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1.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>作为世界上大多数显生宙增生造山带的重要组成部分,不同类型的花岗岩岩浆组合的形成过程蕴含着陆壳生长与分异的关键地球动力学信息。高精度原位二次离子质谱(SIMS)锆石U-Pb定年揭示位于中亚造山带中段内蒙古中北部二连浩特地区的晚古生代花岗岩主要侵位于两个阶段。早期的本巴图岩体就位于早石炭世中期(335 Ma),晚期的干次呼都格、才里乌苏及昆都冷岩体形成于早二叠世中、晚期(279~274 相似文献
2.
蒙古西部呼伦陶勒盖地区花岗岩类的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
靠近中蒙边界的内蒙古西部呼伦陶勒盖地区的中元古界和石炭系中产出数个花岗岩体,其中以英格特-巴格毛道岩体的出露面积最大,岩性变化显著,包括石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩,含有围岩的残留体,并被年轻的花岗岩和伟晶岩等侵入.以前的资料显示该岩体是晚古生代形成的,而其他红色的花岗岩和钾长花岗岩小岩体(如库楚乌拉和一连)是中生代形成的.SHRIMP锆石UPb定年结果显示,英格特-巴格毛德岩体的年龄为313±5 Ma,相当于晚石炭世.原定为中生代的库楚乌拉和一连两个红色花岗岩体的年龄分别为277±2 Ma和278±4 Ma,相当于早二叠世,而侵入于英格特巴格毛道岩体中的石英二长岩的年龄为130±2 Ma,相当于早白垩世.晚石炭世花岗岩具有IA型过渡的元素地球化学特征,而早二叠世花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的特征,属于铝质A型花岗岩.晚古生代花岗岩的共同特征是均以具正的εNd(t)值(0.90～3.43)为特征,具有新生地壳的性质,是内蒙古西部地区陆壳生长的标志.而早白垩世石英二长岩的εNd(t)值为-8.71,指示岩浆起源可能以壳源物质为主,有地幔物质参与. 相似文献
3.
该区花岗质岩石主要岩性为石英闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩。通过对石英闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年[1],所获得年龄为(313±5)Ma～(323±4)Ma,属于晚石炭世侵入体;前进场和达青二长花岗岩各单元岩体均侵入了该区早二叠世寿山沟组海陆交互相碎屑沉积岩,侵入接触关系明确,红柱石角岩发育。测得前进场岩体和达青岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为(280.8±3.6)Ma和(281.5±0.5)Ma,说明岩体形成于早二叠世晚期;乌兰陶勒盖正长花岗岩岩体获得了259Ma、羊角林高勒二长花岗岩为246～216Ma的U-Pb同位素年龄,说明在晚二叠世—三叠世又有一次侵入高峰。石炭—二叠纪裂谷发育时期,部分跨入三叠纪,先后有3次侵入高峰,即晚石炭世的石英闪长岩、早二叠世的英云闪长岩—二长花岗岩、晚二叠世—三叠纪的二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩。 相似文献
4.
东昆仑阿牙克库木湖北巴什尔希花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其地质意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
巴什尔希岩体分布在东昆仑西段白干湖断裂和阿尔金断裂之间,岩性主要为二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,其中二长花岗岩与白干湖钨、锡多金属矿床关系密切。对锆石内部结构、阴极发光图像特征和Th/U比值的研究表明,二长花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆锆石。锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb同位素分析结果显示,二长花岗岩形成年龄为(458.0±9.0)Ma。结合前人对巴什尔希钾长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年(432.3±0.8)Ma,初步认为该岩体为晚奥陶世—早志留世侵入体。元素地球化学特征显示,巴什尔希花岗岩为弱准铝质或弱过铝质A型花岗岩,是东昆仑地区加里东期局部弧后盆地拉张过程中,地幔底侵导致地壳物质熔融的产物。 相似文献
5.
系统研究了北山造山带北部哈珠地区花岗岩类的年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素特征,并据此探讨了岩体的成因及其对晚古生代构造岩浆演化的制约.锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示花岗闪长岩（298.6±1.7 Ma）和二长花岗岩（306.0±1.3 Ma）、碱长花岗岩（289.3±1.3 Ma）分别为晚石炭世晚期、早二叠世岩浆活动的产物.花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩化学组成上表现为中钾钙碱性、Mg#值较低,分异程度中等（D.I.=79.2~86.9）,属准铝质、镁质岩石;碱长花岗岩则表现高硅、富碱、准铝,贫钙、镁、铁,分异程度高（D.I.=94.4~96.5）.三者均富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、La、Ce等,不同程度亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr、Eu.花岗闪长岩、碱长花岗岩样品的εHf（t）均为正值,TDMC主要集中于450~800 Ma.本文和最近获得的数据表明,俯冲板块脱水交代新生下地壳,并诱发新生地壳的部分熔融,形成晚石炭世花岗岩类;早二叠世由于后碰撞伸展作用导致岩石圈拉伸减薄,促使新生地壳部分熔融,再经高程度的分异演化形成本文碱长花岗岩. 相似文献
6.
《岩石矿物学杂志》2010,(6)
靠近中蒙边界的内蒙古西部呼伦陶勒盖地区的中元古界和石炭系中产出数个花岗岩体,其中以英格特-巴格毛道岩体的出露面积最大,岩性变化显著,包括石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩,含有围岩的残留体,并被年轻的花岗岩和伟晶岩等侵入。以前的资料显示该岩体是晚古生代形成的,而其他红色的花岗岩和钾长花岗岩小岩体(如库楚乌拉和一连)是中生代形成的。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,英格特-巴格毛德岩体的年龄为313±5Ma,相当于晚石炭世。原定为中生代的库楚乌拉和一连两个红色花岗岩体的年龄分别为277±2Ma和278±4Ma,相当于早二叠世,而侵入于英格特-巴格毛道岩体中的石英二长岩的年龄为130±2Ma,相当于早白垩世。晚石炭世花岗岩具有I-A型过渡的元素地球化学特征,而早二叠世花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的特征,属于铝质A型花岗岩。晚古生代花岗岩的共同特征是均以具正的εNd(t)值(0.90～3.43)为特征,具有新生地壳的性质,是内蒙古西部地区陆壳生长的标志。而早白垩世石英二长岩的εNd(t)值为-8.71,指示岩浆起源可能以壳源物质为主,有地幔物质参与。 相似文献
7.
新疆北部广泛发育的石炭纪—二叠纪花岗质岩石一直是中亚造山带西段研究的热点之一。新获得东天山哈尔里克地区小铺黑云母二长花岗岩和沁城南含角闪石二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为316±4Ma和320±3Ma。地球化学特征显示,小铺岩体为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,沁城南岩体为准铝质高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩。小铺岩体的εHf(t)值为+8.0~+13.8,沁城南岩体则更高,达到+10.8~+16.7,对应的地壳模式年龄(TDMc)分别为822~450Ma和641~268Ma,反映源区为年轻地壳物质。结合区域同时代产出的基性岩,指示这些年轻物质很可能与新的幔源基性底侵岩浆有关,为北疆哈尔里克地区石炭纪后碰撞地壳垂向生长提供了新证据。此外,沁城南岩体具有A型特征花岗岩的出现,进一步揭示晚石炭世为碰撞-后碰撞的重要构造转换期。 相似文献
8.
位于中蒙边境额仁淖尔地区的查干德勒含角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩和卫境黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为276±2Ma和279±1Ma,均为早二叠世岩体。地球化学数据显示两个岩体均具有高SiO2含量(67.63%~74.75%)和高K2O含量(2.94%~6.13%),具弱的铕负异常(δEu=0.53~0.80),A/CNK均小于1.1,属弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列,具有I型花岗岩的特征。查干德勒岩体锆石εHf(t)值为-18.65~-10.95,模式年龄tDM2在2 470~1 989Ma之间,反映了深部源区可能存在古老地壳物质。卫境岩体锆石εHf(t)值为+1.71~+5.44,模式年龄tDM2在1 193~954Ma之间,具有年轻的源区特征,反映了年轻地壳的生长。额仁淖尔地区同时代两个花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素反映了完全不同的物源性质,也说明古老物质的再循环和新地壳的生长可以发生在同一个区域。 相似文献
9.
新疆西准噶尔庙尔沟岩体的地球化学及年代学研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
新疆西准噶尔庙尔沟岩体侵入于早中石炭世海相火山-沉积建造中,主体由碱长花岗岩组成,局部分布有紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩脉。碱长花岗岩及岩脉高硅、富碱、贫钙,里特曼指数(δ)=2.17~2.98,A/CNK=0.96~1.03,A/NK=1.08~1.13,为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩,其富集LILEs(Rb、U、K、Th),相对亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)和Ba、Sr等,以及强烈Eu负异常,过渡族地幔相容元素Cr、Ni含量低,U、Th、Pb等地壳富集元素含量较高。Sr、Nd同位素组成:(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70370~0.70541,εNd(t)=+4.10~+6.79,tDM=0.57~0.99Ga。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究获得锆石U-Pb年龄为309±1.4Ma,表明岩体碱长花岗岩的形成时代为晚石炭世。紫苏花岗岩的SiO 2含量为60.88%~62.06%,Al2O3含量为15.50%~15.72%,里特曼指数(δ)=2.59~2.77,A/CNK=0.86~0.88,A/NK=1.50~1.53,为准铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性过渡的花岗岩,相对富集LREE(Rb、U、K、Th),而亏损HREE(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)和Sr,以及较显著的Eu负异常,过渡族地幔相容元素Cr、Ni含量低,U、Th、Pb等地壳富集元素含量较高。Sr、Nd同位素组成:(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70382~0.70388,εNd(t)=+6.67~+6.98,tDM=0.59~0.62Ga。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究获得锆石U-Pb年龄为302.1±2.1Ma,表明岩体紫苏花岗岩的形成时代为晚石炭世。综合庙尔沟岩体的地质特征、地球化学特征、年代学和区域地质背景,认为庙尔沟岩体碱长花岗岩及岩脉为A2型花岗岩,紫苏花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的地球化学性质,且它们是可能来自同一个岩浆源区,属于西准噶尔后碰撞阶段的岩浆活动产物。 相似文献
10.
阿拉套山南缘岩浆岩锆石SHRIMP年代学研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
位于中国与哈萨克什坦国边境的阿拉套山南缘,火山岩及花岗岩十分发育。其中流纹岩分布广泛,仅研究区内面积达370.8km~2,与下伏早石炭世阿克沙克组及晚石炭世东图津河组呈角度不整合或假整合,SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 年龄300±5Ma。乌拉斯台花岗岩体是研究区内规模最大的岩体,出露面积约82km~2,侵入于早石炭统阿克沙克组及至晚石炭统东图津河组以及早二叠统乌郎组火山岩内,与围岩界线清楚。岩体形态不规则,由4个侵入次岩体组成。第4次侵入的花岗闪长岩体 HRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 年龄为294±4Ma。夏尔敖腊岩体为由4个侵入次组成的岩体,侵入于早石炭统内,平面上呈不规则椭圆形,出露面积近10km~2,主要岩性为二长花岗岩。出露规模较大的第6次侵入岩体的 SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 年龄为299±6Ma。研究表明,新疆阿拉套山南缘岩浆岩,SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 同位素年龄300Ma 左右,主要形成于晚石炭世末至早二叠世初,为同一构造-岩浆作用下的产物。 相似文献
11.
Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joseph L. Domagalski Steven P. Phillips E. Randall Bayless Celia Zamora Carol Kendall Richard A. WildmanJr Janet G. Hering 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(4):675-690
Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N2 in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area. 相似文献
12.
山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。 相似文献
13.
扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。 相似文献
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以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。 相似文献
17.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
18.
I. A. Tararin V. M. Chubarov E. K. Ignat’ev S. V. Moskaleva 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2007,1(1):82-97
The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids. 相似文献
19.
A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of
Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity
logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated
the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth
of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data.
AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole.
Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central
part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow
at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences
of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming.
Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998 相似文献
20.
对巴颜喀拉山年宝玉则花岗岩岩体样品的锆石、磷灰石进行了裂变径迹（FT）分析。结果显示该区的隆升可以分为三大阶段：①从低绿片岩相到锆石时钟启动：从200MaBP到105．57MaBP,去顶量约为2km,样品埋深上升到距地表约6km深度。去顶速率约为0．02mm／a;②从锆石时钟启动到磷灰石时钟启动：由于磷灰石在此时已抬升到距地表约6km的深度。由此到达时钟启动需距地表约3km时,去顶量应为3km,此阶段的持续时间为101．53MaBP,去顶速率约为0．03mm／a：③从磷灰石时钟启动至达到地表（至今）：由于磷灰石在前一阶段也已抬升到距地表约3km的深度。即去顶量为3km。此阶段的持续时间为4．04MaBP,去顶速率约为0．74mm／a。 相似文献