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1.
Weak rock masses of high grade Carlin-trend gold mineralization are encountered in the Turquoise Ridge Joint Venture underground mine. The sediments consist of very weak and altered limestone, mudstone, and carbon-rich clays. The rock mass ratings are described as very poor to poor (Bieniawski in Proceedings of the symposium on exploration for rock engineering, Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 97–106, 1976). The undercut and fill or boxes stoping mining methods are used because of the low dipping ore body geometry, complex geology, and weak rock mass. Design criteria are chosen to keep openings in weak rock as small as possible to prevent unraveling and to minimize supplementary support. Typical ground support for drifting includes the use of bolts, mesh, spiling, and shotcrete. Quality control of cemented rock fill (CRF) through sampling and aggregate sieve testing is necessary to insure high support strength. Specific support may include shotcrete arches with steel ring sets and CRF “arches” as a replacement of weak rock masses around long-term mine openings. Movement monitoring is utilized in problem areas and is needed to quantify and validate computer modeling. 相似文献
2.
地下隧洞开挖和支护的三维数值分析计算 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据地下工程锚固支护原理,采用隐含锚杆柱单元的三维有限元和混凝土喷锚支护的三维数值计算方法,对复杂的地下泄洪隧洞的开挖和支护进行了分析计算。该方法不仅能够有效地反映锚杆的长度、密度、倾角对洞室开挖的影响,而且能够较好地模拟钢拱架和锚杆的时间施加效应。由于隐含锚杆柱单元和喷层单元是隐含在岩体单元中的,所以锚杆和喷层单元不受岩体单元划分的影响,能够有效地模拟各种支护方案,加快计算速度,合理反映锚固支护所作用的位置和时间影响。通过对构皮滩泄洪洞施工开挖和锚固支护的模拟计算,论证了施工开挖的稳定性和锚杆、喷层、钢拱架的支护作用,提出了洞室结构的加固措施,为工程施工开挖提供了有效的设计依据。 相似文献
3.
Support system suggestion based on back-analysis results case study: Babolak water conveyance tunnel
Ehsan Dadashi Kaveh Ahangari Ali Noorzad Alireza Arab 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(6):1297-1306
Determining in-situ soil or rock geotechnical properties is a difficult task for a design engineer. Back analysis is a helpful technique for evaluating soil property by considering and measuring the convergence of an underground opening. Back analysis was performed by matching numerical modeling results with the measured tunnel convergence. The main purpose of this study was to determine optimum rock mass properties using back analysis in order to suggest the best and most economical support system. Accordingly, the difference between measured and calculated convergence values was minimized by using an error function (objective function). In this paper, through the parameters obtained from back analysis, a support system based on a set consisting of shotcrete, wire mesh, and lattice girder was suggested for the Babolak water conveyance tunnel in Mazandaran, Iran. Therefore, the suggested design was based on decreasing shotcrete thickness from 25 to 20?cm and eliminating of rock bolts. 相似文献
4.
简要地介绍了对水工地下洞室施工中对围岩不稳定体,即碎裂岩体、松动岩体、软弱结构面、楔形体结构面等围岩喷锚支护结构的作用,喷锚支护结构的使用。 相似文献
5.
Summary The deformational behavior of underground excavations in rock salt is difficult to predict because of the time-dependent
properties of rock salt, and its response to many other parameters, which influence its behavior. To investigate the influence
of important parameters such as time, temperature, geology, opening geometry, excavation sequence, and effects of the immediate
roof layer on underground excavations in rock salt, deformation measurements from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) were
used. 相似文献
6.
A framework was developed to address the automatic optimization of the level of geometric detail required for stress analysis of underground excavations in mining, which was presented in the companion paper. The motivation for optimizing the mesh geometry stems from the over‐discretization of computational domain as the digital mine model is built while our knowledge of some of the input parameters is quite limited. Thus, the accuracy of the solution is not expected to be increased with a finely discretized mesh, only the computation time does. Therefore, it is acceptable if the results obtained from an optimized model have accuracy comparable to the uncertainty in input data (e.g. rock mass properties, geology, etc.). Although the mesh optimization framework automates the geometry optimization and reduces computation time, the accuracy of the solution from the resulting geometry must be evaluated to ensure the quality of the solution at the ‘region of interest’. Both a priori (mesh quality) and a posteriori (solution quality) measures are employed along with recording the mesh optimization time. Finally, the applicability of the mesh optimization framework is demonstrated by analysing a number of mining and civil engineering underground models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
M.A. Coulthard 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1999,17(3-4):373-385
Numerical modelling has been used to investigate a variety of problems in underground mining and tunnelling: subsidence induced by longwall coal mining; stresses generated when an open stope is filled cemented backfill and the stability of exposures created during subsequent mining of adjacent stopes; the interaction of two tunnels; and the effects of under-mining a pre-existing tunnel and shaft. In each case, results from nonlinear stress analyses can be used to guide the design of excavations and rock support mechanisms. 相似文献
8.
我国西南岩溶山区地质环境脆弱，人类工程活动强烈，群死群伤的灾难性滑坡频发，造成严重的人员与财产损失。文章概述了西南岩溶山区大型崩滑灾害基本特征和防灾减灾的难点，提出了目前研究中亟待解决的关键科学技术问题，包括岩溶地质结构与管道流的相互孕灾机理、地下采动下大型崩滑灾害形成机制、灾害高位远程动力成灾模式、灾害早期识别与空间预测。针对这些问题，文章提出如下研究思路:通过多学科联合，重点研究岩溶山区大型崩滑灾害链的孕育发生规律与成灾模式，揭示岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙地下水动力作用及孕灾过程和地下采动、库水波动等工程扰动环境下山体劣化损伤效应，构建岩溶崩滑灾害高速远程动力致灾机制与风险预测方法，形成早期识别、监测预警与综合防控技术及示范，为我国岩溶山区城镇化建设、重大工程安全运营提供科技支撑。 相似文献
9.
煤炭资源在我国能源结构中仍处于主体地位,但煤炭工业发展面临着“碳达峰碳中和”的新挑战。积极发展煤炭开发地下空间储能技术,是推动能源利用低碳化和清洁化的有效手段,也是保证我国能源战略安全的关键措施。结合当前储能技术,探讨了煤炭开发地下空间的利用现状,围绕利用煤炭开发地下空间抽水蓄能、热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能等储能新技术,重点阐述废弃矿井不同能源类型的储能理念及方式,系统分析储能过程中面临的地质保障关键技术难题。煤炭开发地下空间储能新技术总体思路为：利用煤炭开发地下空间所具有的低位势能差,将其用作梯级储水库(抽水蓄能);或直接将其用作储质、储能空间(热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能),既可提升煤炭开发地下空间资源的开发利用率,又可避免土地资源浪费,尽量降低对生态环境的扰动。虽然煤炭开发地下空间可作为大规模储能库,但其开发利用过程仍存在一些亟待解决的地质问题以及地质保障技术。主要包括：(1)地质条件与选址适宜性分析和安全性评价,即对储能空间的地质因素进行岩土工程性质和环境地质条件的系统研究,查明储能空间稳定性主控因素及其权重,构建选址指标体系与评价方法,重点查... 相似文献
10.
Since 1998, BHP Billiton has mined diamonds at the Ekati Diamond Mine™ near Lac de Gras in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Current operations are based on mining multiple pipes by the open-pit method, but as some pits deepen, converting to underground mining is being considered.
As a test of underground mining methods and to provide access to the lower elevations of the Panda and Koala pipes, the Koala North pipe is being developed for underground mining. Initially, the top 40 m of the pipe were mined as an open pit to provide grade information and a prepared surface for the transition to underground mining. Currently, Koala North is being developed as an open-benching, mechanized, trackless operation. Although the method was successfully used at several De Beers diamond operations in South Africa, it has never been tested in an Arctic environment.
This case study describes basic geology, mining method layout and ongoing geological and geotechnical investigation. From the beginning of underground development, geotechnical daily routines have been fully integrated within the technical services department, which supports the operation. Geotechnical, geological and structural information obtained from underground mapping and core logging is compiled, processed, reviewed and analyzed on site by the geotechnical staff. Conclusions and recommendations are implemented as part of the operations in a timely manner. This ongoing “live” process enables the operators to make the most efficient use of resources both for ground support and excavations as well as to address safety issues, which are the top priority. 相似文献
11.
As depth of mining increases, so the production costs of the aurifereous Witwatersrand deposits are continuously increasing,
with some mines already mining at depths exceeding 3500 m. Health and safety aspects are, simultaneously, gaining in importance.
Therefore, in order to mine deep orebodies in existing mines, as well as to develop new mining ventures safely and efficiently,
novel approaches, including mining strategies, layouts and support systems have to be adopted. Geological features largely
control the deformation mechanisms associated with Witwatersrand orebodies. These features are grouped into two major categories:
primary and secondary features. Both impact on the rockmass behaviour associated with the excavations, and contribute to the
definition of geotechnical areas. Primary geological features are defined by the various rock types, orebody geometry, and
the frequency and mineralogical characteristics of sedimentary structures (e.g. various kinds of bedding planes and lithological
boundaries). The primary features also control rock engineering properties, closure rates, attitude and frequency of mining-induced
stress fracturing, and planes may be reactivated during seismic events. Secondary geological features are faults, dykes and
veins/joints, and associated metamorphism. These cause stability problems and are often associated with seismic events. Compositional
and textural characteristics of these features, and their controls on the rockmass behaviour, are ill-defined. Primary and
secondary geological characteristics also play an important role in identifying the appropriate mining strategy, layout and
support. Geological features can be predicted into deep unmined areas, and therefore contribute to the safest and most efficient
extraction of the orebody. Witwatersrand orebodies are mined in complex geological environments, with the rockmass behaviour
differing from one orebody to the other. This is approached by employing a new methodology that attempts to quantify the problems
encountered when mining the major Witwatersrand orebodies.
Received: 7 June 1996 / Accepted: 7 January 1997 相似文献
12.
Yan Xing P. H. S. W. Kulatilake L. A. Sandbak 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(1):45-67
Stability and deformation of rock masses around tunnels in underground mines play significant roles on the safety and efficient exploitation of the ore body. Therefore, understanding of geomechanical behavior around underground excavations is important and necessary. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was built and stress analyses were performed by using 3DEC software for an underground mine in USA using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures and mechanical properties of rock masses and discontinuities. Investigations were conducted to study the effect of the lateral stress ratio (K0), material constitutive models, boundary conditions and rock support system on the stability of rock masses around the tunnels. Results of the stress, displacement, failure zone, accumulated plastic shear strain and post-failure cohesion distributions were obtained for these cases. Finally, comparisons of the deformation were made between the field deformation measurements and numerical simulations. 相似文献
13.
北京地区十三陵抽水蓄能电站的引水洞穿过破碎岩体时,因地质条件很差而在开挖初期发生了塌方险情。抢险后及时进行了洞内位移监测。监测结果显示原设计所使用的挂网锚喷加钢拱架组成的支护结构变形较大,特别是在边墙部位,变形更加明显。根据监测结果对引水洞的支护方案进行了重要修改:加密钢拱架和挂网钢筋,并增加喷射混凝土厚度,在洞底增加仰拱。施行上述措施后,洞体位移收敛变小,并趋于稳定,达到了设计和安全使用要求。该可变更设计的成功,充分说明了在工程地质条件复杂,难以准确界定的情况下,信息化施工与可变更设计的重要性。 相似文献
14.
吴枝坦 《水文地质工程地质》2001,28(1):55-58
基坑锚喷是汇锚杆、锚索、钢筋网，格栅、注浆及喷射混凝土的一项新技术。经三明大厦等工程实践验证，它具有安全可靠、成本低，工期短，无污染，噪音小，操作简易等优点，它是地下及洞室工程围护的最佳方案。 相似文献
15.
16.
Summary The lining concept of the 15.4 km long one-track Furka railway tunnel is described with particular emphasis on shotcrete application as a permanent support Altogether 70000 m3 dry aggregate/ cement mix and 115000 rock bolts have been applied. The tunnel was lined at a rate of approx. 400 tunnel metres per month using up to five shotcrete machines simultaneously. Systematic quality control throughout the construction work indicated an average uniaxial compressive strength of shotcrete of 40 N/mm2. The support requirements were grouped into 16 different classes and an additional special class accounting for extreme geological conditions in some relatively short stretches. 相似文献
17.
结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以程潮铁矿东区为例,通过现场结构面调查、地表及深部岩体变形监测,分析了该区地表及岩体移动变形与结构面的关系。结果表明：程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形主要受该区复杂的地质条件控制,特别是结构面的影响,变形方向和变形量值均与理论预期不同。NNE、NE向结构面的存在控制着岩体向采空区运动的侧向边界条件,同时导致变形方向的向西偏转,NWW向结构面的松动导致东主井区岩体向采空区的倾倒变形,地表变形在南北剖面上呈三级阶梯分布;西风井相对东西采空区的特殊位置以及NE向结构面的影响使其变形值小于预期,是该区相对安全的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
文章在分析采矿型崩滑灾害发育特征的基础上，得出西南煤系地层山区地下采动型崩滑灾害常发生在层状碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩地层组成的褶皱翼部和核部的陡崖带上，与地形地貌、地层结构与地下采矿工程活动等因素关系密切，并指出薄矿层开采诱发大型山体崩滑灾害的具体过程:①采空后覆岩顶板塌落—覆岩顶板离层，采空区上覆岩层内部及层间自下而上应力传递；②地下水运移通道形成，并加快更大范围岩体结构破坏及扩展，加速了岩体结构面的松动与破坏；③上覆岩层不均匀沉降导致坡脚压裂，山体大型岩体结构面逐渐拉剪或压剪变形扩展，最终山体发生累积损伤与大规模崩滑灾害。此外，传统经验公式的计算方法对此类采矿型崩滑灾害已不适用，建议开展西南煤系地层山区地质结构与地下采动诱发崩滑灾害的相互作用关系、薄矿层采空区上部山体累积断裂损伤—岩体松动、裂隙扩展-岩溶管道流、裂隙流变化的链式响应机制、地下采动型崩滑灾害评价方法等关键科学问题的研究，以推动采矿型地质灾害防灾减灾工作的发展。 相似文献
19.
Vertical shaft collapse at the Jinchuan Nickel Mine, Gansu Province, China: analysis of contributing factors and causal mechanisms 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Feng-shan Ma Qing-hai Deng Dickson Cunningham Ren-mao Yuan Hai-jun Zhao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(1):21-28
In mining areas, vertical ventilating shafts are often threatened by ground movements induced by underground mining. In this paper, damage characteristics related to collapse of the vertical ventilating shaft at the No. 14 exploratory line in Jinchuan Nickel Mine, China are documented. The damage mechanism is then analyzed based on comprehensive consideration of geological conditions and distribution of underground excavations. The results indicate that the high dip angle of the ore body and fault/fissures were responsible for the damage of the shaft when ground movements occurred. Although the damaged shaft was repaired in a short time, its stability and safe usage are still threatened by potential future ground movements, because the shaft is located within a subsiding depression induced by underground mining. This case study indicates that when designing an underground mining operation, it is very important to locate a shaft outside of any area where future mining-induced subsidence may occur. 相似文献
20.
Water leakage problems in unlined or shotcrete lined water tunnels are not new issues. In many occasions severe water leakage
problems have been faced that not only have reduced the stability of the rock mass, but also have caused valuable water to
be lost from it, causing safety risk as well as huge economic loss to the projects. Hence, making tunnels water tight plays
an important role in improving stability and safety of underground excavations. The real challenge is however accurate prediction
and quantification of possible water leakage, so that cost consequences can be incorporated during planning of a water conveying
tunnel project. The main purposes of this paper are to analyze extensive data on leakage test carried out through exploratory
drillhole used to define the need for pre-injection grouting of Khimti headrace tunnel and to carry out probabilistic approach
of uncertainty analysis based on relationship established between leakage, hydrostatic head and selected Q-value parameters. The authors believe that the new approach regarding uncertainty analysis of leakage presented in this paper
will improve the understanding of leakage characteristics of the rock mass, and hope this will lead to a better understanding
concerning quantification of possible water leakage from unlined and shotcrete lined water tunnels. 相似文献