界层晴天和阴天白天(晚上)的对流(稳定)边界层特征明显,阴天稳定边界层的厚度和对流边界层的高度较晴天时的都低;比湿夜间比白天大,阴天比晴天大.在安多地区和那曲地区都出现了逆湿现象,强逆湿主要出现在午夜或正午. 相似文献
2.
极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
利用极端干旱区敦煌野外观测试验资料，分析了极端干旱荒漠区夏季典型晴天位温、风速、比湿等主要物理要素的垂直结构特征及其地表热力和近地层大气运动特征的日变化规律。发现在极端干旱地区夏季晴天大气热力边界层结构十分独特。在夜间，贴地逆温层最低在900 m以上，最厚可以达到1 750 m，逆温层上面的残余层一般能达到4 000 m左右的高度。在白天，位温超绝热递减层高达1 000 m，超绝热递减层上面的混合层最高达3 700 m，混合层顶上还有大约450 m甚至更厚的夹卷层。当白天对流层发展达到残余层以后，混合层的发展明显加快。风速和比湿垂直廓线特征很好地印证了大气热力边界层独特的结构特征，地表热力和近地层大气运动特征也为这种独特的大气热力边界层结构提供了较好的物理支持。 相似文献
3.
祁连山典型小流域降水特征及其对径流的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
研究了祁连山排露沟流域降水特征及对径流的影响.结果表明: 降水的季节性强且分配不均匀, 存在明显的干季(11月至翌年4月)和雨季(5-10月)之分;排露沟雨季降水占全年降水量的88%, 占全年降水频数的70%;干季降水仅占全年的降水量12%, 占全年降水频数的30%. 降水事件主要以0～5 mm的降水为主, 占全年降水事件的78.8%, 占全年降水量的30%;0～10 d的降水间隔期出现的频率高达86.1%, 占全年无降水期的55.5%. 降水受海拔高度的影响明显, 沿海拔梯度呈先增后减的趋势, 降水的峰值出现在海拔3 400 m的区域. 径流受降水的影响, 主要集中在雨季, 占全年的95.6%, 干季径流仅占4.4%. 径流与日降水、旬降水及其雨季月降水显著相关, 其复相关系数均＜0.7. 径流主要受降水量和前期降水的影响, 对于前期无降水基础、雨量＜20 mm降水过程, 径流变化迟缓, 而对于前期有一定降水基础, 雨量＞25 mm的降水过程, 径流变化大. 相似文献
4.
西藏纳木错晚更新世以来的湖泊发育 总被引：33，自引：5，他引：33
位于藏北高原东南部的纳木错是西藏面积最大 (192 0km2 )的湖泊和海拔最高 (4718m)的大湖。 19条剖面的水准测量结果表明 ,在纳木错沿岸 ,发育了拔湖 1.5～ 8.3m、8.3～ 15 .6m、14 .0～ 19.9m、18.7～ 2 5 .8m、2 6 .0～ 36 .9m和 38.3～4 7.6m等 6级湖岸阶地和拔湖 4 8m以上 (最高至 139.2m)的高位湖相沉积 ;在拔湖 2 7m以下 ,发育多达 8～ 30条的湖岸堤 ;而一条明显的湖蚀凹槽则集中出现在拔湖 17.5m～ 1 相似文献
5.
6.
河套干旱地区夏季边界层结构特征观测分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2013年夏季7月爱尔达K/LLX802J型机动式边界层风廓线雷达获取的三维风场资料和银川站高空气象探测资料,对河套干旱地区夏季边界层日变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:爱尔达K/LLX802J型机动式风廓线雷达能较好的反映并分辨出夏季河套干旱地区边界层内大气湍流和风场的演变过程.夏季7月河套干旱地区边界层高度白天平均为2127.2 m,夜间平均为1760.7 m,白天边界层高度比夜间平均高366.5 m.河套干旱区夏季地表非绝热加热对边界层的影响主要集中在800 m以下,800~2000 m高度边界层则主要受昼夜交替和大尺度天气系统的影响.夏季7月河套干旱地区边界层风速在300 m以下随高度增加而增大,离地500 m以下边界层易在北京时间07:00-11:00和18:00-21:00时段发生风速切变;300 m以下边界层白天盛行西南偏南风、夜间盛行南风,300~2000 m高度边界层白天和夜间均盛行东南风;离地300 m以下边界层易在夜间21:00-23:00时出现风向切变.夏季7月白天河套干旱地区边界层大气垂直速度在300 m高度以下随高度增加而增大,由0.3 m·s-1增大到0.6 m·s-1,夜间边界层大气垂直速度在200 m高度以下随高度增大而增大;300 m高度以上边界层大气垂直速度无论昼夜随高度变化均较小. 相似文献
7.
《地球化学》2020,(3)
基于2017年1月4日至7日成都市一次重霾污染过程的系留汽艇探测的低层大气气象要素和大气颗粒物垂直探空加密观测资料,分析了大气边界层结构及气溶胶垂直分布。结果表明,此次重霾污染期间,大气边界层昼夜变化特征基本消失。稳定边界层结构出现25次,对流边界层结构仅出现3次,大气边界层结构趋于稳定,边界层高度普遍在700 m以下。霾污染发生、维持及消散阶段大气边界层气溶胶垂直结构具有明显差异。霾污染发生阶段,大气边界层气溶胶粗、细粒子主要集中在300m高度以下,近地面层大气气溶胶粒子累积触发霾污染事件;霾维持阶段,大气颗粒物粒子浓度数垂直方向趋于一致,大气边界层稳定结构中存在强的大气垂直混合作用;在霾消散阶段,较高处的气溶胶粒子浓度最先下降,且下降幅度最大,表明对流层自由大气作用对霾污染消散具有影响。大气边界层风速的增大加剧了大气传输扩散。温度与大气颗粒物浓度在近地层呈负相关关系,在100m高度以上呈正相关关系。大气边界层低层偏冷,高层偏暖的稳定大气热力层结减弱了大气污染物的垂直扩散。相对湿度的增加有利于气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长和液相化学反应,加剧了霾污染。 相似文献
8.
《地球科学进展》2019,(12)
夹卷率指上升单位距离卷入的周围空气质量与空气质量的比率,包括湍流夹卷和动力夹卷,应用于对流云的边界层参数化、数值模式改进、云滴谱离散度观测及热带气旋的研究中。应用西北东部季风过渡区民勤、榆中、平凉、银川和延安等5站2006—2016年5～9月逐日07时和19时每隔10 m高度的高空加密观测资料,结合地面逐日观测资料,计算不同高度夹卷率,得出不同区域夹卷率与高度、季风期降水和季风的关系。结果表明:①夹卷率与气温、饱和水汽压成正比关系,但与相对湿度成反比。有云的相对湿度阈值为65%,相对湿度阈值越大,不同量级降水的云高也越低,而云高随着雨量增加而增高。②夹卷率存在明显的早晚变化和区域差别:从地面到3 km,07时明显小于19时,近地层随高度增加而减弱,500 m以上随高度增加而增强;从小到大为季风影响区、季风摆动区和非季风区,在3 km以上无明显区域差别。③夹卷率与降水强度、性质关系较为密切:近地面至600 m以下随着雨强增强夹卷率减弱,但500 m以上至2～3 km随着雨强增强夹卷率增强;近地层700 m以下稳定性降水夹卷强,而以上对流性降水夹卷强,对流性降水饱和水汽压大、夹卷强,而稳定性降水饱和水汽密度大,水汽丰富但夹卷弱。④夹卷率与季风及其持续时间的关系:从无季风到有季风夹卷率是减弱的,夹卷最强的最大高度也在降低。在非季风区和季风影响区夹卷率的持续时间差别不明显,只有季风摆动区在近地面层持续时间越长夹卷率越小,而在高空1～2 km相反。⑤夹卷率与亚洲—太平洋涛动(APO)季风强度指数关系表明:07时在近地层随高度增强,800 m以上随高度减弱,季风强度与夹卷率相关不明显;19时在近地层随高度增强,300 m以上随高度减弱,季风越强夹卷率越小。夹卷率随边界层高度降低而减弱。 相似文献
9.
众所周知,藏北高原高寒、年降水量少,岩石多呈物理风化。近年来通过1∶25万措麦区幅地质调查,在工作区发现多个喀斯特灰岩溶洞,显然它们不是目前该地区气候条件所能形成的,而应该是(亚)热带气候喀斯特的产物。在所发现的数个岩溶洞穴中,以昂仁县阿木龙溶洞规模较大、洞穴堆积层最发育。1阿木龙溶洞基本特征阿木龙溶洞位于昂仁县阿木龙,地理坐标为N30°36'、E86°00'。洞口朝向北东35～40°。洞口海拔5000m,并高于附近侵蚀基准面约16m。溶洞总体为穴状(地下厅),洞口形态呈拱形。主体洞深约20m,高度、深度由洞口往里均变小,分别为5.1～2.2m和… 相似文献
10.
重庆岩溶地下水氢氧稳定同位素地球化学特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
重庆地区分布有380条岩溶地下河, 是重庆市重要的水资源。为掌握岩溶地下河水稳定同位素地球化学特征及其环境意义, 研究了重庆市不同地区51条地下河水体的稳定同位素地球化学特征。研究表明, 重庆市岩溶地下河旱、雨季δ18O、δD值均沿大气降水线分布, 表明地下河水均起源于大气降水。受雨季降水云团运动规律(环流效应)和区域地形的影响, 地下河水δ18O、δD值雨季表现出渝东北地区(渝西地区, 渝东地区)<渝东南地区的明显区域分布规律(“<”表示偏负于), 旱季由于地下河水在含水层中运动较慢, δ18O、δD值的区域性规律不明显, 且由于具有较雨季长的滞留时间, 导致其d-excess值明显小于雨季。利用岩溶地下水δ18O值和区域高程建立了二者之间的二元回归模型, 揭示了重庆岩溶地下河水旱季δ18O值随高度的变化率为–0.34‰/100 m, 雨季为–0.31‰/100 m, 这对于区域水循环研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
K. Parameswaran 《Journal of Earth System Science》2001,110(3):247-265
Characteristics of aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) obtained from a bistatic CW lidar at Trivandrum for the
last one decade are used to investigate the role of ABL micro-meteorological processes in controlling the altitude distribution
and size spectrum. The altitude structure of number density shows three distinct zones depending on the prevailing boundary
layer feature; viz, the well-mixed region, entertainment region and upper mixing region. In the lower altitudes vertical mixing
is very strong (the well-mixed region) the upper limit of which is defined as aerosol-mixing height, is closely associated
with the low level inversion. The aerosol mixing height generally lies in the range 150 to 400 m showing a strong dependence
on the vertical eddy mixing processes in ABL. Above this altitude, the number density decreases almost exponentially with
increase in altitude with a scale height of 0.5–1.5 km. The aerosol mixing height is closely associated with the height of
the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL). Sea-spray aerosols generated as a result of the interaction of surface wind with
sea surface forms an important component of mixing region aerosols at this location. This component shows a non-linear dependence
on wind speed. On an average, depending on the season, the mixing region contributes about 10–30% of the columnar aerosol
optical depth (AOD) at 0.5Μm wavelength. A long term increasing trend (∼ 2.8% per year) is observed in mixing region AOD from
1989 to 1997. A study on the development of the aerosols in the nocturnal mixing region shows that the convectively driven
daytime altitude structure continues to persist for about 4–5 hrs. after the sunset and thereafter the altitude structure
is governed by vertical structure of horizontal wind. Stratified aerosol layers associated with stratified turbulence is very
common during the late night hours. 相似文献
12.
Guor-Cheng Fang Chao-Yang Huang Kai-Hsiang Tsai Kuang-Pu Ou Yang You-Fu Xiao Wen-Chuan Huang Yuan-Jie Zhuang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(3):109
In this study, the concentrations of ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) and their dry deposition were measured using a PS-1 sampler with dry deposition plates at a wetland sampling site in central Taiwan during a sampling period from October 2016 to December 2016. The PS-1 sampler was fixed at set distances (1.5 and 2 m) from a dry deposition plate, and sampled particulate pollutants were sampled to determine their concentrations and dry deposition rates simultaneously. A dry deposition plate 3 m from the PS-1 sampler was also used to collect dry deposition particulate. This plate was also used to compare dry depositions from ambient air, collected from new device. The results thus obtained indicated that the average dry deposition rates on the dry deposition plates that were 1.5 and 2 m from the sampler were 103.15 and 103.94 µg/m2 min, respectively, in October, 83.36 and 100.18 µg/m2 min in November, and 171.2 and 157.5 µg/m2 min in December. These dry deposition rates were compared with that 3 m away from the PS-1 sampler. The statistical t test revealed no significant differences between the dry depositions on dry deposition plates at 1.5 and 2 m from the sampler. The dry deposition rates at 1.5 and 2 m from the sampler did not differ significantly from that at 3 m from the PS-1 sampler. This study proves that a PS-1 sampler can be combined with a dry deposition plate to measure TSP concentrations and dry depositions simultaneously using a single device. 相似文献
13.
Jorge A. Jiménez 《Estuaries and Coasts》1990,13(2):182-192
Mangrove forests along the Pacific Coast of Central America cover around 4,000 km2. Most of this coast is occupied with tropical dry forest mangroves where basal areas range between 6 and 20 m2 ha?1 and canopy heights rarely exceed 20 m. Rainfall and runoff alter structure and floristic composition from site to site. Reproductive phenology and mortality appear to be related to soil water availability.Avicennia bicolor forests reach a density of 4,350 plants that are taller than 0.50 m ha?1, with 769 trees above 5 cm diameter at breast height A total basal area of 41 m2 ha?1 together with a canopy height of about 23 m place these forests among the most developed in the western hemisphere. Growth rate (0.38 m2 ha?1 yr?1) is surprisingly high for mangrove forests under a seasonal dry climate. 相似文献
14.
A case study of atmospheric boundary layer features during winter over a tropical inland station — Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Denny P. Alappattu P. K. Kunhikrishnan Marina Aloysius M. Mohan 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(4):281-293
The local weather and air quality over a region are greatly influenced by the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and
dynamics. ABL characteristics were measured using a tethered balloon-sonde system over Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E, 40m above
MSL), India, for the period 7 December 2004 to 30 December 2004, as a part of the Indian Space Research Organization-Geosphere
Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP) Aerosol Land Campaign II. High-resolution data of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed
and wind direction were archived along with surface layer measurements using an automatic weather station. This paper presents
the features of ABL, like ABL depth and nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) depth. The sea surface winds from Quikscat over the
oceanic regions near the experiment site were analyzed along with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis winds over Kharagpur to estimate
the convergence of wind, moisture and vorticity to understand the observed variations in wind speed and relative humidity,
and also the increased aerosol concentrations. The variation of ventilation coefficient (V C), a factor determining the air pollution potential over a region, is also discussed in detail. 相似文献
15.
Mounds that have formed around spring vents occur in a variety of environmental settings, many at sites generally difficult or inaccessible for sampling. In contrast, over 500 tufa mounds occur in the dry bed of Searles Lake, California. The mounds range from minor features to 45 m in height; most are 5 to 12 m high. These mounds, composed of calcite and aragonite, formed associated with spring vents in the Pleistocene lake bottom. Thus, analyses of these mounds in Searles Lake provide a model with regard to the origin and architecture of tufa mounds. The mounds consist of four distinctive tufa facies. The initial deposits consist of porous tufa, including the innermost (porous 1) and the outermost (porous 2) deposits, followed by nodular tufa, then columnar tufa, and laminated crusts. There are two simple sequences of tufa deposition. The first sequence is from porous 1 to nodular to laminated crusts and, finally, to porous 2. A second sequence consists of: porous 1 to columnar to laminated crusts and, lastly, to porous 2. Facies changes are a response to changes in environmental conditions from deep water (porous 1 facies) to an essentially dry lake phase (during and after the formation of laminated crusts facies), to deep water (porous 2 facies) and, at the present time, totally dry. The primary constituents that comprise the tufa deposits include thin laminae, pisoids, spherulites, peloids and stromatolite‐like crusts. On the microscopic scale, these constituents dominantly make up nano‐spheres, micro‐rods and rod‐like crystals, as well as other calcified bodies. These constituents are interpreted to be the calcified remains of bacterial bodies. These findings suggest that microbial participation in the construct of other mounds should be a major concern of investigation, both for terrestrial and extraterrestrial spring‐fed mounds. 相似文献
16.
通过对青藏高原腹地钻孔岩心剖面的最新研究,用层序地层学与年代地层学和气候地层学相结合的方法,分辨出可可西里地区苟弄措湖泊沉积记录(孔深7.25 m)约30 ka BP以来的古气候变化,并在孔深3.32～1.98 m处识别出“仙女本期”的3个气候颤动事件,即:①老仙女术事件(孔深3.32～2.62 m);②中仙女本事件(孔深2.62～2.43 m);③新仙女本事件(孔深2.43～1.98 m)。这3个气候颤动事件都是以冷干时段开始、以冷湿时段结束的,并有越向后期其冷干的时段越长的变化趋势,而其后的冷湿时段却具有等时的变化趋势。岩心沉积物的有机碳、有机氮和磁化率以及化学元素含量的变化,都与仙女本期气候变化具有十分吻合的变化态势。仙女术期气候在湖泊沉积物中的响应,在青藏高原环境演化中还是首次发现,为研究第四纪末次冰期冰消期以来的气候变化提供了新的信息。 相似文献
17.
Matti Seppälä 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(2):366-370
This review presents a synthesis of four decades of palsa studies based on field experiments and observations mainly in Fennoscandia, as well as laboratory measurements. Palsas are peat-covered mounds with a permanently frozen core; in Finnish Lapland, they range from 0.5 to 7 m in height and from 2 to 150 m in diameter. These small landforms are characteristic of the southern margin of the discontinuous permafrost zone. Palsa formation requires certain environmental conditions: long-lasting air temperature below 0°C, thin snow cover, and low summer precipitation. The development and persistence of their frozen core is sensitive to the physical properties of peat. The thermal conductivity of wet and frozen peat is high, and it decreases significantly as the peat dries and thaws. This affects the development of the active layer and makes its response to climate change complex. The insulating properties of dry peat during hot and dry summers moderate the thawing of the active layer on palsas. In contrast, humid and wet weather during the summer causes deep thawing and may destroy the frozen core of palsas. Ice layers in palsas have previously been interpreted as ice segregation features but because peat is not frost-susceptible, the ice layers are now reinterpreted as resulting from ice growth at the base of a frozen core that is effectively floating in a mire. 相似文献
18.
Nancy L. Jackson Diane P. Horn Valerie Spalding Karl F. Nordstrom 《Estuaries and Coasts》1999,22(3):753-762
A field investigation of temporal and spatial changes in wind and wave characteristics, runup and beach water table elevation
was conducted on the foreshore of an estuarine beach in Delaware Bay during neap (April 9, 1995) and spring (April 16, 1995)
tides under low wave-energy conditions. The beach has a relatively steep, sandy foreshore and semi-diurnal tides with a mean
range of 1.6 m and a mean spring range of 1.9 m. Data from a pressure transducer placed on the low tide terrace reveal a rate
of rise and fall of the water level on April 16 of 0.09 mm s−1 resulting in a steeper tidal curve than the neap tide on April 9. Data from three pressure transducers placed in wells in
the intertidal foreshore reveal that the landward slope of the water table during the rising neap tide was lower than the
slope during spring tide, and there was a slower rate of fall of the beach water table relative to the fall of the tide. Wave
heights were lower on April 9 (significant height from 17.1 min records <0.16 m). The water table elevation was 0.08 m higher
than the water in the bay at the time of high water, when maximum runup elevation was 0.29 m above high water and maximum
runup width was 2.0 m. The elevation of the water table was 0.13 m higher than the maximum elevation of water level in the
bay 74 min after high water, when wave height was 0.12 m and wave period was 2.7 s. The use of mean bay water level at high
tide will underpredict the elevation of the water table in the beach, and demarcation of biological sampling stations across
the intertidal profile based on mean tide conditions will not accurately reflect the water content of the sandy beach matrix. 相似文献
19.
Anne Marie de Grosbois 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(6):1727-1736
The investigations were carried out in order to evaluate change of the beaches profile during the period 1993–2008 and to
elucidate main trends of the coastal dynamics. Morphometric indicators (beach width, height and inclination) were measured
every year during the period 1993–2008 in 70 measuring stations located along the coastline. It was determined that the dynamic
shoreline of the mainland during 1993–2008 receded by 10.2 m and the dynamic shoreline of the Curonian Spit advanced into
the sea by 8.3 m. The different morphometric beach indicators changed to varying extents over the period 1993–2008, but comparison
of values for 1993 and 2008 showed that those changes were small. The average beach width increased by 1.2 m on the mainland
coast and by 0.5 m on the Curonian Spit coast. The average beach height also increased negligibly: by 0.5 m on the mainland
coast and by 0.1 m on the Curonian Spit coast. The average beach slope inclination increased by 0.012 (from 0.065 to 0.077)
on the mainland coast and by 0.005 (from 0.073 to 0.078) on the Curonian Spit coast. The measurements show that, despite being
the most dynamic elements in the coastal system, these beaches managed to retain their morphometric indicators almost unchanged
during the period of observation. 相似文献
20.
V. Sanil Kumar Glejin Johnson K. K. Dubhashi T. M. Balakrishnan Nair 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(1):509-522
We studied the wave characteristics during the very severe cyclonic storm THANE which crossed the east coast of India between Puducherry and Cuddalore based on waves measured at a location in Bay of Bengal at 14 m water depth. Objective of the paper is to document the highest wave height measured in the nearshore waters of east coast of India. On 29 December 2011, cyclone passed within 77–315 km of the wave measurement location with maximum wind speed of 46.3 m/s (90 knots) and resulted in maximum wave height of 8.1 m. Maximum wave height recorded is 0.54 times the water depth, and the ratio of crest height to wave height of the highest wave recorded is 0.65. Maximum value of significant wave height estimated using the parametric wave model for deep-water conditions is 6.4 m, whereas the measured value is 6 m indicating that parametric wave model estimates the wave height reasonably well (within 8 % error) during the cyclone period. 相似文献