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在地质历史时期,特别是在显生代,生物的演化发展十分迅速,因而生物的发生和衰亡是客观存在的。然而,能被人们认识为地质事件的巨大生物绝灭却是稀少的,它们的性质和起因也不尽相同。本文研究的弗拉斯—法门事件就是其中一次比较明显的巨大生物绝灭事件。我国泥盆纪地层发育良好,沉积类型齐全,化石十分丰富,极有利于弗拉斯—法门期生物绝灭事件的研究。本文本着实事求是的精神,从不同的角度观察和阐述这一事件在时间和空间上的表现方式和特征,进而探讨这一事件的性质和起因。 相似文献
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元古宙—寒武纪疑源类的辐射演化、绝灭作用与海洋地球化学演变—兼论扬子区元古宙—奥陶纪疑源类的演化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过对目前全世界元古宙－寒武纪地层中的浮游植物（疑源类）的统计，发现在新元古代晚期和早、中寒武世相对较短的时间间隔内发生了一系列的微体植物（疑源类）辐射和绝灭事件。而这些辐射和绝灭事件又与早期后生生物的辐射、绝灭都有密切的镜像关系。通过对古海洋的δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr研究，发现元古宙－寒武纪浮游植物（疑源类）的辐射演化、绝灭作用与古海洋环境变化有着密切的关系，即生物辐射时期，δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr呈现高异常；生物绝灭时期，δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr呈现低异常；冰期δ^13C呈现明显的负异常。 相似文献
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晚泥分世弗拉斯—法门期(Frasnian—Famennian)之间存在一次全球性生物绝灭事件(简称F—F事件).本文简介了F—F事件的生物绝灭、事件界线、事件成因及近年国内研究情况弗拉斯末期,大量的海生无脊椎动物,尤其是热带、亚热带浅水区造礁及附来礁生物绝灭.绝灭的生物包括层孔虫、珊瑚、腕足类、竹节石、三叶虫、菊石及浮游植物等门类中的很大一部分成员.F－F件发生在牙形石的palmatolepis gigas带和Palmatolepis triangularis带之间,最可能发生在Palmatolepis gigas最上亚带.事件发生的原因有各种不同解释:1)海平面变化说;2)古气候变冷说;3)天文事件说等.目前国内对F—F事件的研究较少,侯鸿飞、王士涛(1985)曾总结了华南等地F—F界线附近的生物群变化.笔者等研究了西秦岭中带F—F事件,探讨了这次事件的可能成因. 相似文献
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自从地球诞生以来经历了许多重大事件：早期生命的出现、大气氧化事件（Atmospheric oxygenation）、雪球地球及多次生物绝灭与复苏事件。稳定同位素记录在古环境和生命演化研究中具有重要意义,在记录环境变化和生命演化的重大事件中发挥着重大作用：碳同位素的分馏记录了最早生命的开始,硫同位素的非质量相关分馏（Independent mass fractionation of sulphur isotopes）记录了大气中氧含量的重大变化,而在显生宙的几次重大生物灭绝事件中,均有碳同位素的负向漂移。 相似文献
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深海二叠——三叠系界线研究现状 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
综述了深海二叠（Ｐ）－－三叠系（Ｔ）界线研究现状，介绍了深海Ｐ－Ｔ界线附近岩石地层，生物地层、缺氧事件及生物绝灭和复苏的研究进展，指出了深海Ｐ－Ｔ界线，缺氧事件和生物绝灭研究的分歧、不足及其症结。 相似文献
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中国扬子海盆奥陶纪末期生物集群绝灭事件 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
<正> 近年来,奥陶纪末期生物集群绝灭事件的研究,越来越为人们所关注。Raup和Sepkoski(1982)认为,在晚奥陶世大约有22％科的生物绝灭,是显生宙生物集群绝灭5个最大幕之一。这次事件造成了所有海洋无脊椎动物的分异度和丰度的降低。Brenchley(1990)把晚奥陶世绝灭的若干类群的重要变化作了如下概述:阿什极尔中期的38科三叶虫,仅有14科存活到志留纪;在或接近奥陶-志留系界线,有13科腕足类绝灭,27科穿 相似文献
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重大地史事件、节律及圈层耦合 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章讨论了岩石圈的联合古陆事件，生物圈的重要生物类别的出现、生物爆发事件和集群绝灭事件，水圈和大气圈的海平面变化事件和气候的变冷、变暖事件。联合古陆事件包括陆核型联合古陆（２５００Ｍａ）、初始原地台型联合古陆（１９００Ｍａ）、成熟原地台型联合古陆（１４５０Ｍａ）、地台型联合古陆（８５０Ｍａ）和大陆型联合古陆（２５０Ｍａ）事件；生物圈事件包括原核生物、真核生物、后生动物、带壳后生动物的出现事件，寒武纪生物大爆发事件，奥陶纪—志留纪之交（４３９Ｍａ）、晚泥盆世弗拉斯期—法门期之交（３６７Ｍａ）、二叠纪—三叠纪之交（２５０Ｍａ）、三叠纪—侏罗纪之交（２０８Ｍａ）、白垩纪—第三纪之交（６５Ｍａ）的生物集群绝灭事件，并从遗迹化石的角度，阐述了后生动物及其行为习性的起源和演化的新观点。水圈和大气圈事件包括晚震旦世、奥陶纪—志留纪之交、晚石炭世的自节律海平面变化事件，奥陶纪和白垩纪的他节律高海平面事件，震旦纪—寒武纪和二叠纪—三叠纪之交的耦合节律海平面变化事件，并以泥盆纪为例作了进一步阐述。这些事件是岩石圈、生物圈、水圈和大气圈发展、演化的重要里程碑。上述事件的重要特征是，在时间上的节律性和在成因上的圈层耦合效应。 相似文献
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早三叠世生物复苏期的特殊沉积——"错时相"沉积 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
经历了对二叠纪末大灭绝及相关地质灾变事件的多年热点研究后,近年来科学家们将注意力转移到灭绝后的事件效应上,即生态系和沉积体系状况。但紧随二叠纪末灭绝事件之后的早三叠世生态系以分异度极低的广适性分子和机会分子为主,这就突显沉积记录的重要,也使得下三叠统地层中的特殊沉积及相关构造——“错时相”沉积,如扁平砾石砾岩、蠕虫状灰岩、潮下皱纹构造、微生物岩、海底碳酸盐胶结岩扇、薄层灰岩和条带灰岩等,成为研究灭绝—残存—复苏领域的学科前沿。作为地质历史环境一次大跃变后的直接产物,“错时相”沉积紧接生物大灭绝后出现,并随中生代海洋生态系的重建而退出正常浅海环境,这种耦合关系表明沉积体系、生态系、生物灭绝与复苏、异常环境之间存在必然的联系。对于化石保存单调稀少的下三叠统地层,“错时相”沉积的研究,为探索二叠纪末生物灭绝与复苏提供了宝贵的材料和全新的视角。 相似文献
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从有孔虫分析西藏南部白垩纪海平面升降 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
白垩纪是地质历史中的最大海侵时期。海平面的升降改变了海洋的物理、化学及生物因素,从而影响了有孔虫的演化与发展。根据对有孔虫丰度、分异度及演化类型的研究,认为西藏白垩纪最大海侵时期形成于赛诺曼期与土仑期的界线附近。此后海平面总的处于下降趋势,只是在康尼亚克期至三冬期海平面又有回升。马斯特里赫特末期有孔虫的大量灭绝反映了白垩纪与第三纪界线事件的影响。 相似文献
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A model for the evolution of disk galaxies is used to investigate evolutionary variations in the star-formation rate (SFR)
and extinction in disk galaxies beginning from their formation. The results obtained are compared with observational estimates
of the SFRe and extinction at cosmological redshifts z ≤ 7. The formof themass-radius relation for disk galaxies is discussed. It is proposed that the mass-radius relation is a
consequence of a mass-angular momentum relation. Analysis of the influence of the form of the mass-radius relation on the
evolutionary variations in the SFR and extinction testify that this influence is very small. The SFRs and extinctions at various
redshifts z obtained in the models are in agreement with observations. 相似文献
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The nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate‐producing faunas. During the Permian–Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite‐dominated and bacteria‐dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial–temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian–Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool‐water bryozoan‐dominated and echinoderm‐dominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame‐builders. The sudden transition from a cool‐water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm‐water, metazoan‐free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea‐level changes across Permian–Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic. 相似文献
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Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Cretaceous volcanic activities (LIPs and CFBPs) appear to have had relatively minor biotic effects, at least at the generic level. Major biotic stress during the Cretaceous was associated with OAEs and related to nutrient availability largely from weathering, greenhouse warming, drowning of platform areas, and volcanism. The biotic effects of OAEs were often dramatic at the species level, causing the extinction of larger specialized and heavily calcified planktonic foraminifera (rotaliporid extinction) and nannoconids (nannoconid crises), the temporary disappearances of other larger species, and the rapid increase in r-selected small and thin-walled species, such as the low oxygen tolerant heterohelicids and radially elongated taxa among planktic foraminifera and thin walled nannofossils. Biotic diversity increased during cool climates, particularly during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian, reaching maximum diversity during the middle Maastrichtian. High biotic stress conditions began during greenhouse warming and Deccan volcanism about 400 ky before the K-T boundary; it reduced abundances of large specialized tropical planktic foraminiferal species and endangered their survival. By K-T time, renewed Deccan volcanism combined with a large impact probably triggered the demise of this already extinction prone species group.Evidence from NE Mexico, Texas, and the Chicxulub crater itself indicates that this 170 km-diameter crater predates the K-T boundary by 300,000 years and caused no species extinctions. The Chicxulub impact, therefore, can no longer be considered a direct cause for the K-T mass extinction. However, the K-T mass extinction is closely associated with a global Ir anomaly, which is considered too large, too widespread, and too concentrated in a thin layer to have originated from volcanic activity, leaving another large impact as the most likely source. This suggests that a second still unknown larger impact may have triggered the K-T mass extinction. 相似文献
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V. V. Bruevich A. S. Gusev O. V. Ezhkova F. Kh. Sakhibov M. A. Smirnov 《Astronomy Reports》2007,51(3):222-233
We present the results of U BV RI CCD photometry of giant HII regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 628, acquired with the 1.5 m telescope of the Mt. Maidanak Observatory (Uzbekistan) with an angular resolution better than 1″. We estimate the ages and interstellar extinctions of these regions and identify the acting star-formation mode by comparing the observed color indices with a detailed grid of evolutionary models covering the entire range of parameters of the initial mass function and of ages of the young star-formation complexes, and taking into account two star-formation modes. We find a radial gradient of the interstellar extinction in NGC 628, which is consistent with the radial abundance gradient found earlier by other authors from independent spectrophotometry. Our age estimates agree with abundance estimates from independent observations. 相似文献
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回顾二十年来我国古生代鱼类微体化石的研究工作,该项研究由起步而后成为我国古生代鱼类研究工作的一个重要组成部分,填补了鱼类大化石涉足不到的许多研究领域、也填补了我国古生代微体化石研究中脊椎动物微体化石(主要指无颌类和鱼类,也简称为鱼类)这一重要的空白。我国已发现的古生代鱼类微体化石产自属于不同相区的54个岩组中,包括无颌类和鱼类共7个亚纲的化石。对这些鱼类微体化石进行了形态学、古组织学、生物矿物学、分类学和系统发育学的研究;在此基础上进行了生物年代学、生物地层学和界线层型的研究,特别是建立了志留纪、泥盆纪和石炭纪鱼类微体化石组合序列,个别成熟的岩段建立了生物带;研究了泥盆系-石炭系界线和二叠系-三叠系界线上下的鱼类微体化石;长兴煤山二叠纪末鱼类的集群绝灭发生的很晚,持续的时间很短,规模很大,绝灭率高达93%;华南早三叠世鱼类的复苏和辐射相当快,从绝灭期到辐射期仅用了1.3Myr到4Myr;塔里木盆地中古生代红色岩系应属于一种滨海环境、塔塔埃尔塔格组和依木干他乌组含软骨鱼群地层的时代为早志留世特里奇期(Telychian);利用贵州和塔里木盆地存在相近的软骨鱼群成功地进行了海相—非海相对比研究,从而判定软骨鱼群中至少存在一部分广盐性鲨类,两地具相近的软骨鱼群和塔里木盆地含有华南中古生代普遍存在的盔甲鱼类进一步表明华南板块与塔里木板块在中古生代应属于同一个古动物地理区。在综述所取得的成果的同时对今后的研究工作进行了展望。 相似文献
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SunDongying XiaWenchen 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2003,14(4):314-320
On the basis of establishment of radiolarian biostratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy,a radiolarian Albaillella fauna in the transitional environment from Guadalupian to Lopingian Series in Permian was found at a pelagic chert section in southeast Guangxi, South China. Radiolarian Albaillella is one of the most sensitive biology to the transitional environment. The Albaillella fauna shows an ecological evolutionary process from Guadalupian to Lopingian: declined stage-recovery stage-flourishing stage. The study of characteristics of the Albaillella fauna in the transitional environment may provide more information, not only for the subdivision and correlation of a high-resolution biostratigraphy, but also for influence of radiolarian Albaillella fauna on the pre-Lopingian mass extinction. 相似文献
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Numerical simulations are used to investigate the possibility of determining the physical properties of young star-forming complexes by finding the global minimum of a so-called deviation functional, which assigns each evolutionary model for a stellar population a number characterizing the deviation of the observed photometric properties from their model values. The deviation functional is calculated using a grid of evolutionary models computed at the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The parameters of the initial mass function (IMF) and the age corresponding to the global minimum of the deviation functional are strongly correlated with the IMF and age of the test model. The accuracy of the parameters of the IMF and the age are related to the random errors of the colors of the test models and the number of input parameters. A special series of numerical simulations is used to demonstrate the possibility of using the deviation functional to determine the interstellar extinction and the fraction of Lyman photons that do not contribute to the ionization of gas in a star-forming complex. The simulation results can be used to assess the accuracy of the IMF parameters and ages of young star-forming complexes based on the observational data available. 相似文献
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Mordeckai Magaritz 《地学学报》1991,3(3):251-256
The carbon isotope composition of carbonate rocks in time-boundary zones is interpreted as a reflection of the variations in the total biomass at mass extinction events. Better stratigraphic control and identification of hiatuses can be gained by stable isotope stratigraphic methods than with any other type of stratigraphy. It is suggested that the use of carbon isotopes can help in solving some of the problems confronting palaeontologists and lead to a better understanding of the evolutionary significance of these events. 相似文献