共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动若干气候问题的研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
热带气旋和台风是严重的突发性自然灾害之一。近20年来，对热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究成为台风领域的一个重要研究方向，并取得了显著的研究进展。通过对西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动的季节、年际和年代际时间尺度变化的研究回顾，揭示了造成热带气旋和台风活动不同时间尺度变化的主要影响机制，其中包括低频振荡、季风槽和西传赤道波动、ENSO和QBO现象等，这些系统主要通过改变西北太平洋上空的环流，而影响到西北太平洋热带气旋活动以及登陆我国台风的不同时间尺度变化。还在西北太平洋海域热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究进展和作者最新的研究成果的基础上，展望了该领域的研究前景，并提出当前此研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题，主要包括了季风槽区能量交换、不同海域动力过程、赤道波动演变，以及热带气旋的季节和更长时间尺度的预测。 相似文献
2.
利用1949~2013年共65年台风资料,统计分析登陆我国台风的气候特征。结果表明,登陆个数与生成个数有良好正相关;登陆个数年际变化明显,年最多登陆个数是最少登陆个数的4倍。登陆台风源地相对集中于南海北部和菲律宾以东两个区域;登陆时间主要集中于7~9月,登陆地点主要集中在广东、台湾、福建、海南、浙江5省。从登陆强度看,最多的为强热带风暴,次之为台风,强台风以上量级占12%;二次登陆强度普遍较首次登陆时弱,风力小2~3级。总体上登陆强度越大,登陆后在陆上的维持时间也越长,其中盛夏季节维持时间最长。21世纪以来登陆台风呈现个数多、强度大、灾损重的趋势,登陆时间的极端性和集中程度更趋明显。 相似文献
3.
面向灾害风险评估的热带气旋路径及强度随机模拟综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
历史热带气旋记录时间序列较短空间差异大,热带气旋灾害风险评估经常面临样本不足,特别是超强台风及巨灾记录历史样本的问题,从而导致传统概率统计方法失效。过去20多年来,逐渐发展出一套完整的方法体系进行热带气旋路径及强度随机模拟,其特点是充分利用历史总体样本信息,生成大量符合历史样本特征的热带气旋路径及强度随机事件样本集,从而有效地解决了局地历史样本不足的问题。在回顾热带气旋的年频次、季节分布、路径分布、强度及影响范围时空规律研究进展基础上,系统综述了用于热带气旋路径及随机模拟的起始点模型、行进模型、终止点模型、洋面强度模型、陆地衰减模型及结果检验方法等领域的进展及不足,然后对其在世界各地的应用进行了概述,并对未来研究改进方向及应用领域进行了展望。 相似文献
4.
温州多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD-SA)建于面临东海的大罗山顶(海拔714m),探测环境较好,它对0414号台风云娜(Rananim)进行了系统性跟踪探测,取得了完整的基数据资料。应用该多普勒天气雷达连续探测资料,配合地面中尺度自动站加密观测资料,通过云娜台风登陆前后的螺旋云带、台风"眼"眼壁、垂直累积含水量和降水量与眼区速度谱宽、台风内中尺度环流等分析,研究了登陆前后台风强度和雷达径向速度的演变特征;同时使用MM5(V3.6)中尺度数值模式结合雷达数值产品分析,就地形对台风演变特征的影响进行了研究,初步揭示了地形影响的一些主要演变特征。研究发现:云娜台风中心登陆之前,位于海上的台风"眼"眼壁在8km高度以下基本垂直,在8km高度以上"眼"的直径明显增大。当台风登陆时,由于受地形影响,其眼壁出现向前或向右前方倾斜,台风"眼"内回波由低层向高层"填塞"。台风眼"填塞"后,台风环流重又加强,使得强回波主体(＞35dbz)仍可保持眼壁轮廓并能持续相当一段时间,这一现象在数值试验中得到了证实;在台风暴雨系统中垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)相同时,由于液态水含量的密实程度不同"降水效率"差异极大,有时可使降水量的差异达到2.5倍甚至更大;台风登陆时,眼壁速度谱宽急剧变化,从到达陆地眼壁前部的低层起到高层增大。多普勒速度谱宽的这种变化与低空西南急流的维持与否相一致。在3~5km高度以上,谱宽较为稳定,表明该高度层的西南急流稳定维持;台风登陆时,受到地形和山脉影响,最大风速半径及台风环流强度随时间的推延,低层最大环流中心移速减慢、最大风速半径开始缩小;台风暴雨的降雨强度与其气旋性涡旋的动力辐合上升强度趋于一致,从多普勒径向速度场产品可以直观地识别、判断和分析辐合辐散运动与冷暧平流的迭加风场。强降水区集中在台风的右前侧,与台风回波强度的不对称结构相一致,并有明显的"眼"的形状。台风环流在乐清砩头、永嘉中堡附近喇叭口状地形幅合作用显著;东南气流与北雁荡山脉形成的较大夹角,对暖湿气流强迫抬升作用十分明显。 相似文献
5.
6.
2004年“云娜”台风的监视和预报工作中，在应用常规天气资料的基础上加强了对历史热带气旋资料、天气雷达资料和过去对台风与台风暴雨分析预报研究成果的运用。在台风登陆前、登陆过程中和登陆后三个不同阶段中，应用多种资料进行有针对性的分析判断，并向防台风指挥部门及时提供信息服务，在防台工作中发挥了有效作用。， 相似文献
7.
浙江省登陆台风暴雨落区研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了1949～2007年在浙江登陆的38次台风的年内分布和迁移规律,台风强度与暴雨中心雨量关系,最大暴雨落区.结果表明:浙江沿海登陆台风以7～8月份为最多;前后两次台风登陆点以区间迁移为主;最大暴雨中心雨量与登陆时台风中心风力、气压关系不密切;最大暴雨落区与台风登陆点位置、登陆后的运动路径和离登陆点的距离关系不大.也研究了登陆台风致涝暴雨分布区域,在防台风实践中,应依此客观事实调整台风暴雨山洪的防御战略. 相似文献
8.
卫星导风在台风路径预报中的应用进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
台风作为全球危害巨大的自然灾害,对其路径预报的准确度尤为重要.在常规观测资料稀少的热带洋面上,卫星云图是监测热带气旋的主要工具,其中卫星导风技术,通过对云及晴空区特征的追踪,反演出的卫星风矢,在一定程度上弥补了海洋上由于风场观测资料稀缺对台风路径研究的限制,显著提高了台风路径预报水平.结合近年来逐步成熟的卫星导风中的云导风技术在台风预报上的应用,总结了国内云导风技术在改善台风路径预报中的贡献,如加密观测资料、台风中心定位、优化数值模式初始场和客观分析场、构造人造台风Bogus模型以及由其揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征,同时展望了卫星导风技术及其资料在台风预报实际应用中有待进一步研究的内容. 相似文献
9.
《地球科学进展》2020,(1)
在双台风判定客观标准的基础上提出影响中国双台风的定义:在双台风活动期间,双台风中至少有一个台风对中国大陆或2个大岛——海南岛和台湾岛之一造成降水的双台风,称为影响中国双台风。然后利用台站逐日降水资料和台风最佳路径资料,采用热带气旋(TC)降水天气图客观识别法(OSAT)和上述定义,对1960—2017年的影响中国双台风进行研究。结果表明:1960—2017年影响中国双台风共有255对,年均4.4对,占西北太平洋双台风总数的60.6%。影响中国双台风年频数表现为显著下降趋势。影响中国双台风的影响期最长可达10天,主要集中在1天、2天和3天,分别占18.8%,29.4%和24.3%。在地理分布上,影响中国双台风主要分布在112°～138°E、12°～30°N范围,频发区在菲律宾北部附近洋面;受双台风影响的年均频次和年均降水均表现为由东南沿海向西北内陆阶梯递减,主要影响区为中国的台湾岛、东南沿海和华南沿海,其中台湾岛受影响最大。进一步分析发现,影响中国双台风影响期内出现单站最大日降水当日两TC平均位置主要表现为东—西向分布,西台风和东台风正好分别位于东亚夏季风的西南风水汽通道和副热带高压西南侧东南风暖湿气流中,不仅有利于西台风从西南风水汽通道中获得水汽,而且有利于东台风向西台风的水汽输送,从而有利于西台风对中国台湾岛、东南沿海和华南沿海造成的强降水。 相似文献
10.
综述了我国学者近年来用非线性最优扰动方法探索热带气旋目标观测及其外场试验的主要进展,具体包括：从提高数值模式初始场精度的角度,用条件非线性最优扰动方法确定了热带气旋路径和强度预报的目标观测敏感区,并成功应用于“风云四号”气象卫星和下投探空仪台风目标观测外场试验,助力业务部门获得了宝贵资料。从减小模式误差或外强迫不确定性的角度,将非线性强迫奇异向量方法应用于探讨热带气旋强度预报的敏感性,揭示了模式误差的敏感气象要素和敏感区,以及海表温度强迫的敏感区;用集合扰动的思路识别了热带气旋快速增强过程预报的行星边界层的模式误差敏感区。讨论了目前热带气旋目标观测研究存在的问题以及可能的解决方法,展望了未来热带气旋目标观测研究应努力的前沿方向,及其在实际预报中的应用前景。 相似文献
11.
基于1960—2017年2 000多个气象台站逐日降水数据和中国气象局热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料集,采用客观天气图分析法(OSAT)识别得到TC降水。研究表明,中国TC降水总体呈显著下降趋势,较12年前的研究结果下降趋势变缓;TC盛期(7~9月)降水占到TC总降水的78.5%,TC盛期降水和TC非盛期降水均呈显著下降趋势。TC降水气候趋势在空间分布上以减少为主要特征,并表现出明显的地域差异,自南向北呈"减少—增多—减少"的分布型,减少趋势中心位于广东和海南。按TC影响期最大强度分级(弱TC、中等强度TC和强TC)研究不同强度TC降水的变化,结果显示,强TC降水表现出显著减少趋势,主要决定着TC总降水的影响范围和趋势等主要特征。进一步分析发现,影响TC频数在1960—2017年呈显著减少趋势,并在1995年发生突变;对1995年前后2个时期的对比研究显示,与前一时期(1960—1994年)相比,后一时期(1995—2017年)影响TC活动频次在20°N以南的海域呈现出显著的减少趋势,减少大值中心位于南海北部,而且这一特征也主要由影响TC中的强TC所决定;强TC的这一变化趋势导致了华南地区尤其是广东和海南TC降水日数的减少,进而使得TC降水减少。 相似文献
12.
This paper discusses the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) based on available data from 1951 to 2008, including the
frequency of TC generation in the Western North Pacific (WNP) and those which make landfall in China. The impacts of TCs on
both human and economic losses for the period 1983–2008 are also discussed. Examination of the frequency indicates a decreasing
trend in the generation of TCs in the WNP since the 1980s, but the number of TCs making landfall has remained constant or
shown only a slight decreasing trend. The number of casualties caused by TCs in China appears to show a slight decreasing
trend while the value of economic loss is increasing significantly. These results can be attributed to increased natural disaster
prevention and mitigation efforts by the Chinese government in recent years, and also reflect the rapid economic development
in China particularly in TC-prone areas. 相似文献
13.
Luis M. Farfán Eurico J. D’Sa Kam-biu Liu Victor H. Rivera-Monroy 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(6):1388-1402
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are large-scale natural disturbances that generate strong winds and heavy rainfall, impacting coastal and inland environments. TCs also influence biogeochemical and hydrological cycles controlling aquatic primary productivity in tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems. We assessed TC landfall activity and identified sites along the Mexican east and west coasts with high frequency in the period 1970–2010 and evaluated TCs with significant precipitation. Changes in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations before and after storm impacts were estimated using remotely sensed ocean color. There were 1,065 named TCs with a wide diversity in tracks. Three states with the highest number of landfalls were identified: Baja California Sur and Sinaloa on the west coast and Quintana Roo on the east coast. While a relative increase in Chl-a values following TC landfalls in the Baja California and Yucatán Peninsula regions appeared to be strongly linked to TC strength, the intensity of precipitation, the spatial scales of the two peninsulas, and the relative movement of TCs appeared to have contributed to Chl-a variability. Satellite estimates of Chl-a in the nearshore coastal waters following TC passage were likely enhanced by coastal morphology and water discharge along with constituents such as suspended particulate, colored dissolved organic matter and nutrients from rivers, tributaries, and groundwater. 相似文献
14.
Every year, Australian oceans experience the genesis of many tropical cyclones (TCs). About 40 percent of these make landfall. Because of the enormous difference in impacts between landfalling and non-landfalling TCs on coastal communities, the benefits would be enormous if it were possible to capture early the potentiality of landfall of a TC that has undergone genesis. Published literature identifies many factors such as location, warm sea surface temperature above 26 °C, conditional instability and high relative humidity in the middle troposphere and low vertical wind shear for the genesis of cyclones. Some of these factors could hold information about the potentiality of landfall while a TC is forming. An investigation into these factors actually revealed that a landfall potential index can be developed that can capture the potentiality of making a landfall. An attractive feature of this index is that it uses values at the time and location of genesis, providing a long and useful lead time. Furthermore, it is made into a dimensionless number, which makes for easy comprehension and interpretation. 相似文献
15.
Based on the daily precipitation data of more than 2 000 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2017 and the tropical cyclone (TC) best-track data of the China Meteorological Administration, the TC precipitation was identified by the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT). The research shows that the TC precipitation in China has a significant downward trend, which is slower than that of the research results 12 years ago. The TC precipitation in the peaking season (July to Sepember) accounted for 78.5% of the total TC precipitation. Both TC precipitation in peaking season and other months showed a significant downward trend. The TC precipitation climate trend is mainly characterized by reduction in spatial distribution, and shows obvious regional differences. From south to north, there is a distribution of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”, and the decreasing trend centers are located in Guangdong and Hainan. According to the maximum intensity in the TC influence period, we classified TCs into three levels (weak TCs, medium intensity TCs and strong TCs) and studied the variations of TC precipitation in different intensities. The results show that the strong TC precipitation shows a significant decrease trend, which mainly determines the influence range and trend of TC total precipitation. Further analysis found that the frequency of affecting TC showed a significant reduction trend during the time period of 1960-2017 and an abrupt shift occurred in 1995. A comparative study of the two periods before and after 1995 showed that compared with the previous period (1960-1994), the frequency of TCs in the latter period (1995-2017) showed a significant decreasing trend in the south of 20°N. The maximum decreasing center was located in the northern part of the South China Sea, and this feature was mainly affected by the strong TC. It was decided that this trend of strong TC led to a decrease trend in the number of precipitation days in South China, especially in Guangdong and Hainan, which led to a decrease trend in TC precipitation. 相似文献
16.
Tropical cyclone (TC) disasters have frequently caused casualties in the coastal areas of China. According to the statistics of dead and missing people due to TCs from 1951 to 2014, the number of fatalities has been significantly decreasing over time. However, deadly TC events have still caused great losses of life in recent years, which are characterized as significant abrupt fluctuations superimposed along the downward trend of the long-term fatality time series. The numbers of fatalities caused by TC disasters are influenced by variables such as the intensity of TC hazards, the population exposed to TCs and the vulnerability of people to TC hazards. It is thus of great significance to analyze their temporal characteristics and understand the forces driving these changes. First, the time series of the TC wind, precipitation, spatial distribution of population, fatality and disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures of China from 1951 to 2014 are reconstructed. Second, the improved power dissipation index, total precipitation, integrated intensity and index of exposed population are calculated, and the population vulnerability indices, including mean and relative fatality rates, are derived. Third, the change trend of each index is detected using the Mann–Kendall test. Finally, the main driving factors of the long-term change trend and fluctuations of the TC fatalities are analyzed by a negative binomial regression model and standard deviation statistics. It is found that the decrease in vulnerability based on the improvement in structural and non-structural measures is the main driving force of the decreases in fatalities over the past six decades. Although the total population and exposure have increased dramatically in the coastal areas of China, their contributions to the increase in the fatality risk were counteracted by the decrease in vulnerability. Abrupt and catastrophic disasters were mostly caused by TCs with hazards of high intensity that surpassed the capacity of structural measures; the lack of forecasting or early warning, as well as improper emergency response actions, may also have triggered the great loss of lives. To reduce the fatalities of future TCs, especially those that may exceed the capacity of structural measures, the enhancement of non-structural measures and the adaptation of resilience strategies should be priorities for future people-centered disaster management.
相似文献17.
We consider a spatial stochastic model for the simulation of tropical cyclone tracks, which has recently been introduced. Cyclone tracks are represented as labeled polygonal lines, which are described by the movement directions, translational speeds, and wind speeds of the cyclones in regular 6-h intervals. In the present paper, we compare return levels for wind speeds of historically observed cyclone tracks with those generated by the simulator, where a mismatch is shown for most of the considered coastal regions. To adjust this discrepancy, we develop a stochastic algorithm for acceptance and rejection of simulated cyclone tracks with landfall. It is based on the fact that the locations, translational speeds, and wind speeds of cyclones at landfall constitute three-dimensional Poisson point processes, which are a basic model type in stochastic geometry. Due to that, a well-known thinning property of Poisson processes can be applied. This means that to each simulated cyclone, an acceptance probability is assigned, which is higher for cyclones with suitable landfall characteristics and lower for implausible ones. More intuitively, the algorithm comprises the simulation of a more comprehensive cyclone event set than needed and the random selection of those tracks that best match historical observations at landfall. A particular advantage of our algorithm is its applicability to multiple landfalls, i.e., to cyclones that successively make landfall at two geographically distinct coastlines, which is the most relevant case in applications. It turns out that the extended simulator provides a much better accordance between landfall characteristics of historical and simulated cyclone tracks. 相似文献
18.
After the fuzzy clustering method (FCM) that analyzes the tracks of the tropical cyclones (TCs) struck the Korean peninsula (hereafter, K-TC) for a 60-year period (1951?C2010), it is found that both frequency and intensity of K-TC have been increased in recent years. In the order of the cluster number, both K-TC track pattern and its full-track pattern tended to shift southward. That is, while the passage frequency of TC in mainland China and the Manchurian regions decreased, it instead over the sea. Due to this decrease in the topographic effect on TC before reaching Korea, TC intensity around Korea became stronger. The vertical wind shear well reflected a TC intensity around Korea, which became weaker in mid-latitudes of East Asia. On the other hand, the peak month of K-TC frequency lags in the order of the cluster number. The two clusters that most TCs pass through the Korean Peninsula showed a stronger intensity and higher frequency before the 1970s. Meanwhile, another two clusters that most TCs pass through the Straits of Korea or the western region of the Japanese Islands showed those characteristics from the 1980s onward. Consequently, the changes in TC track, recurvature, frequency, and intensity around Korea were related to the southward shift of the western North Pacific high in the order of the cluster number. 相似文献
19.
Through the investigation of tropical cyclone (TC) characteristics related to climate change, this study found that the frequency of TCs occurring over the Western North Pacific has recently decreased slightly, while their average intensity has increased. The number of overall TCs that passed within the vicinity of South Korea has also been reduced, but the number of strong typhoons in the area, those with maximum wind speeds of more than 44 m/s, has significantly increased. These changes are closely related to the following phenomena. (1) The average genesis region of TCs that influence South Korea has moved eastward. Accordingly, the TCs tend to strengthen as they move westward for long distances along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) trade easterlies and the southern boundary of the North Pacific Subtropical High (NPSH). (2) The NPSH and Asia Monsoon trough, which are known to affect TC tracks, have extended to the northwest and southeast. This has caused TCs that travel to higher latitudes and curve back toward the Korean Peninsula to become more frequent. (3) TCs have approached the Korean Peninsula without hitting land. In addition, the sea surface temperature became higher than it was before. These factors have caused TCs to maintain their strength or become stronger than before. 相似文献
20.
Krishna K. Osuri U. C. Mohanty A. Routray Makarand A. Kulkarni M. Mohapatra 《Natural Hazards》2012,63(3):1337-1359
The convection and planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes play significant role in the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclones (TCs). Several convection and PBL parameterization schemes incorporate these processes in the numerical weather prediction models. Therefore, a systematic intercomparison of performance of parameterization schemes is essential to customize a model. In this context, six combinations of physical parameterization schemes (2 PBL Schemes, YSU and MYJ, and 3 convection schemes, KF, BM, and GD) of WRF-ARW model are employed to obtain the optimum combination for the prediction of TCs over North Indian Ocean. Five cyclones are studied for sensitivity experiments and the out-coming combination is tested on real-time prediction of TCs during 2008. The tracks are also compared with those provided by the operational centers like NCEP, ECMWF, UKMO, NCMRWF, and IMD. It is found that the combination of YSU PBL scheme with KF convection scheme (YKF) provides a better prediction of intensity, track, and rainfall consistently. The average RMSE of intensity (13?hPa in CSLP and 11?m?s?1 in 10-m wind), mean track, and landfall errors is found to be least with YKF combination. The equitable threat score (ETS) of YKF combination is more than 0.2 for the prediction of 24-h accumulated rainfall up to 125?mm. The vertical structural characteristics of cyclone inner core also recommend the YKF combination for Indian seas cyclones. In the real-time prediction of 2008 TCs, the 72-, 48-, and 24-h mean track errors are 172, 129, and 155?km and the mean landfall errors are 125, 73, and 66?km, respectively. Compared with the track of leading operational agencies, the WRF model is competing in 24?h (116?km error) and 72?h (166?km) but superior in 48-h (119?km) track forecast. 相似文献