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1.
There is an urgent need for characterization of leachate arising from waste disposal to ensure a corresponding effective leachate management policy. Field and laboratory studies have been carried out to investigate the impact of municipal landfill leachate on the underlying groundwater at a site in West Malaysia. The solid waste was disposed of directly onto an unprotected natural soil formation. This situation was made worse by the shallow water table. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of the site (background) is a dilute mixed cation, bicarbonate water. The high ionic balance error of ~13.5% reveals that the groundwater body underneath the site was a highly contaminated leachate rather than contaminated groundwater. Elevated concentration of chloride (355.48 mg/L), nitrate (10.40 mg/L as NO3), nitrite (14.59 mg/L), ammoniacal-N (11.61 mg/L), sodium (227.56 mg/L), iron (0.97 mg/L), and lead (0.32 mg/L) measured downgradient indicate that the contamination plume has migrated further away from the site. In most cases, the concentration of these contamination indicators, together with the ranges of sodium percentage (66.3–89.9%) and sodium adsorption ratio (10.1–19.7%), were found to be considerably higher than the limit values of safe water for both domestic and irrigation purposes, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is a versatile short-term leaching protocol used to estimate the release of toxic metals from waste prior to disposal to a repository. This paper uses the integrated TCLP leachate data from tailings, tailings dam monitoring borehole data, and acidity ratio (AR) range of sulphide-rich ores to simulate the environmental TCLP As in tailings at the AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi mine in Ghana. The aim was to incorporate long-term leaching characteristics of tailings to minimise the risk of TCLP As test failure. The mean As concentration and pH value are 2.26 mg/l and 5.7 in TCLP leachate, 0.35 mg/l and 6.7 in monitoring boreholes, and?<?0.01 mg/l and 5.7 in control boreholes, respectively. The evaluation of the TCLP As data using a one-sample t test performed at 80% confidence interval has the upper confidence limit (UCL) of 2.41 mg/l; this value which constitutes the short-term characterised environmental TCLP As is below the USEPA criterion of 5 mg/l and, therefore, qualifies the waste as safe for disposal. Alternatively, TCLP leachate, borehole and AR data were integrated to simulate the long-term environmental TCLP As of 2.40 mg/l and pH value of 5.7, and As concentration and pH value of 0.01 mg/l and 6.7 in monitoring boreholes, respectively. Such laboratory simulations of TCLP As leaching aimed at achieving 0.01 mg/l in field monitoring data would provide a more robust predictive value for environmental management decision making due to long-term considerations.  相似文献   

3.
Landfilled wastes manifest slow decomposition, producing emanation of gases, and outflow of leachate. Waste mass shows various chemical reactions and complex evolutions that occur under the influence of natural agents, as rain and microorganisms. These reactions lead to biological, physical, and chemical transformations of wastes. The intensity of the phenomenon is related to the air and the humidity. These factors originate from the initial composition of the solid waste, the operating mode of the landfill, and the geological and hydrogeological conditions. Leachate is considered a major source of groundwater pollution. It has a complex nature; it typically contains high concentrations of chemical hazardous including heavy metals, chemical compounds that may severely pollute the environment. These challenges are faced all over the world by environment protection agencies and waste management bodies. The challenge differs according to the specific situation of the site, the climatic, environmental, and geological factors. The international literature is rich with studies in this concern. Each country or region of the world has its own legislation and laws governing waste management, e.g., the European Commission Legislation, the US Environmental Agency, and so forth. The main objective of this study is to shed light on the environmental consequences of a landfill site located in the southeast of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. It constitutes a peculiar case because of its situation, its exploitation mode, and nature of buried wastes. The study made use of satellite MSS, TM, ETM and SPOT image 2007, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM), respectively. Geological, morphological, hydrological, hydrochemical, and detailed drainage analyses were performed. Records of meteorological stations were also used in this study. The satellite images illustrate the evolution of the site through time since its start in the 1990s of the twentieth century. The main geological units outcropping in the area are the Sulaiy Formation, the Yamama Formation, Khabra deposits, floodplain deposits, alluvium, and sheet gravel. Drainage analyses shows a dendritic nature for the network, a total area of 2,113 km2, basin slope of 0.016, perimeter of 430?×?103, and a mean elevation of 635 m. Annual rainfall is around 100 mm, evapotranspiration is about 2,900 mm, wind speed averages at 5.1 km/h, and runoff peak is within 2.7–4.7 m3/s. A plume of total dissolved solids and nitrates was observed to initiate from the landfill site. Heavy metal concentration confirms the same result. Planners, environmentalists, decision makers, and other interest groups can use the findings of this study for environmental management of the landfill and protection of the downstream part of the Sulaiy tributary from leachate contamination. The results indicate the importance of monitoring landfills through the combined use of ground and satellite monitoring.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of the Ruseifa municipal landfill on the shallow groundwater aquifers in the area was investigated in two separate sites. The first one was not used since 1994, whereas the other is still being used for dumping. Fourteen electrical resistivity soundings were performed to detect the leachate and its effect on the quality of the groundwater. Results indicated that the solid waste thickness of the landfill was ranged from 3 to 20 m with resistivity value less than 10 Ω m. Based on the resistivity decreases of values less than 5 Ω m, the leachate was detected in the landfill sites at depths ranged from 10 to 50 m. However, the flow direction of the leachate at depth ranging 10–20 m in the terminated site was toward north, whereas the flow direction of the leachate in the site still used for dumping was toward east–northeast which causes the major source of groundwater pollution.  相似文献   

5.
Self potential (SP) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods are used together with the results of groundwater samples hydrogeochemical analysis to assess the impact of the water leak from the landfill garbage site at NamSon located in Northern Hanoi on causing pollution to the surrounding environment and affecting geological structure. Selected survey area covers an area of 180 × 300 m lying in the low land of the NamSon site with a slope ranging about 8 m in direction NW–SE. There are three geophysical measurements lines denoted as T1, T2 and T3. Processing 180 SP data points has allowed to draw maps of equipotential epoch in the two periods in 2015 and 2016. The maps show four zones of SP positive anomalies with maximum amplitudes of about +20 mV where the groundwater flow direction is downward and five zones of SP negative anomalies with minimum values in a range from ?180 to ?260 mV where the groundwater flow direction is upward. Resistivity values of the subsurface layers of soils and rocks have been aquired from 2D inverse model for measuring ERT in March 2015 and March 2016. The results of the ERT allowed to define the low resistivity in the range 15–20 Ωm related to leachate plume from NamSon landfill site. Results of the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples from the existing six boreholes show increases in concentration of the measured pollutant parameters indicating contamination of the groundwater as a result of solid waste leachate accumulation. This result is affirmative evidence for the survey results by geophysical technique. The rapid decrease in quality of groundwater over the last year is probably due to the influence of the leachate from the NamSon landfill site.  相似文献   

6.
The leachate levels in the landfills in southern China are generally high. Field monitoring was carried out in the Suzhou landfill to investigate the leachate mound. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of municipal solid waste were measured using samples taken from different depths of the landfill. Field monitoring reveals that a perched leachate mound and a substantial main leachate mound existed in the landfill. The saturated hydraulic conductivities of wastes in shallow, middle and deep depth were measured to be 4.81 × 10?2, 3.50 × 10?3 and 3.56 × 10?4 cm/s, respectively. The results of SWCC tests show that the SWCC curve was steep when matric suction was low, and the shallower the waste the steeper would be the curve. In addition to the field and laboratory tests, an unsaturated–saturated seepage analysis was conducted to simulate the development of the high leachate mound and to calculate the annual leachate production. The simulated volumetric water content in the unsaturated zone was about 40 %, which agreed well with the test result. The calculated leachate mound was consistent with the field measurement. The calculated annual and daily leachate productions were all more reasonable than the results of the HELP model.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this research was to test the ability of selected fungus Trichoderma harzianum for municipal solid waste leachate treatment. The research carried out by inoculating the enzyme produced by T. harzianum with different ratio (10% up to 80% v/v) of solid waste leachate. The findings clearly indicated that the enzymatic addition was effectively acted (86.09% of chemical oxygen demand removed), and the rate of chemical degradation amended treatment enhanced as compared to control. Also, the enzymatic addition excellently reduced the inhibition of germination (35.8 ± 0.7) of seed (Zea mays L.) and improved the environmental quality of treated leachate. Therefore, these results can be use to articulate the preliminary feedstock for pilot to field-scale application.  相似文献   

8.
The present article discusses an overview on the contamination of non-segregated open municipal solid waste (MSW) in and around a dumping site at Garchuk in Guwahati city, Assam, India. Analysis showed depth-wise variations in the concentrations of selected heavy metals in MSW and their subsequent accumulations with increasing depths. Zinc was the most abundant heavy metal in MSW. Six-step selective sequential extractions revealed that most of the heavy metals in MSW were in the residual phase except zinc. Analysis of the leachate from MSW showed high concentrations of fluoride, chloride, ammonium–nitrogen and the ratio of biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand. Concentrations of all the heavy metals in the leachates were higher than the Indian national effluent standards. High amounts of biological oxygen demand, heavy metals, total and fecal coliforms in water samples from the adjoining water body (Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site) of the MSW dumping site indicated its unsuitability for domestic use. Principle component analysis showed that influence of MSW leachate was the major source of water contamination in Deepor Beel. Though accumulation of heavy metals in different vegetables growing in MSW dumping site did not exceed the recommended maximum intake, it was a significant additional source of heavy metals in cooked human diet.  相似文献   

9.
The behavior of the Gimpo #2 landfill, which is an active landfill and the largest in Korea, is analyzed using field measurement data obtained from various field instruments installed within the landfill. The data included in this analysis are the leachate head within the landfill, waste load data using soil pressure plate and settlement data from settlement plate on the surface of the waste of each stage fill including the settlement of the soft foundation clay soil. Landfill blocks are selected both near the embankment and in the center area of the landfill. The analysis of the field-monitored data showed that the leachate head increase was negligible near the embankment. It was significant in the central block as the waste loads increase and reached 15 m at the fourth stage of waste disposal. The reason that the leachate head is higher in the central block than near the embankment is due to the long drainage path and the loss of gradient of drain pipes. The range of unit weight of the waste converted from the measurement data of earth pressure cell was 0.91–1.24 t/m3 and the average value was 1.05 t/m3. The values reflect well the waste compositions recently buried in GML #2, since from 1998 the waste disposed in GML #2 did not contain food waste. The magnitude of final settlements that occurred in each stage loading of 5 m thickness in the peripheral block was very close to 120 cm. The settlement rate of the waste by dividing the thickness of waste was 24 %. This rate can be divided into 10 % by waste loading and 14 % by waste decomposition. The delay of settlements is recognized in each waste layer for second and third loading in the central block due to the accumulation of leachate within the landfill.  相似文献   

10.
Damming of the North Anna River in 1972 created Lake Anna, a cooling water source for the Dominion nuclear power plant as well as a popular recreation site in Spotsylvania and Orange counties, Virginia, USA. Previously dated (210-Pb) sediment cores from seven locations within the lake and three locations in the adjoining Waste Heat Treatment Facilities (WHTF) were analyzed for trace metals (Al, Ba, Zn, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to examine the environmental evolution of the reservoir system. The reservoir has a history of mining activities in its watershed and unusually elevated concentrations of PCBs were found in fish tissues from previous studies. Therefore, dated sediment cores provided the framework for both the temporal and spatial analysis of possible sources and flux histories for both trace metals and PCBs. The trace metals results suggest that, though the upper reaches are relatively less impacted, the old mine tailings from the now ceased mining activities in the watershed of Contrary Creek tributary continue to dominate the sediment chemistry of the lower portion of the lake basin, signified by sediment enrichment of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. Lagoon-2 of the WHTF also seems to be receiving unusually high loadings of Cd (12.5 ± 1.07 μg/g) that is probably associated with waste materials from the nuclear power plant that maintains the lagoons. PCB sediment concentrations were relatively low in the lower sections of the basins with values typically being <3.5 ng/g. The upper reaches of the basin had several PCB hotspots, with the surface sediments of Terry’s Run tributary having values as high as 53.13 ng/g. The spatial distribution of PCBs seems to suggest the upper reaches of the basin as the probable source, with the unusually high concentrations near bridges suggesting a possible link between the PCBs and old bridge fill materials. The oldest lacustrine sediments also had relatively high trace metals and PCB values signifying a probable role of soil disruption and sediment reconcentration during reservoir construction.  相似文献   

11.
Environmental geochemical studies were carried out to find out the extent of contamination in sediments due to heavy metals in Balanagar industrial area, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. The industrial area consisting of 350 small and large industries manufacturing battery, steel planting, pharmaceutical chemicals, metal plating, etc. The present study was undertaken on sediment contamination in Balanagar industrial area, to determine extent and distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, As) and to delineate the source. There is no treatment plant in the industrial area, and many industries release the effluents into nearby nalas and lakes. Solid waste from the industries is also being dumped along the roads and near the open grounds due to which heavy metals migrate from solid waste to the groundwater. The sediments samples were collected from the study area in clean polythene covers and were analyzed for their heavy metals by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The concentration ranges of different heavy metals were Cr, 96.2–439.6 mg/kg; Cu, 95.7–810 mg/kg; Ni, 32.3–13,068.2 mg/kg; Pb, 59.2–512 mg/kg; Zn, 157.1–4,630.5 mg/kg; Co, 1.8–48.3 mg/kg; and V, 35.2–308.5 mg/kg. High concentration of heavy metals in sediments can be attributed to some pharmaceutical and metal industries in the study area. Based on the results obtained, suitable remedial measures can be adopted such as phytoremediation and bio-remediation for reduction of heavy metals in sediments.  相似文献   

12.
Historical gold mining operations in Nova Scotia, Canada, resulted in numerous deposits of publicly accessible, arsenic (As)-rich mine waste that has weathered in situ for 75–150 years, resulting in a wide range of As-bearing secondary minerals. The geochemical heterogeneity of this mine waste creates a challenge for identifying a single remediation approach that will limit As mobility. A 30-cm-thick, low-organic content soil cover was evaluated in a laboratory leaching experiment where, to simulate natural conditions, the equivalent of 2 years of synthetic rainwater was leached through each column and two dry seasons were incorporated into the leaching protocol. Each column was a stratigraphic representation of the four major tailings types found at the historical Montague and Goldenville gold mine districts: hardpan tailings, oxic tailings, wetland tailings, and high Ca tailings. Hardpan tailings released acidic, As-rich waters (max 12 mg/L) under the soil cover but this acidity was buffered by surrounding oxic tailings. Leachate from the oxic tailings was circumneutral, with average As concentrations between 4.4 and 9.7 mg/L throughout the experiment. The presence of carbonates in the high Ca tailings resulted in near-neutral to weakly alkaline leachate pH values and average As concentrations between 2.1 and 6.1 mg/L. Oxidation of sulfides in the wetland tailings led to acidic leachate over time and a decrease in As concentrations to values that were generally less than 1 mg/L. This study shows that the use of a low-organic content soil cover does not create reducing conditions that would destabilize oxidized, As-bearing secondary phases in these tailings. However, oxygen penetration through the cover during dry seasons would continue to release As to tailings pore waters via sulfide oxidation reactions.  相似文献   

13.
Mercury (Hg) concentrations in air, effluent water, landfill gas, leachate, groundwater, and soil at a hazardous solid waste landfill site in Korea were measured along with air–soil surface Hg exchange fluxes at the site. The concentrations and fluxes were considerably higher than have been found elsewhere in Korea. Gaseous Hg concentrations in the air peaked during the day, coinciding with Hg being released from the landfill surface. This suggests that air–soil exchange increased the Hg concentrations in the atmosphere. The air–soil exchange flux increased abruptly when solar radiation reached the soil surface. The Hg flux peaked about 3 h before the solar radiation peaked, possibly because reducible Hg was abundant at the soil surface. The Hg emission flux activation energy (E a) was low, indicating that the Hg species present and Hg–soil binding were probably not as important (because of the high Hg content of the soil) as in previous studies. The methylmercury to total Hg ratios in the discharged effluent, groundwater, and leachate was clearly higher than typically found in coastal water and freshwater, suggesting bacteria caused active methylation to occur under the reducing conditions in the anaerobic landfill. The results suggested that considerable amounts of Hg are probably transported from the landfill to nearby environmental media and that this will continue if waste with a high Hg content continues to be added to the landfill without being pretreated.  相似文献   

14.
This study reports on the source, evolution, reactions and environmental impacts of F-rich thermal water at Innot Hot Springs, north Queensland. Thermal water of the Innot Hot Springs has a surface temperature of 71°C, alkaline pH (8.1), low dissolved oxygen (0.61 mg/L) and low total dissolved solids (652 mg/L). The main chemical composition is Na – Cl, with F concentrations (16 mg/L) being comparatively high. Concentrations of alkali and alkali-earth metals (Cs, Li, Rb, Sr) are elevated, while those of other trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, U, Zn) are significantly less. Hydrochemical and stable isotope data of hot spring water show that the fluid is meteoric in origin and has undergone significant water – granite interaction. Common geothermometers suggest temperatures of water – rock interaction at depth in the 119 – 158°C range (corresponding to a depth of <3.9 – 5.2 km). Solubility modelling of the thermal fluid demonstrates that the evolution of F concentrations in spring waters at the discharge site can be accounted for by fluid – rock interaction of a H2O – NaCl solution with fluorite – calcite-bearing granite assemblages between 150 and 200°C and subsequent granite-buffered cooling. Modelling also indicates that the F concentration in the hydrothermal system is largely controlled by interactions with fluorite, with less evidence for the significant involvement of F-topaz. Speciation calculations demonstrate that F speciation in the fluid is dominated by F? (99.4%), followed by minor CaF+ (0.5%) and NaF(aq) (0.1%), and traces of other F complexes. Thus, the F-rich Innot Hot Springs result from meteoric water circulating through fluorite-bearing granitic rocks and are the surface expression of a low-temperature, non-volcanic geothermal system. Discharge of the hot spring water occurs into an ephemeral stream located in a seasonally wet – dry tropical climate. As a result, the F content of local surface waters is distinctly elevated (max. 18 mg/L) during the dry season, making them unsuitable for stock water supplies.  相似文献   

15.
Waste printed circuit boards are complex heterogeneous mixture consisting of organic material, metal and glass fiber, therefore, it is quite difficult for the recovery of valuable materials from waste printed circuit boards. In this study, waste printed circuit boards without electronic components (known as bare boards) are submerged into dimethyl sulfoxide solvent at 170 °C using refluxing process. Metallographic microscope shows that waste printed circuit boards produce the delamination after treated with dimethyl sulfoxide solvent for 15 min. When waste printed circuit boards are treated with dimethyl sulfoxide solvent for 30 min, the separation of waste printed circuit boards is complete to obtain metals and glass fibers. Moreover, the used dimethyl sulfoxide solvent is vaporized by the rotary decompression which obtains regenerative dimethyl sulfoxide and solid residues. Comparing two Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, it is found that the regenerative dimethyl sulfoxide is the same as original dimethyl sulfoxide. Thermal analyses combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that the solid residues are bromine epoxy resins. These findings suggest that this innovative technology offers an environmental friendly process with no pollution and high efficiency for separating valuable materials from waste printed circuit boards.  相似文献   

16.
Heavy metals and physicochemical characteristics of the different sites of the municipal solid waste dumpsite at Olusosun Landfill, Lagos, Nigeria, were investigated. The dormant site of the landfill has the potential of being a source of immediate environmental risk compared to the active and abandoned site, with the active site exhibiting tendency to be a likely source of Pb, Cd and Zn pollution. Zn was the most abundant metal in the area (0.264–0.947 mg/L) while Cd concentration was the lowest (0.001–0.022 mg/L). Pb, Cd, Zn were from anthropogenic sources and correlated significantly with chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease. Cu and Cr were more abundant in the dormant site and are attached to the solids as indicated by their significant correlation with TS and SS. The physicochemical characteristic of the leachate from the landfill indicate that they were more alkaline in nature, with TA range of 2354 to 7946 mg/L while the chemical oxygen demand values was also high 518.14 to 725.01 mg/L. The comparative analysis of the dormant site with other dormant site reveal a moderate concentration of the parameters measured but could contaminate the neighboring groundwater if not checked.  相似文献   

17.
Compacted clay can minimize infiltration of liquid into waste or control the release of contaminated liquids to the surrounding soils and groundwater. Compacted lateritic soil treated with up to 12 % bagasse ash and municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate sourced from a domestic waste land fill were used in diffusion test studies to access the diffusion characteristics of some inorganic species present in the municipal solid waste leachate. Diffusion set-up were prepared containing 0, 4, 8 and 12 % bagasse ash—soil mixes compacted at 2 % wet of optimum using the modified proctor effort. The set up was saturated with water for 30 days before the introduction of MSW leachate and initiation of diffusion test for another 90 days. After diffusion testing, water content within the soil column showed a decrease with depth. Diffusion test results generally showed that diffusion is an active means of transport of chemical species even at very low flow rates in the compacted soil-bagasse ash mixes, and the effective diffusion coefficient is affected by bagasse ash. The pore fluid concentration profile for the various chemical species tested showed that the compacted soil-bagasse ash mix has the capacity to attenuate Ca2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+ ions.  相似文献   

18.
In this research, physical, chemical and biological treatability of Tehran solid waste leachate was studied. Results indicate that the amount of COD for the fresh raw leachate of Tehran is equal to 66,608 mg/l. The leachate is transferred to an equalization tank for storage and pH control process. After neutralization, leachate is introduced to an up flow and down flow anaerobic reactor. The effluent of anaerobic reactor is conducted to a sequencing batch reactor. Sequence batch reactor (SBR) effluent was pumped in to sand and activated carbon filters, after chemical coagulation and clarification. Results showed that anaerobic reactor with detention time of 3 days had a 35% COD removal and increasing the detention time to 4.5 days would improve the COD removal to 45%. Nutrient adjustment with phosphorus and nitrogen increased the initial 23% efficiency of sequence batch reactor to 44%. The effluent COD of SBR reactor was 21,309 mg/l. Recycling of aerobic reactor effluent with incoming feed to anaerobic reactor reduced the anaerobic reactor influent COD to 20,000 mg/l and this caused 53% and 57% COD removal in the anaerobic and aerobic effluent, respectively. The total systems COD performance increased to 80% and SBR effluent COD eventually reduced to 4,000 mg/l. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes were practiced to make the 4,000 mg/l effluent COD comply with environmental standards of Iran. The optimum coagulant found to be ferric chloride with the dosage of 50 mg/l at pH of 12, which reduced 10% of COD to an amount of 3,676 mg/l. The effluent was stored in a tank and then pumped in to pressure sand filter and afterwards to activated carbon filter. The COD removal was three and 90% for sand and activated carbon filters, respectively. The total process reduced the remaining COD to 36 mg/l, which is in compliance with environmental standards of Iran.  相似文献   

19.
Landfilling is a common practice worldwide for solid waste management. The leachate generated at landfill sites contains various organic and inorganic pollutants while it should be treated properly. In this study, the electrocoagulation (EC) process was recognized for its simplicity and effectiveness which was used for the treatment of leachate from the Djebel Chakir landfill site in northern Tunisia. In addition, we investigated the effect of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, spore) on sludge production by the application of autoclaving treatment on raw leachate. The application of low current density (15 mA/cm2) within 2 h of treatment and using Al-Al electrodes revealed significant improvement of performance when autoclaving was applied. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal increased from 39 to 64% and from 13 to 30%, respectively. The sludge volume was reduced from 40 to 10%, and thus, its handling and disposal costs would be significantly decreased. The energy consumption rate was stable after 40 min of treatment at about 0.8 kWh/kg COD removed. Our study shows that removal of microorganisms by autoclaving prior to the EC process is promising for landfill leachate treatment. However, since autoclaving is far from being practical and cost-effective at full-scale plant, research on coupling EC with an alternative disinfecting process might be of great interest.  相似文献   

20.
The contamination level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in wastewater and surface sediment samples from the Petrochemical Special Economic Zone (PETZONE) and adjacent coastal area in Musa Bay (in Northwest of Persian Gulf) was examined. Concentrations of TPH in the Musa Bay sediments ranged from 16.48 to 97.15 µg/g dry weight (dw) with average value of 48.98 ± 30.36 µg/g dw. The highest concentrations were estimated in stations close to the coastline, locations affected by intensive petrochemical discharges and shipping activities. The average TPH concentration in the PETZONE wastewater effluent samples was 5.22 mg/L, with a range of 0.06–35.33 mg/L. Regarding environmental impact assessment, the concentration of TPH was lower than the wastewater effluent discharge standard at most of the monitoring stations inside PETZONE companies, with the exception of stations 15, 16 (Imam Khomeini petrochemical company 1, 2) and 17 (Razi petrochemical company). These stations were considered as moderate environmental aspects, suggesting that concentration of TPH in the wastewater effluents of these petrochemical companies could be considered as contaminants of concern in the PETZONE area.  相似文献   

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