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1.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compositions were determined in plankton, sediment-trap-collected particulate material and sediment cores from Dabob Bay using a high performance liquid Chromatographie (HPLC)/fluorescence technique. The annual flux of individual PAH measured in a series of sediment traps was compared with the flux of corresponding compounds determined from 210Pb dated bottom sediments. Systematic seasonal variations in the fluxes and concentrations of PAH, Al and organic carbon in the trap-collected particulates and seasonally collected plankton were also investigated to determine whether or not PAH are associated with either terrestrial or marine-derived materials.Concentrations of all PAH studied increased tenfold within the last 80–100 yr of sediment deposition, except for perylene which displayed a reasonably constant concentration profile. This suggests at least two sources contribute to the observed sedimentary PAH compositions in Dabob Bay, i.e., anthropogenic combustion and a natural source. Plankton and sediment trap-collected particulates contained PAH mixtures qualitatively similar to underlying surface sediments. Microscopic examination indicated fecal pellets were the major form of particulate material in the sediment traps. The fecal pellets collected in the sediment trap time series quantitatively account for essentially 100% of the PAH fluxes measured in the 210Pb dated sediments, implying Zooplankton fecal pellets control the removal of PAH to Dabob Bay sediments. These measurements provide clear evidence that the PAH studied are not produced after sediment deposition. The observed seasonal covariations of PAH and Al in both sediment trap and plankton samples further indicate that PAH originate from terrestrially-based sources, are introduced into the marine environment by runoff and erosion or atmospheric deposition and are not produced by marine plankton. 相似文献
2.
Surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and fluffy-layer material, collected in the Arkona Basin and the Pomeranian
Bay during 1995–1997, as well as air particulate matter, collected on the island of Rügen during August 1995, were analysed
for total organic carbon content, saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The resulting concentrations and distributions
of these compounds and molecular PAH ratios are discussed in terms of matrix, origin of the organic matter and seasonal variations.
The data show that the Oder river can be identified as a major source for PAH transported into the southern part of the Arkona
Basin. A strong atmospheric input of PAH is noted for the central and northern part of the basin. In general, anthropogenic
and bacterially degraded hydrocarbons bound to organic carbon-rich and small particles are mainly deposited in the basin center,
whereas their natural counterparts accumulate mainly on the basin flanks covered by coarser grained sediments.
Received: 2 March 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999 相似文献
3.
This paper presents selected world maps of lake-level fluctuations since 30,000 yr B.P. These are based on a literature survey of 141 lake basins with radiocarbon-dated chronologies. The resulting patterns are subcontinental in scale and show orderly variations in space and time. They reflect substantial changes in continental precipitation, evaporation, and runoff, which are due to glacial/interglacial fluctuations in the atmospheric and oceanic circulations. In the tropics, high lake levels are essentially an interglacial or interstadial phenomenon, although there are important exceptions. Since extensive lakes during the Holocene corresponded with relatively high sea-surface temperatures, and therefore presumably with high evaporation rates on land, they are interpreted as the result of higher precipitation. Tropical aridity culminated in most areas at, or just after, the glacial maximum, although the present day is also characterized by a below-average abundance of surface water. In extratropical regions the mapped patterns are more complex. They vary markedly with latitude and proximity to major ice sheets. In these areas, evidence is at present insufficient to evaluate the relative contributions of precipitation and temperature to the observed lake-level record. 相似文献
4.
四川盆地西部侏罗纪为内陆盆地，除其北缘早侏罗世有湖沼相外，主要为河流相与湖泊相，邻龙门山区发育冲积扇，其余地区发育冲积平原相和泛滥平原相。依据湖泊积水状况，将湖泊相细分为时令湖相、间歇湖相和长年湖相。印支期，甘孜-阿坝造山带形成，四川盆地由湿热气候演变为干燥、炎热气候；并使早侏罗世-中侏罗世早期成为长年湖泊环境。受燕山早中期构造运动影响，河流相、时令湖相与间歇湖相发育。长年湖相形成了侏罗系重要的生储油层系。河流相的粗碎屑岩成为储层，时令湖相与间歇湖相的泥质岩成为盖层，组成了侏罗系中上统多个储盖组合。 相似文献
5.
A large quantity of drilling core, paleontology, geochemistry and geophysics data revealed several features of the Jiyang subbasin during the deposition of the Ek1-Es4 x members:(1) the paleotopography of the gentle slope belt had an extremely low gradient;(2) the paleoclimate frequently alternated between dry and wet periods in a generally arid setting;(3) there was strong weathering around the periphery of the basin;(4) the lake was very shallow;(5) the lake level frequently rose and fell; and(6) the sedimentary environment of the gentle slope belt was an overflooding lake. All of these factors provided favorable geological conditions for the development of an over-flooding lake delta. The lithologies of the continental over-flooding lake delta deposits are complex and diverse. The compositional maturity is moderate to low, and the grain size distribution curves and sedimentary structures indicate the presence of both gravity and traction currents. The sedimentary microfacies associations consist of a combination of ordered superposition of flood channels, distributary channels and sheet sands. The delta exhibits a weak foreset seismic reflection. The over-flooding lake delta deposits are laterally extensive. The sandstone content is high, and the individual sandstone beds are thin. The flood channel and distributary channel deposits exhibit evidence of bifurcation and lateral migration. The distribution of the sandbodies and the oxidation color of the mudstones provide evidence of cyclic deposition. The paleoclimate was the dominant factor controlling the development of the over-flooding lake delta. Due to the frequently alternating wet and dry paleoclimates, the over-flooding lake delta is characterized by the development of a broad upper plain and a lower delta plain. The upper delta plain is characterized by flood channel deposits, whereas the lower delta plain is represented by distributary channel deposits. The transition zone is characterized by the interaction of flood channels and distributary channels. Due to fault activity, the sandbodies of the over-flooding lake delta were juxtaposed against hydrocarbon source rocks, which was favorable for the development of lithologic reservoirs or structural-lithologic reservoirs. The lower delta plain deposits comprise the most favorable reservoirs. 相似文献
6.
基于对东濮凹陷97口钻井岩心的详细观察和分析,在古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段湖相沉积中识别出滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流共4种类型的重力流沉积。各种类型沉积的主要判识特征如下: (1)滑动沉积以保留部分原始沉积构造、层内准同生小型断裂构造及较大角度的地层倾角(陡倾构造)发育、伴生Skolithos-Palaeophycus遗迹组合或Planolites-Taenidium遗迹组合为主要特征; (2)滑塌沉积以砂岩层顶、底面均与暗色泥岩呈突变接触以及岩层内部发育各种同生软沉积物变形构造(如包卷层理、火焰状构造、泄水构造、液化脉和各种撕裂屑等)为主要鉴别特征;(3)碎屑流沉积以砂岩呈块状构造、顶部发育漂浮砾石、底部泥岩撕裂屑发育并可见“泥包砾”现象、砂岩顶、底面均与暗色泥岩突变接触为特征;滑塌沉积和碎屑流沉积序列的上部常常伴生Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon遗迹组合; (4)浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为主要特征,浊积砂体下部见正粒序层理,底面见有冲刷痕、不规则槽模、重荷模等沉积构造,中上部发育深湖沉积中常见的Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus遗迹组合。综合分析上述各种重力流沉积特征和伴生遗迹化石组合所体现的水深变化规律,认为遗迹化石组合随着湖水深度的增加呈分带性,与重力流沉积随水深增加而出现的滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流沉积序列具有明显的一致性,且伴随重力流沉积而产生的生物扰动作用是增强的。因此,生物扰动构造(遗迹化石)的研究不仅对湖相沉积中储集层物性的分析具有重要意义,而且针对重力流沉积类型的判识还能提供重要的生物遗迹学信息。 相似文献
7.
Gravity flow deposits associating with ichnoassemblages within the middle Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag,Henan Province 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the observation and analyses of 97 exploratory well cores in Dongpu sag,four types of gravity flow(including sliding,slumping,debris flow and turbidity current)deposits in lacustrine facies have been recognized within the middle Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Their main identification marks are outlined as follows: (1)the sliding deposits are characterized by the partial preservation of primary sedimentary structures,the development of small penecontemporaneous fracture or fault in sandstone beds,and steep dip of strata,with Skolithos-Palaeophycus ichnoassemblage and/or Planolites-Taenidium ichnoassemblage,which commonly occurred in the shore and shallow lake environments. (2)General characteristics of slumping deposits mainly are the abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,and development of all kinds of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformation structures such as convolution bedding,flame structure,water-escape structure,liquefied vein and tearing debris. (3)The sandy debris flow deposits are mainly marked by the massive sandstone,abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,as well as developing floating gravels near the top of sandstone beds and tearing mudstone debris in the bottom of sandstone beds,sometimes with occurring the mud-coated intraclasts. Meanwhile,slumping and sandy debris flow deposits commonly associated with the Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon ichnoassemblage produced in semi-deep water lake environment. (4)The turbidity deposit is mainly indicated by the complete or incomplete Bouma sequences,normal-graded bedding,and all kinds of sole marks such as scour marks,irregular flute casts and load casts,and the Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus ichnoassemblage frequently occurred in the middle to upper parts of the turbidite beds that formed in deep-water lake environment. After comprehensive analyses of above four types of gravity flow deposits and water-depth variation reflected by different ichnoassemblages,it can be considered that ichnoassemblage changes appear a zonation with the depth of the lake,which is consistent with variations in gravity flow deposits from sliding-slumping-debris flows to turbidity currents,and the bioturbation generated with gravity flow deposits is enhanced. Therefore,the research of bioturbation structures(ichnofossils)is not only of great significance to study the physical property of sandstone reservoir in lacustrine deposits,but also to provide important ichnological information for discerning various types of gravity flow deposits. 相似文献
8.
Many hydrologic conceptual models in riparian areas assume that the alluvial deposits zone is hydraulically more active than the fractured bedrock below. Therefore, these models undervalue the possible contribution of deeper groundwater from the fractured bedrock system. A hydrochemical study, under various hydrological conditions, has been carried out in a small riparian zone of the Salburua wetland (Basque Country) in order to highlight the conceptual model. This wetland is included in a wide Quaternary aquifer, which has been declared a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The results of this study suggest that the fractured bedrock is at least as dynamic as the upper clayey deposits. The presence of more fractured zones, which act as hydraulic “windows”, allow the upwelling of deeper groundwater and, consequently, make the upper alluvial deposits and the fractured bedrock water systems to be cross-connected. Nevertheless, this upwelling is limited to some small areas in the riparian zone. As a result of this local interaction, several chemical reactions have been observed and the hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater undergo seasonal variations. The study shows that a hydrologic conceptual model, which does not consider the hydraulic activity of the fractured bedrock, can be too simplistic. The presence of hydraulic windows could be considered throughout the entire Quaternary aquifer, knowledge of which could help the managers of the Vulnerable Zone and the wetland to take more effective measures for regulation and conservation. 相似文献
9.
Palaeoenvironmental records in Holocene Spanish tufas: a stable isotope approach in search of reliable climatic archives 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tufa deposits are potential terrestrial archives of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic information. This study assesses the potential of stable isotopic archives from two closely juxtaposed Holocene tufa sites in SE Spain. The Ruidera site contains deep‐water lacustrine micrites and tufas, whereas the nearby Alcaraz site represents a shallow barrage tufa. Understanding site characteristics is critical to interpreting the stable isotopic variations. These Holocene lacustrine micrites have isotopic compositions consistent with modern European lake shore microbial carbonates, where the isotopic chemistry is strongly influenced by hydrological and residence time effects. All the lacustrine micrite δ13C values were influenced by microenvironmental microbial effects to some degree. Because of these effects, stable isotope data from lacustrine microbial micrites and tufas will not normally yield precise information on the isotopic composition of palaeoprecipitation, temperature or vegetation composition of an area. In contrast, Holocene tufas that formed in shallow, fast‐flowing riverine settings may contain valuable palaeoclimatic archives. The tufa deposits must be largely autochthonous, as at Alcaraz, where in situ reed stem encrustations are present. Records of relative change in air temperature and changes in the source of airmasses are potentially resolvable in the δ18O data. These interpretations can be verified by other independent climatic data where chronology is constrained. Variations in riverine tufa δ13C values probably record changes in local vegetation and/or soil respiration. Covariation between δ18O and δ13C values may be intrinsically linked to climatic factors such as aridity. Tentative palaeoclimatic interpretations for the middle Holocene at Alcaraz based on the isotope data suggest warming (or increasing influence of Mediterranean‐sourced precipitation) between approximately 5000–3000 radiocarbon years BP, accompanied by increased aridity. These interpretations are consistent with the sparse independent palaeoclimatic data and climate modelling results for the Holocene of SE Spain. This study supports the growing evidence that well‐chosen tufa sites could yield valuable palaeoclimatic information. 相似文献
10.
Alfred R. Geptner Bjarni Richter Yurii I. Pikovskii Sergey S. Chernyansky Tatiana A. Alexeeva 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2006,66(3):213-225
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content and distribution was studied in the northern part of modern rift zone. All samples analysed represent slightly altered clastic deposits and hot water discharging in springs and from wells. To study PAH in present-day gas emission traps with diatomite absorbent were installed in the Skógalón geothermal field. All samples were analysed by the method of Shpol'sky spectroscopy. Hydrothermally altered deposits show the highest amount of PAH. Data obtained allow to believe that the distribution of PAH is closely associated with the dynamics of the hydrothermal environment. The fissure formation and temperature fluctuation in hydrothermal systems can govern both the processes of PAH synthesis and sorption. The evidences of PAH migration up through the Skjálfandi and Öxarfjörður sedimentary basins show that hydrocarbons associate mainly with hydrothermal minerals and deep ground waters. Studying PAH associations can be used as an indicator of hydrocarbons distribution, ways of migration and possible zones of accumulation in the land and marine sedimentary basins in active and ancient rift zones of Iceland. 相似文献
11.
多环芳烃(PAHs)是古环境、古野火以及古气候的重要地质记录,本文通过气相色谱质谱法(GC- MS)研究了柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗统石门沟组煤中多环芳烃分布特征,检测出一系列二环至七环芳烃化合物,包括高等植物衍生多环芳烃(卡达烯、6- 异丙基- 1- 异己基- 2- 甲基萘、惹烯、西蒙内利烯以及二氢惹烯)和燃烧衍生多环芳烃(荧蒽、芘、苯并\[a\]蒽、、苯并荧蒽、苯并\[e\]芘、苯并\[a\]芘、茚并\[cd\]芘、苯并\[ghi\]苝和晕苯)等。这些多环芳烃的检出表明石门沟组煤沉积于具有显著陆源高等植物输入的微咸水湖沼环境,成熟度较低(平均随机反射率为056%)。石门沟组煤中高等植物衍生多环芳烃以极高的惹烯含量为特征,且存在较高丰度的西蒙内利烯和二氢惹烯,卡达烯丰度极低,反映出成煤期陆地植被类型以松柏类植物的针叶林为主,气候温暖湿润。同时,煤中丰富的燃烧衍生多环芳烃证实了柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗世存在广泛的陆地古野火,较高的大气氧气浓度(256%)可能是该时期野火频发的一个重要诱因。本次研究为柴达木盆地中侏罗世古野火事件的研究提供了重要的分子化石证据,也是对中侏罗世古环境和古气候研究的有益补充。 相似文献
12.
John-Paul Zonneveld Bruce A. Kjarsgaard Shawn E. Harvey Larry M. Heaman David H. McNeil Kirsten Y. Marcia 《Lithos》2004,76(1-4):115-138
Diamond-bearing kimberlites in the Fort à la Corne region, east–central Saskatchewan, consist primarily of extra-crater pyroclastic deposits which are interstratified with Lower Cretaceous (Albian and Cenomanian) marine, marginal marine and continental sediments. Approximately 70 individual kimberlite occurrences have been documented. The Star Kimberlite, occurring at the southeastern end of the main Fort à la Corne trend, has been identified as being of economic interest, and is characterized by an excellent drill core database. Integration of multi-disciplinary data-sets has helped to refine and resolve models for emplacement of the Star Kimberlite. Detailed core logging has provided the foundation for sedimentological and volcanological studies and for construction of a regionally consistent stratigraphic and architectural framework for the kimberlite complex. Micropaleontologic and biostratigraphic analysis of selected sedimentary rocks, and U–Pb perovskite geochronology on kimberlite samples have been integrated to define periods of kimberlite emplacement. Radiometric age determination and micropaleontologic evidence support the hypothesis that multiple kimberlite eruptive phases occurred at Star. The oldest kimberlite in the Star body erupted during deposition of the predominantly continental strata of the lower Mannville Group (Cantuar Formation). Kimberlites within the Cantuar Formation include terrestrial airfall deposits as well as fluvially transported kimberlitic sandstone and conglomerate. Successive eruptive events occurred contemporaneous with deposition of the marginal marine upper Mannville Group (Pense Formation). Kimberlites within the Pense Formation consist primarily of terrestrial airfall deposits. Fine- to medium-grained cross-stratified kimberlitic (olivine-dominated) sandstone in this interval reflects reworking of airfall deposits during a regional marine transgression. The location of the source feeder vents of the Cantuar and Pense kimberlite deposits has not been identified. The youngest and volumetrically most significant eruptive events associated with the Star Kimberlite occur within the predominantly marine Lower Colorado Group (Joli Fou and Viking Formations). Kimberlite beds, which occur at several horizons within these units, consist of subaerial and marine fall deposits, the latter commonly exhibiting evidence of wave-reworking. Black shale-encased resedimented kimberlite beds, likely deposited as subaqueous debris flows and turbidites, are particularly common in the Lower Colorado Group. During its multi-eruptive history, the Star Kimberlite body is interpreted to have evolved from a feeder vent and overlying positive-relief tephra ring, into a tephra cone. Initial early Joli Fou volcanism resulted in formation of a feeder vent (200 m diameter) and tephra ring. Subsequent eruptions, dominated by subaerial deposits, partly infilled the crater and constructed a tephra cone. A late Joli Fou eruption formed a small (70 m diameter) feeder pipe slightly offset to the NW of the early Joli Fou feeder vent. Deposits from this event further infilled the crater, and were deposited on top of early Joli Fou kimberlite (proximal to the vent) and sediments of the Joli Fou Formation (distal to the vent). The shape of the tephra cone was modified during multiple marine transgression and regression cycles coeval with deposition of the Lower Colorado Group, resulting in wave-reworked kimberlite sand along the fringes of the cone and kimberlitic event deposits (tempestites, turbidites, debris flows) in more distal settings. 相似文献
13.
Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite within the Greywacke Zone of the Eastern Alps 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Morphology and reflectance of carbonaceous material (CM) in Late Carboniferous metasediments of the eastern Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps) indicate a mixture of vitrinite, grainy textured and lamellar shaped particles. As imaged by high-resolution atomic-force microscopy, vitrinite and the grainy textured particles show mesophase structures which can be described as facetted nanocrystals within the carbon matrix. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has revealed two types of microtextures representing different degrees of graphitization. The first type is characterized by elongated ring-shaped microtextures, whereas the second type is characterized by graphite lamellae and polygonal flakes with long-range ordered aromatic layers. In spite of the heterogeneity of the CMs, the geographical distribution of quantitative metamorphic parameter (Raman spectra parameter, X-ray diffraction pattern, microscopic reflectance) suggests a graphitization process which is promoted by advective heat transport during post-collisional processes. In a tentative pressure-time path, Late Cretaceous thrusting results in a turbostratic ordering of the aromatic layer. Ordering to long-range ordered aromatic layers was achieved during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene exhumation of mid-crustal rocks beneath the eastern Greywacke Zone. 相似文献
14.
The intercorrelation of palaeoclimate events from various studies is often hindered by a lack of precise chronological control. Tephra isochrons can overcome this problem by providing direct site linkages. This paper outlines a study of Holocene peat and diatomite deposits that accumulated within the floodplain of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland. The Icelandic Hekla 4 tephra has been identified at the base of diatomite deposits at a number of sites and provides firm dating evidence for a widespread flooding event in the area at ca. 2300 BC . The evidence is consistent with other studies in Ireland and elsewhere for increased wetness at this time. The results demonstrate that the terrestrial deposits around Lough Neagh contain an important record of Holocene lake‐level change. Dendrochronological evidence from the Lough Neagh area provides additional information about lake‐level fluctuations over the past two millennia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
The groundwater system in northern Perry Township in Lake County, Ohio, is a shallow, unconfined aquifer consisting of periglacial
lake beach deposits and less permeable lacustrine plain deposits. Groundwater flow is generally toward Lake Erie from south
to north and is controlled by the top of the Ashtabula Till, but strong, local variations are caused by northward flowing
streams During the study period, water levels in most wells exhibited a seasonal fluctuation of less than 0 3 m from their
mean values. The areal distributions of chloride and nitrate concentrations indicate that road salt runoff easily infiltrates
the aquifer and that nitrate may be sourced from fertilizer application. Ground-water flow and solute transport models indicate
that in excess of 27 years are required to obtain chemical steady-state under hydrologic steady-state conditions. The simulations
also demonstrate that nitrate loading must occur in more than one cultivated field in order to obtain the observed wide-spread
nitrate distribution. 相似文献
16.
A possible terrigenous origin for perylene based on a sedimentary record of a pond (Lorraine,France)
The origin of perylene, a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), in sediments has been a matter of constant debate and its formation mechanisms remain unclear. A perylene record in sediment was described and could support a clear link between perylene and terrigenous organic matter (OM) input. The distributions of PAHs, the variations of organic proxies such as the ratio of terrigenous to aquatic n-alkanes (TAR(HC)) and 5α(H)-stanols/Δ5-sterols ratio in sediments have been investigated. Sediments were sampled from a pond artificially created during the Middle Ages from a swampy area. In the period prior to the pond creation, for which high contributions of terrigenous OM were evidenced, perylene was found to be the predominant PAH. Furthermore, perylene content was shown to increase in response to the establishment of more reducing conditions. This result supports the common idea that the main source of perylene is natural and derives from biogenic precursors under reducing conditions. The creation of the pond in this wetland is marked by the deposition of a wood rich level characterized both by more oxygenated conditions and higher concentrations of perylene. These high concentrations could result from the introduction of high concentrations of biogenic precursors of perylene under oxidative conditions. Subsequently, the progressive burial of the woody level could have allowed the establishment of oxygen depleted conditions and the formation of perylene. These results validate the use of perylene as a paleoenvironmental marker of terrigenous sources but it must be carefully used as a marker for syn- or post-depositional oxygen depleted conditions in lacustrine environments. 相似文献
17.
Diamictic sediments within high Arctic lake sediment cores: evidence for lake ice rafting along the lateral glacial margin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
I. Rod Smith 《Sedimentology》2000,47(6):1157-1179
Sediment cores from six small lake basins in the Canadian high Arctic reveal a gravel‐rich (≤30% by weight) to gravel‐poor (≥2%) diamict facies underlying massive, post‐glacial, clayey silt. Ten other lakes contain a second diamict facies within what are interpreted to be glaciolacustrine sedimentary assemblages. The sedimentology, clast fabrics and fossil remains (diatoms, ostracodes and chironomid head capsules) within both diamict facies suggest that these deposits are not tills. Clast fabrics yielded low S1 (0·41–0·57) and high S3 (0·09–0·22) eigenvalues, placing them within the range of ice‐rafted diamictons and glacigenic sediment flows. The high percentage of clast dip angles >45° (15–61%), random clast azimuth and lower diamict contacts conformable to underlying current‐bedded sediment favours an origin as a rain‐out or settling deposit. Samples of the matrix and scrapings of clasts from the diamicts revealed a diatom assemblage dominated by littoral and planktonic forms, such as are found in the littoral regions of the lakes today. This contrasts sharply with the assemblages within the overlying clayey silt, in which benthic forms predominate. Clasts are thus interpreted to have been rafted from the littoral areas of the lake. The process proposed to explain this is rafting by the lake ice cover in a glacial‐marginal environment. Early season meltwater, impounded along the lateral margin of retreating cold‐based glaciers, would buoyantly lift the lake ice cover and any adfrozen lake sediment. Higher lake levels and increased areal extent of seasonal freeze‐on between the lake ice cover and the lake bed would allow the redeposition of littoral sediments to the benthic regions through greater lateral shifting of the ice cover as it broke up. Incision by meltwater streams into the lateral glacial margins would later isolate the lake, allowing seasonal warming of lake water, enough to support the growth and maturation of the ostracode and chironomid species found as fossils within the diamicts. 相似文献
18.
The analysis of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in karst environments has provided an assessment of the vulnerability of karst water and the study of PAH records in stalagmites. The major source of PAHs has generally been considered to be the soil. In this study, we report the quantification of PAHs in the ecosystem compartments of a mountain karst system over a snow-melting period and the spring to summer dry period. PAH profiles in karst seepage waters were consistently similar to those in wet deposits, following the change in PAH profiles between winter and summer periods. However, PAH signatures of atmospheric wet deposits were modulated by a loss of the high molecular weight PAHs, which appear to accumulate in soils. A PAH mass balance was calculated during a summer storm event. This mass balance suggests that dry deposits and canopy throughfall could account for the PAH abundance in karst seepage waters. This study demonstrates the ability of organic hydrophobic compounds to be directly transferred from the atmosphere or canopy into seepage waters, giving new emphasis to the study of PAHs recorded in stalagmites. 相似文献
19.
A. Bechtel R. Gratzer W. Püttmann S. Oszczepalski 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(1):72-89
max vs the present depth of the Kupferschiefer, soluble organic matter (SOM) yields, and relative proportions of saturated and
aromatic hydrocarbons of the SOM provide evidence for an oxidative alteration of organic matter in highly mineralized Kupferschiefer
samples near the Rote F?ule zones. This is confirmed by differences in the composition of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon
fractions of the soluble organic matter: Saturated hydrocarbons from Rote F?ule samples are dominated by short-chain n-alkanes
and higher abundances of pristane and phytane relative to heptadecane (n-C17) and octadecane (n-C18), respectively, compared
with samples more distant to the Rote F?ule zone. Compositional changes of the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions with decreasing
distance to that zone are characterized by the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elevated ratios of phenanthrene
to methylphenanthrenes that are attributed to demethylation reactions and resulted in a decrease of the methylphenanthrene
index (MPI 1). Kupferschiefer samples from the barren zone of the Polish Basin do not show these alteration patterns. The
observed variations in organic matter composition with burial depth are consistent with changes due to increasing thermal
maturation. Maturity assessment is achieved from MPI 1 and the methyldibenzothiophene ratio (MDR). From the relationship between
the maturity of organic matter in terms of vitrinite reflectance values and depth of the Kupferschiefer strata, a continuous
increase in reflectance of vitrinite is obtained within the Polish Basin. The alteration pattern of organic matter related
to base metal mineralization of the Kupferschiefer corresponds to changes in the isotopic composition of organic carbon and
calcite. Kerogen within, or close to, Rote F?ule zone is enriched in 13C caused by the preferential release of isotopically light organic compounds through progressive degradation of organic matter.
The opposite tendency towards lower δ
13C and δ
18O values of calcite provides evidence for isotopic exchange between carbonate and the oxidizing, ore-bearing solutions and
for organic matter remineralization. In contrast, organic matter and calcite from the Kupferschiefer do not show regular trends
in δ
13C with increasing thermal maturation.
Received: 25 June 1999 / Accepted: 1 December 1999 相似文献
20.
Jrgen A. Bojesen-Koefoed Henrik I. Petersen Finn Surlyk Henrik Vosgerau 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1997,34(3-4)
The lower-middle Oxfordian Jakobsstigen Formation, Wollaston Forland, northeast Greenland, consists mainly of stacked coarsening-upward successions of offshore to shoreface heteroliths, sandstone and rare foreshore sandstones. The units are separated by thin, laterally extensive sheets of terrigenous carbonaceous mudstones, which have been subjected to organic petrographic and geochemical studies. The mudstones are thermally immature, with maturities corresponding to R0 in the range 0.35–0.50%. The mudstones contain very high proportions of allochthonous inertinite, subordinate huminite, char and negligible proportions of liptinite. Inertinite reflectance distributions are markedly bimodal, with maxima at approximately 1.73 and 4.91% Rm. Both pyrolysis yields and solvent extract yields are low. The distributions of n-alkanes are markedly light-end skewed and show a pronounced predominance of even-numbered compounds in the lower carbon number range. Biomarker-distributions feature a dominance of C29-steranes, slight enhancement of extended hopanes and αββ-steranes, low proportion of tricyclic triterpanes and very low hopane/sterane ratios. Sedimentological, organic petrographical and geochemical evidence suggests that the regular alternation between marine and terrestrial depositional environments during deposition of the Jakobsstigen Formation was related to low-amplitude, high-frequency changes in relative sea-level and local climate. The mudstones were deposited during early rise of relative sea-level in shallow, flat-bottomed lakes or lagoons on a broad coastal plain. The lakes acted as traps for fine elastic sediment and for predominantly windborne inertinite, generated by wildfires in the hinterland. High rates of evaporation rendered the lakes mildly saline, hampering their colonization by vegetation other than cyanobacteria and halophilic microorganisms. Similarly, saline porewaters excluded higher plant vegetation from emergent areas. Upon continued rise of the relative sea-level, the lakes were gradually flooded and their deposits became covered by sandy shallow marine sediments. The larger areas covered by shallow marine waters during periods of high relative sea-level led to a more humid local climate and to lower frequency of wildfires. During falling relative sea-level, the marine deposits were eroded and partially removed and the cycle subsequently repeated upon renewed rise in relative sea-level. Hence, minor changes in relative sea-level gave rise to the regular alternation of two vastly different depositional environments, as well as to marked variations in local climate. 相似文献