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1.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>铅是一种具有重要工业应用价值的重金属元素,同时其对生物和人体也具有较强的毒害作用。随工业化进程的不断发展,我国的铅污染形势日趋严峻,如何修复铅污染是目前亟待解决的问题。与常规物理、化学方法相比,微生物法修复铅污染具有材料来源广泛、高效、廉价、无二次污染等优点,已成为当前铅污染处理的研究热点。作用于铅的微生物种类比较多,主要有细菌、真菌以及藻类,但作用能力比较强的主要是真菌。目前报道的能吸附和固定铅的真菌主要有Aspergillus niger、Penicillium simplicissimum、 相似文献
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铅元素在自然界分布广泛,其可溶性盐对动植物及人体有巨大毒性,借助真菌等生物修复技术手段清除环境中铅污染逐渐成为研究热点之一。本文使用溶胶凝胶法合成了锐钛矿电极,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼测试、环境扫描电镜和电化学测试等对其进行了系统表征,进而联合实验室分离筛选出的一株黑曲霉Aspergillus niger Bpb1成功构建了光-半导体矿物-微生物系统。研究了光电子对黑曲霉吸附铅离子的影响,实验结果表明锐钛矿光电子与黑曲霉协同作用下,实验组较对照组铅离子吸附速率平均增加33.6%,最高增加42%。进一步使用环境扫描电镜观察黑曲霉外部形态,发现光电子不影响铅矿物的形态。结合能谱测试和前人文献得知铅离子与有机酸结合形成以有机铅盐为主的矿物,缠绕在菌丝中。本研究实现了利用光能加速真菌代谢的过程,表明锐钛矿光电子与黑曲霉协同作用只对真菌吸附铅离子速率产生一定的加强,并未影响其成矿形态。 相似文献
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水泥基固化剂封闭是近年来重金属污染修复治理的主要技术手段之一。冻融循环作用是影响水泥固化重金属污染土力学特性的重要外营力。本文以人工制备的铅污染土为研究对象,结合冻融实验和室内土工试验,研究冻融循环作用对铅污染土无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明:随着水泥掺量的增大,水泥固化铅污染土的无侧限抗压强度增大,破坏应变减小;随着铅离子掺量的增大（污染程度升高）,水泥固化铅污染土的无侧限抗压强度qu降低,应力-应变曲线变化趋势更加相似;水泥固化铅污染土的无侧限抗压强度qu随冻融频次的增大而降低;相同冻融频次条件下,随着水泥掺量的增加,水泥固化铅污染土的无侧限抗压强度qu损失率降低。基于SEM图像对固化铅污染土进行微观结构定量分析,表明随着冻融次数的增加,试样中细颗粒（< 1 μm）和细孔隙（< 2 μm）所占比例均提高。冻融作用对土体结构的破坏可能是导致土样无侧限抗压强度qu降低的主要原因。 相似文献
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由于重金属镉离子的吸附性能较差、毒性大,因此,寻找镉离子的高效吸附材料具有重要现实意义。本文开展巯基硅烷对高岭石的嫁接改性研究,经红外光谱测试证实,成功将巯基引入到高岭石表面。同时,硅烷改性对高岭石晶体结构没有产生影响。通过批量实验考察了高岭石和巯基硅烷改性高岭石(K-SH)对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附特征,主要探讨了p H值、时间对吸附效率的影响。矿物对Cd2+的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温方程更符合Langmuir模型,并估算的K-SH的最大吸附量是4.375 mg/g,比高岭石的大近20倍。改性高岭石表面嫁接了巯基后,可为高岭石吸附Cd(Ⅱ)提供大量的新吸附位点,通过配位复合作用显著提高对镉离子的吸附固定能力。因此,巯基硅烷改性高岭石是一种有应用前景的土壤修复材料。 相似文献
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土壤中铅铜锌镉的吸附特性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以徐州王庄矿（WZK）、奎河（KH）、背景-1（BG-1）和背景-2（BG-2）等4个土壤样品为供试对象，加入不同浓度梯度的铅、铜、锌、镉离子，通过静态实验研究了铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附特性。结果表明，土壤对4个重金属的吸附量与加入到土壤中的重金属离子浓度呈正相关性，它们之间大部分满足线性相关关系。在4个土壤样品中加入铅、铜、锌、镉离子的初始浓度比为10：10：10：1时，平衡浓度为Czn〉Ccu〉CPh〉Ccd，吸附量为Scd〉SPh〉Scu〉Szn，4个土壤样品对铅、铜、锌、镉离子的吸附能力依次为WZK〉KH〉BG-2〉BG-1。在所选实验条件下，土壤对铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附能力受土壤中铅、铜、锌、镉的含量、土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水量和土壤的pH值影响较大。 相似文献
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湿地水环境中表层沉积物吸附铅、镉能力的研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
在选定的实验条件下,对向海自然保护区5个不同类型湿地水体的表层沉积物样品进行了铅、镉的热力学吸附实验.结果表明,沉积物样品吸附铅、镉的过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich(n=8,p= 0.01) 等温吸附曲线.在所讨论的范围内,沉积物样品吸附铅、镉的能力与样品中铁、锰氧化物及有机质含量存在着显著的相关性.表层沉积物吸附铅、镉的能力小于生物膜吸附铅、镉的能力,即在湿地水环境中,生物膜对重金属迁移转化的作用相对于表层沉积物而言更重要. 相似文献
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水泥固化铅污染土的基本应力-应变特性研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
采用水泥系固化剂,对铅污染土进行了固化处理,对固化后污染土的无侧限压缩变形特性进行了研究。试验所用的铅污染土通过人工制备而成,并考虑了不同的铅离子浓度和水泥掺量。研究结果表明,随着污染土中铅含量的变化,水泥固化铅污染土的应力-应变特性、破坏应变、变形模量值不同。铅浓度为0.01%、0.1%试样的破坏应变大于不含铅试样,且随着强度的增加、龄期的增长呈幂函数减小。韧性指数可用来定量描述铅离子浓度对固化土样韧性特征的影响程度。固化铅污染土的变形模量与其无侧限抗压强度呈线性关系,线性拟合参数与铅离子浓度和水泥掺量有关。 相似文献
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以冻融循环条件下水泥固化铅污染土为研究对象,通过室内试验研究冻融条件下水泥固化铅污染土的抗压强度特性。试验结果表明：水泥固化铅污染土的强度随水泥掺量增大而增大,随冻融循环次数的增加先略微增加,达到峰值后,随冻融循环次数的增加而快速减小,最后趋于稳定。随着冻融循环次数的增加,不同铅离子浓度的固化铅污染土的强度损失量不同,并表现出在相同水泥掺量下,铅离子浓度为0.5%的固化污染土抗压强度损失量最小。通过回归分析,建立了水泥固化铅污染土强度随冻融循环次数变化的预测模型,为实际工程提供理论参考。 相似文献
11.
Adsorption of antimony(V) on kaolinite as a function of pH,ionic strength and humic acid 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present work investigated the adsorption and mobility (desorption) of Sb(V) on kaolinite using batch experiments. The
adsorption of Sb(V) on kaolinite was studied as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, humic acid (HA), initial Sb(V)
concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies suggest that the equilibrium is achieved within 24 h. The adsorption of Sb(V)
was strongly affected by changes in I at low ionic strength and unaffected at high ionic strength. The adsorption is weakly
dependent on the presence of humic acid, but is strongly dependent on pH. Within the range tested, the optimal pH for Sb(V)
adsorption is 3.6, and close to 75% removal can be achieved. Desorption is dependent on the original suspension pH. The addition
sequence of Sb(V)/HA do not influence the adsorption of Sb(V) on kaolinite. The adsorption data fit both the Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH
0, ΔS
0 and ΔG
0) were calculated from the temperature dependence, and the results suggest the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the process. 相似文献
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Ruth M. Tinnacher Mavrik Zavarin Annie B. Kersting 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(21):6584-6599
Various sorption phenomena, such as aging, hysteresis and irreversible sorption, can cause differences between contaminant (ad)sorption and desorption behavior and lead to apparent sorption ‘asymmetry’. We evaluate the relevance of these characteristics for neptunium(V) (Np(V)) sorption/desorption on goethite using a 34-day flow-cell experiment and kinetic modeling. Based on experimental results, the Np(V) desorption rate is much slower than the (ad)sorption rate, and appears to decrease over the course of the experiment. The best model fit with a minimum number of fitting parameters was achieved with a multi-reaction model including (1) an equilibrium Freundlich site (site 1), (2) a kinetically-controlled, consecutive, first-order site (site 2), and (3) a parameter ψ2,de, which characterizes the desorption rate on site 2 based on a concept related to transition state theory (TST). This approach allows us to link differences in adsorption and desorption kinetics to changes in overall reaction pathways, without assuming different adsorption and desorption affinities (hysteresis) or irreversible sorption behavior a priori. Using modeling as a heuristic tool, we determined that aging processes are relevant. However, hysteresis and irreversible sorption behavior can be neglected within the time-frame (desorption over 32 days) and chemical solution conditions evaluated in the flow-cell experiment. In this system, desorption reactions are very slow, but they are not irreversible. Hence, our data do not justify an assumption of irreversible Np(V) sorption to goethite in transport models, which effectively limits the relevance of colloid-facilitated Np(V) transport to near-field environments. However, slow Np(V) desorption behavior may also lead to a continuous contaminant source term when metals are sorbed to bulk mineral phases. Additional long-term experiments are recommended to definitely rule out irreversible Np(V) sorption behavior at very low surface loadings and environmentally-relevant time-scales. 相似文献
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Experiment simulation study on removal mechanism of BTEX in using river filtration system 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
River filtration system is a natural purification process to remove the pollutants in river water and make use of surface water. In this study, a series of experiments were set up with soil column test and static adsorption experiments to simulate the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system. It was found that the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system included adsorption and microbial degradation. Among the four components of BTEX used in the experiments, the removal rate of xylene was the highest, ethyl-benzene was second, toluene was third, and that of benzene was the lowest. The stability of the structure of benzene was the major contributor for the relatively lower degradation efficiency, and the low removal rate of toluene was due to the impact of adsorption on degradation. By comparison of the results of soil column test and static adsorption experiments, it was found that the soil–water partition coefficient K d of each component of BTEX was higher, the degradation ratio was lower. Compared with the previous study, the results of this experiment showed that when the initial concentration of the each component of BTEX reached 80 mg/L, the mixed pollution of BTEX could be removed by the river filtration system efficiently, and the average removal rate could be over 65 %. As a natural purification, river filtration system could efficiently remove the BTEX mixed pollution in a quite high concentration and protect the ground water from being contaminated. However, its purification efficiency was limited in a certain time range and concentration. It was shown in the later stage of the leaching experiment that the exudation concentration of BTEX increased, at the same time both the concentrations of the two electron acceptors increased to about the initial concentration and kept stable state until the end of the experiment, which revealed that due to accumulation of the concentration of BTEX in the soil column, the microbial activity was inhibited and then the denitrification and sulfate reduction terminated. When the adsorption saturation was achieved and microbial activity was inhibited, BTEX contamination would penetrate through the unsaturated zone and threaten the security of the ground water. 相似文献
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N. Velmurugan S. S. Chun S. S. Han Ph.D. Y. S. Lee Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(1):13-22
Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki are natural resources and acidic liquid by-products of bamboo and broad leaved trees charcoal burner. These products contain more than 200 ingredients, including phenols, poly phenols and acetic acids. These by-products were tested for their fungicidal activity against sapstaining fungi. There are no studies about the antifungal activity of Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki against wood staining fungi in the literature. According to the recent findings, this is the first report about the antifungal activity of Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki against wood staining fungi. These extracts were more effective against sapstaining fungi at minimum concentrations (0.10–1.0 %) used in 2 % (malt extract agar) medium. Three Chikusaku-eki (Chikusaku-eki-I, Chikusaku-eki-II and Chikusaku-eki-III) and 2 Mokusaku-eki (Mokusaku-eki-I, Mokusaku-eki-II) extracts were tested against 4 sapstaining fungal samples to evaluate the inhibition range on sapstaining fungal growth. Ophiostoma flexuosum, Ophiostoma tetropii, Ophiostoma polonicum and Ophiostoma ips were the sapstaining fungi used in this study against bamboo and wood extracts. The initial calibration of extracts was done by calculating the specific gravity, tar calculation and total organic content. The chloroform fractions of these extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and both the extracts contained 2,6 dimethoxy phenol, dehydroacetic acid and 2,3,5 trimethoxytoluene. Results revealed that compounds of Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki markedly inhibited fungal growth at lower concentration. The Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki have both antifungal, antioxidant properties and a potential to be used as natural preservative in wood industries. Wood slice tests displayed the effective role of both extracts in laboratory level. 相似文献
15.
Xiaofen Yang Hongmei Wang Linfeng Gong Hima Hassane Zhengbo Jiang 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2009,3(2):221-225
Fe2+ oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in pure and mixed cultures was investigated in batch cultures in the presence of arsenate. The pH value was periodically
monitored and Fe2+ content was analyzed by the 1,10-phenanthroline method. ICP-AES was employed for the analysis of As(V) concentration in the
solution phase. Precipitates were collected and analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Slight enhancement of iron bio-oxidation was
observed in mixed cultures with the two greatest As(V) concentrations (1.0 and 5.0 mg/L As), which were enriched from sediment
samples in an abandoned copper mine site. As(V) concentrations decreased with time, indicating either the co-precipitation
with or the adsorption by jarosite, the major sink of solid phase. Our data suggest that biogenically synthesized jarosite
may play an important role in the attenuation of soluble arsenate in natural aquatic environments. 相似文献
16.
J. Saetang S. Babel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(3):457-466
This study focuses on treatment of landfill leachate in column experiments by immobilized Trametes versicolor on polyurethane foam, collected from Nonthaburi landfill site, Thailand. In this study, glucose was used as a co-substrate. The effect of biomass growth on color removal was observed by immobilizing fungi on polyurethane foam. The same immobilized fungi were used for four cycles of 5 days each to find the reuse of fungi. Leachate was diluted to see the effect of organic loading on color removal. At optimum pH of 4 and in 20 days with 3 g/L of glucose, the fungi could decolorize 78 % and 63 % for 5-times dilution and concentrated leachate, respectively, using immobilized fungi after 4 days initial growth. Fungi could also reduce biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of 52 % and 42 % (with initial biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of 48,900 and 96,512 mg/L), respectively, with glucose 3 g/L in concentrate leachate and with 4 days initial immobilization of fungi on polyurethane foam. About 1–6% higher color removal was observed on day 20 with 15 days fungi immobilization initially as compared to 4 days immobilization. Higher removal efficiency was observed for the same leachate after dilution due to reduction in organic loading. Addition of co-substrate enhances significantly removal of color, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand removal reached to 0.6 mg/mg of biomass with the co-substrate. Therefore, white rot fungi can be considered as potentially useful microorganisms in landfill leachate treatment. 相似文献
17.
Study on the flocculability of metal ions by<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus mucilaginosus</Emphasis> GY03 strain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study deals with the flocculability of two types of metal ions by Bacillus macilaginosus GY03 Strain, with an emphasis on the influence of pH conditions, volume and time of flocculants produced by GY03 Strain on the adsorption of metal irons such as Pb^2 and Mn^2 and the capabilities of floceulants to adsorb metal ions of different concentrations. The results showed that microbial flocculants produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus GY03 Strain are highly capable of flocculating metal ions, but show different effectiveness with respect to the adsorption of Pb^2 and Mn^2 . In accordance with the experimental data and actual waste-water treatment conditions, the relevant regression equation of floeculation has been deduced, which has found some application in practice. The experimental results of this study demonstrated that microbial flocculants produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus can be used to treat metallic ion-containing waste water. In practical application the volume of microbial floceulants required and flocculation conditions should be taken into comprehensive consideration in accordance with the properties of metal ions, the composition of anions and the solubility of other metals, in combination with the cost and effectiveness of floceulants to be used. Floeeulant used in this experiment has the advantages of being applied over a wide range of pH values, small flocculant volume, and rapid speed of floeeulation. So this kind of flocculant is within excellent prospect of application. 相似文献
18.
Insolubilized humic acid (IHA) was prepared in the laboratory by heating approach. Through the comparison between the endothermic
peaks, optimal heating temperature was determined to be 330°C. The modified IHA then was characterized by TG-DTA, SEM, FTIR,
element analysis, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The removal efficiency of p-nitrophenol from the aqueous solution by adsorption onto solid IHA surfaces was shown to be a function of pH, reaction temperature,
and p-nitrophenol concentration. Adsorption equilibrium data satisfactorily fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Under a certain
concentration range, the removal rate of p-nitrophenol at pH 3.5 could reach 24, 29, and 35 mg/g at a temperature of 25, 35, and 45±0.1°C. The results suggest that
IHA could play a role as a potential efficient absorbent to remove organic contaminants, e.g., utilized to purify water contaminated
by organic compounds. 相似文献
19.
A. Glabert O.S. Pokrovsky C. Reguant J. Schott A. Boudou 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):110
This work is devoted to the physico-chemical study of cadmium and lead interaction with diatom–water interfaces for two marine planktonic (Thalassiosira weissflogii = TW, Skeletonema costatum = SC) and two freshwater periphytic species (Achnanthidium minutissimum = AMIN, Navicula minima = NMIN) by combining adsorption measurements with surface complexation modeling. Reversible adsorption experiments were performed at 20 °C after 3 h of exposure as a function of pH, metal concentration in solution, and ionic strength. While the shape of pH-dependent adsorption edge is similar among all four diatom species, the constant-pH adsorption isotherm and maximal binding capacities differ. These observations allowed us to construct a surface complexation model for cadmium and lead binding by diatom surfaces that postulates the constant capacitance of the electric double layer and considers Cd and Pb complexation with mainly carboxylic and, partially, silanol groups. Parameters of this model are in agreement with previous acid–base titration results and allow quantitative reproduction of all adsorption experiments. 相似文献