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1.
为了认识淮河流域过去500年洪旱事件发生规律并鉴别当前的洪旱情势,收集并对比分析了流域实测降雨资料、重建历史雨季降雨资料、历史旱涝等级资料、历史洪旱文献记录和历史调查洪水资料等多源洪旱灾害数据。以重建历史雨季降雨资料和历史旱涝等级资料为主要依据,通过滑动平均、频率计算、小波分析和突变检验等方法,分析流域过去500年洪水干旱时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明,17世纪淮河流域洪旱灾害最严重,但20世纪极端洪旱事件发生频次最多。淮河流域洪旱事件存在40年左右的稳定长周期,主周期从18世纪的15~20年逐渐减少到19世纪的5年周期,近20年来出现2~3年的主周期,洪旱灾害事件呈增加趋势,流域社会经济发展面临着严峻的洪旱灾害威胁。 相似文献
2.
利用历史文献记录重建了公元1000—2000年中国北方地区极端干旱事件序列,在此基础上分析极端干旱事件的发生特征与规律。研究得出以下结论:(1)极端干旱事件在公元1000—2000年中存在200年左右的周期波动。在15世纪中期、17世纪初期和18世纪末期存在3次极端干旱事件高发期。(2)极端干旱事件的变动与中国东部地区干湿变化相一致,在偏干的时期极端干旱事件发生次数上升,在偏湿时则下降。(3)在中世纪暖期和现代暖期,温度愈高,极端干旱事件偏多;而在小冰期,则温度偏低的时期极端干旱事件多发。(4)西风带影响下的非季风区,干湿变化与极端干旱事件的关系与华北季风区相反,这可能与所谓的“丝绸之路遥相关”和NAO(NorthAtlanticOscillation,北大西洋涛动)的影响有关。 相似文献
3.
利用1982-2015年高时空分辨率地面气象再分析数据,识别以降水和大气饱和水气压差（VPD）为指标的极端干旱（Dry-VPD和Dry-PRE）和极端湿润（Wet-VPD和Wet-PRE）事件,分析其年际变化趋势;结合归一化植被指数（NDVI）,探讨植被与不同极端事件发生频数的相关关系与差异。结果表明:除Wet-VPD外,Dry-VPD、Wet-PRE和Dry-PRE总体呈上升趋势,特别是1998年以后Dry-VPD在长江上、下游流域显著增加;长江流域植被对极端干旱事件的敏感性（以负相关为主）高于极端湿润事件,且长江上游植被对Dry-VPD敏感,而中下游植被对Dry-PRE敏感。综上,长江流域极端干旱事件日趋严重,相较于降水干旱限制植被生长的传统认识,本研究指出在长江上游地区大气干旱对植被的负效应更加明显。 相似文献
4.
研究西北干旱地区的旱涝变化规律对于区域抗旱减灾具有重要的现实意义。建立区域综合旱涝指数模型,利用西北4省区19个站点的旱涝等级序列,建立区域综合旱涝指数序列。发现区域在1470—2008年间呈现出干旱频发的态势,且区域内的西部比东部、高海拔地区较低海拔地区更易发生干旱灾害。利用经验模态分解方法处理区域综合旱涝指数序列,发现区域综合旱涝指数变化存在2.5年、7.5年、13.1年、25.7年、77.0年和134.8年等准周期变化。且近539年来,西北干旱地区区域综合旱涝指数呈减小趋势,未来区域干旱综合强度有减轻态势。 相似文献
5.
近300a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
干旱与洪涝是极端水文事件中最具有代表性的水文事件,在气候变化的影响下旱涝灾害事件越来越引起人们的关注. 采用传统的气象干旱指标-标准化降水指数SPI和小波分析法、反距离加权法以及线性回归分析,研究了近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害分布特征及关键影响因素. 结果表明：近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈增加的趋势,且洪涝事件较干旱事件明显. 其中,喀什、阿克苏等地的发生频率最高,并表现为群发性;近60 a塔里木河流域自西向东旱涝灾害事件呈交替现象. 小波分析结果表明,塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈现15 a的周期性,由此推断未来5~10 a研究区湿润化面积仍有扩大的可能. 大气环流指数与多尺度下的SPI指相关性检验表明,PNA对秋季和冬季的SPI值的影响较为显著;旱涝灾害对农牧业的影响较为严重,其中,洪涝灾害的影响大于干旱. 相似文献
6.
利用CCSM2.0.1模式完成的千年模拟试验结果对近530年中国东部区域旱涝事件进行了初步的研究。结果表明模式一定程度能够反映过去530年中国东部降水变化规律,在年代际变化上与旱涝等级资料较为一致。模式能模拟出旱涝事件世纪尺度变化特征以及旱涝事件的群发现象。从模拟结果中发现,过去530年中国东部共发生了3次持续时间5年或5年以上的严重干旱事件,分别发生在1483～1488年、1635～1645年和1964～1968年; 4次持续时间5年或5年以上的严重洪涝事件,分别发生在1529～1533年、1749～1753年、1926～1932年和1978～1984年。其中,1483～1488年、1635～1645年和1964～1968年干旱事件以及1749～1753年洪涝事件与旱涝等级序列有较好的对应,说明模式对严重干旱事件具有一定的再现能力,而对严重洪涝事件的模拟能力还有待加强。对个例分析发现,对应较好的3次严重干旱事件发生时期降水空间型态的演化与1749～1753年严重洪涝事件不同,前者前期呈南涝北旱格局,旱区逐年向东、南扩大,后者前期同样也呈南涝北旱格局,但为涝区逐年向东、北扩大。模拟还发现中国东部夏季降水的异常变化主要受夏季风影响,发生严重干旱事件期间夏季风偏弱,发生严重洪涝事件期间夏季风偏强,模拟显示严重旱涝事件期间副热带高压无明显变化。 相似文献
7.
近年来随着极端天气/气候事件的频发,应对极端天气/气候事件的要求极其紧迫。目前气象资料对极端天气/气候事件的研究相对较短,由此作者提出利用石笋记录重建历史年际、年代际极端天气/气候事件的构想。通过对目前已有的石笋极端天气/气候事件研究实例分析总结,认为洞穴石笋沉积速率相对较快,石笋中标志性结构构造特征的存在,有利于石笋记录到极端天气/气候事件。同时就目前的研究现状,作者提出建立准确年代标尺、选择生长速率相对较快和存在标志性结构构造特征、能记录到极端气候的石笋,以及提高采样分辨率和与其他记录相互验证等作为石笋极端气候研究的工作要求,同时就文石笋研究极端天气/气候事件提出文石笋可能更加容易记录到极端天气/气候事件的个人新认识。 相似文献
8.
利用采自长江源区青海省治多县立新乡夏日寺的大果圆柏建立树轮宽度标准年表。通过与气候要素的分析发现,该地区树木生长主要受干旱限制,树轮年表与3-5月降水量相关较好（r=0.67）。由此重建了长江源区412年以来的3-5月降水量变化,重建方程稳定可靠,方差解释量为44.9%。重建结果显示,重建序列大体经历了10个湿润时期和10个干旱时期,并显示研究区近10年有显著的变湿趋势。采用经验模态分解（EMD）方法对重建序列进行分析,重建降水序列可分解为7个IMF分量,其中,2~4年和6~10年的主要分量表明了降水量与ENSO等海气环流的相关联系,11~28年的分量则显示了区域降水与太阳活动的可能联系。与邻近地区的重建结果对比发现,其变化趋势比较一致。通过时空相关分析,表明重建序列具有较好的时空代表性。此外,重建结果还得到了气象灾害历史记录的验证。 相似文献
9.
西昆仑山北坡山区分布的雪岭云杉是开展树轮水文研究的良好载体,为重建历史水文变化提供了重要的代用资料。分析了西昆仑山北坡雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表对提孜那甫河径流量的响应特征,发现树轮宽度年表与提孜那甫河年径流量(上年8月至当年7月)的显著正相关关系,建立了二者之间的一元线性回归方程,重建了提孜那甫河1665~2013年径流量序列。重建径流量序列中存在7个枯水期和8个丰水期。重建径流量序列平均值为27.87 m3/s,与实测期平均值接近,但重建序列中的极端旱涝的强度和发生频率均更高。基于树木年轮宽度重建更长时间的径流量序列,对于流域水资源科学管理和分配以及下游水库和防洪工程等项目建设的风险评估等具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
历史气候变化影响研究中的社会经济等级序列重建方法探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
重建历史时期的社会经济序列是研究气候变化对社会经济影响的难点问题.基于中国历史文献记载丰富、覆盖时段长、记录时间分辨率高、含有大量的社会经济信息描述的特点,本文阐述了采用语义差异法定量重建历史时期社会经济序列的方法,特别是其中的文字描述等级化和时间尺度归一化技术.语义差异法源于心理学,通常采用双极(相对、反义)形容词来刻画研究对象的属性,以表示不同程度的言语进行量化区分,根据描述词汇的语义差异构建分级量表.采用语义差异法对历史社会经济变化进行量化的关键是确定重建指标分级量化的标准,需要在兼顾不同词汇的语义是否易于区分的同时,特别注意各等级及其所对应的标准词汇的物理意义.时间尺度归一化主要解决根据原始记录重建的原始等级序列可能存在的时间分辨率不均等或时间不连续问题,以10年分辨率作为时间尺度均一化的基本时间单元,对年分辨率的记录,可采取先逐年等级化重建再加权平均到10年等级值的方法进行升尺度处理;对年代际以上尺度的数据则可先直接对记录进行等级化,再通过多时间分辨率10年数据的融合方法进行降尺度处理,得到10年分辨率的等级值. 相似文献
11.
近年来云南持续发生严重干旱,云南干旱是否日趋"常态化"成为社会各界关心的一个热点问题,相关报道不断见诸媒体。本文从水文的角度对云南省的历史干旱、水文要素以及趋势预测等方面进行了深入的分析。在历史依据和现代气象水文观测数据的支撑下,考察近100年来全球增暖可能导致部分地区干旱化的可能,从而认为近年来提出的云南干旱"常态化"存在科学依据;但干旱"常态化"仅能局限于近现代时期这一时间范畴,对于今后更长时期云南省干旱发展趋势,依据现有技术手段及研究成果尚难以判断把握。 相似文献
12.
This article investigates whether the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived global terrestrial Drought Severity Index (DSI) had the capability of detecting regional drought over subtropical southwestern China. Monthly, remotely sensed DSI data with 0.05° spatial resolution were used to characterize the extent, duration, and severity of drought from 2000 to 2010. We reported that southwestern China suffered from incipient to extreme droughts from November 2009 to March 2010 (referred to as the “drought period”). The area affected by drought occupied approximately 74 % of the total area of the study region, in which a moderate drought, severe drought, and an extreme drought accounted for 20, 12.7, and 13.2 % of the total area, respectively; particularly in March 2010, droughts of severe and extreme intensity covered the largest areas of drought, which were 16.1 and 18.6 %, respectively. Spatially, eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and Guangxi suffered from persistent droughts whose intensities ranged from mild to extreme during the drought period. Pearson’s correlation analyses were performed between DSI and the in situ meteorological station-based Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for validating the monitoring results of the DSI. The results showed that the DSI corresponded favorably with the time scales of the SPI; meanwhile, the DSI showed its highest correlation (mean: r = 0.58) with a three-month SPI. Furthermore, similar spatial patterns and temporal variations were found between the DSI and the three-month SPI, as well as the agro-meteorological drought observation data, when monitoring drought. Our analysis suggests that the DSI can be used for near-real-time drought monitoring with fine resolution across subtropical southwestern China, or other similar regions, based solely on MODIS-derived evapotranspiration/potential evapotranspiration and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data. 相似文献
13.
气候变化背景下的旱灾时空格局研究受到政府和学术界的高度重视。利用清代故宫旱灾档案建立了清代旱灾数据库,运用GIS技术重建了1689-1911年中国旱灾时空格局。研究表明:① 从旱灾发生的时间上看,受灾范围呈现3次较大波动,出现了9个干旱灾害典型年;② 从旱灾发生的空间上看,旱灾频发中心主要集中在3个区域,即西北地区的甘肃、宁夏,华北地区的山东、河北、河南、天津,以及江淮地区的安徽、江苏;③ 从干旱灾害发生的季节上来看,夏季旱灾是清代干旱灾害的主导类型。研究结果认为利用故宫旱灾档案复原的清代旱灾时空格局基本符合史实。 相似文献
14.
This paper examines the characteristics of historical meteorological hazards and associated natural-anthropogenic variations in China, with specific attention given to the meteorological drought hazards occurring at very high frequency and affecting social?Ceconomic development in North China. Owing to an increasing awareness of meteorological droughts in this area, the aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive overview of meteorological droughts in North China by reviewing the meteorological references and their intrinsic linkages with climatic, geological, and anthropogenic controls. Our study highlights the region-wide meteorological droughts with a rather clear recurrence of 30 and 100?years, totally indicating Shanxi and Shandong being the predominated area suffering from extreme meteorological droughts. The spatial and temporal distribution of meteorological drought hazards in this region is considered to be a function of climatic, topographic, hydrological, and anthropogenic characteristics. In view of the wide distribution and linkage with geo-hazards and changes of dynasties, the meteorological drought hazard is one of the key issues for long-term social?Ceconomic harmonization. This study can be expected to prioritize drought mitigation measures and ensure regional sustainable development in North China. 相似文献
15.
Spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts based on the daily comprehensive drought index in the Haihe River basin,China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Jun He Xiao-Hua Yang Jian-Qiang Li Ju-Liang Jin Yi-Ming Wei Xiao-Juan Chen 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
16.
He Jun Yang Xiao-Hua Li Jian-Qiang Jin Ju-Liang Wei Yi-Ming Chen Xiao-Juan 《Natural Hazards》2014,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis.
相似文献17.
Larry Benson Braddock LinsleyJoe Smoot Scott MensingSteve Lund Scott StineAndre Sarna-Wojcicki 《Quaternary Research》2003,59(2):151-159
Mono Lake sediments have recorded five major oscillations in the hydrologic balance between A.D. 1700 and 1941. These oscillations can be correlated with tree-ring-based oscillations in Sierra Nevada snowpack. Comparison of a tree-ring-based reconstruction of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index (D’Arrigo et al., 2001) with a coral-based reconstruction of Subtropical South Pacific sea-surface temperature (Linsley et al., 2000) indicates a high degree of correlation between the two records during the past 300 yr. This suggests that the PDO has been a pan-Pacific phenomena for at least the past few hundred years. Major oscillations in the hydrologic balance of the Sierra Nevada correspond to changes in the sign of the PDO with extreme droughts occurring during PDO maxima. Four droughts centered on A.D. 1710, 1770, 1850, and 1930 indicate PDO-related drought reoccurrence intervals ranging from 60 to 80 yr. 相似文献
18.
骤发干旱（简称骤旱）是一种以短历时、高强度、快速度为特征的极端事件,其形成速度已超出现有干旱监测工具的能力范围,监测模拟难度大。基于欧洲中心再分析产品（ERA）土壤含水量数据,构建考虑旱情开始速度的骤旱识别方法,提取中国1979—2018年骤旱事件,剖析旱情初期气象要素异常值的变化规律,探讨利用气象条件模拟骤旱的可行性。结果表明:①开始速度在空间上呈现显著的南北差异,长江以南地区较快,西北地区较慢;②骤旱比缓慢干旱具有更强的气象驱动力,骤旱各气象要素异常值的均值、峰值及变化幅度比缓慢干旱变化更为显著,尤其是峰值,约超过缓慢干旱0.5个标准差;③综合考虑骤旱爆发前后不同时段多个气象要素异常,能够较好地模拟开始速度,可用于监测与模拟骤旱。 相似文献