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1.
Eric R. Force 《Geoarchaeology》2004,19(6):583-609
Two outwardly similar shallow‐canyon drainages of the Four Corners region of the Colorado Plateau (southwestern U.S.), McElmo Creek (SW Colorado) and Chaco Wash (NW New Mexico), expose late Holocene units which have been dated by numerous remains of the puebloan Anasazi culture (A.D. 500–1300). The stratigraphic sequences, though composed of similar sediment facies, show markedly different evolutions. The McElmo Canyon sequence consists of two units separated by an unconformity that apparently represents an arroyo that migrated 5 km upstream in 200 years, suggesting a slow “complex response” model. The dated Chaco Canyon sequence includes an arroyo channel fill seemingly cut simultaneously through a 9–14 km reach, which began filling simultaneously throughout about 100 years later. Base level control seems to have been temporarily controlled by a large eolian sand dune damming Chaco Wash, probably during a dry period. The two entrenchment chronologies do overlap, but the resemblance of either record to published regional chronostratigraphies is minimal. The differences among these regional chronologies suggest that great variety existed among fluvial sequences in prehistory, perhaps more than is seen in present‐day drainages of the region. The contrasting fluvial histories correspond to an equally marked difference in cultural responses, especially in water‐control technology. The strongest obvious similarity between the sequences is probable anthropogenic influence, which is a consequence of using cultural remains for establishing chronological control. A strong influence of climate change is less obvious but still probable if lags in the system and possible intraregional paleoclimatic differences are included in the analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
2.
渭河中游全新世黄土剖面光释光测年及记录的古洪水事件 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对渭河流域进行广泛的考察,在中游咸阳附近一处阶地发现保存完好的全新世黄土-古土壤剖面里夹有古洪水滞流沉积层,对其进行了年代学和沉积学研究。对于采集的全新世地层样品,进行粒度、磁化率测量分析,证明所夹沉积物是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,该层记录了古洪水事件发生的气候水文信息。应用红外后蓝光的SAR光释光测年技术,获得该剖面9个OSL年龄值,确定渭河在距今3.2～2.8ka之间为一个洪水多发时期,并建立了渭河古洪水事件的年代序列。这一结果揭示了古洪水的频发与全新世中期向晚期过渡的转折时期,气候由温湿向干旱化发展,大气系统失稳,气候变化剧烈,降水量异常变化,变率增大,是导致渭河流域特大古洪水多发的主要原因。 相似文献
3.
A proxy climate record from a raised bog in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, is presented. The record spans the interval between 2850 cal. yr BC and cal. yr AD 1000 and chronological control is achieved through the use of tephrochronology and 14C dating, including a wiggle‐match on one section of the record. Palaeoclimatic inferences are based on a combination of a testate amoebae‐derived water table reconstruction, peat humification and plant macrofossil analyses. This multiproxy approach enables proxy‐specific effects to be identified. Major wet shifts are registered in the proxies at ca. 1510 cal. yr BC, 750 cal. yr BC and cal. yr AD 470. Smaller magnitude shifts to wetter conditions are also recorded at ca. 380 cal. yr BC, 150 cal. yr BC, cal. yr AD 180, and cal. yr AD 690. It is hypothesised that the wet shifts are not merely local events as they appear to be linked to wider climate deteriorations in northwest Europe. Harmonic analysis of the proxies illustrates statistically significant periodicities of 580, 423–373, 307 and 265 years that may be related to wider Holocene climate cycles. This paper illustrates how the timing of climate changes registered in peat profiles records can be precisely constrained using tephrochronology to examine possible climatic responses to solar forcing. Relying on interpolated chronologies with considerable dating uncertainty must be avoided if the climatic responses to forcing mechanisms are to be fully understood. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
充分利用长江三峡工程文物抢救性发掘的宝贵机会,通过对重庆市忠县中坝遗址、丰都县玉溪遗址等典型遗址和神农架大九湖泥炭地层环境考古研究,摸索出了一套利用年代学、沉积学、重矿物组分鉴定、锆石形态统计、地球化学和环境磁学方法辨别考古遗址地层中古洪水沉积的方法;建立了该区地表孢粉-气候的转换函数,并将其用于对神农架大九湖泥炭地层的研究,弄清了该区全新世以来环境演变的背景,并将自然沉积地层环境演变记录与典型考古遗址地层古洪水事件作了对比分析。遗址时空分布研究表明:长江三峡库区旧石器时代至宋代677处遗址时空分布总趋势是从西往东、从高往低逐渐增加的,遗址多沿江河分布,且在河流交汇处呈聚集状态,这与人类多选择河流1～2级阶地为生、河流交汇处鱼类资源丰富有关。研究表明:中坝遗址能延续5000a的原因一方面与其盐业遗址的属性有关,另一方面与其长期具有良好生态环境有关。从该遗址T0202探方出土近20万件动物骨骼的分类统计证明了这一点。7.6kaBP以来,水位在吴淞高程147.024m以上的古洪水至少在玉溪遗址T0403探方中留下了16次沉积记录。神农架大九湖297cm厚的泥炭及其148个孢粉样品和10个AMS14C测年数据表明,该泥炭地层为本项目提供了理想的全新世自然环境演变背景,尤其8.2kaBP前后的降温事件很明显,6.7～4.2kaBP为中全新世最适宜期,4.2kaBP前后由暖湿转为凉干,3.5～0.9kaBP季风降水整体较弱,0.9kaBP前后转为较凉湿。根据对中坝和玉溪两处遗址地层的研究,在8.2～6.7kaBP期间出现有10个古洪水层;在6.7～4.2kaBP全新世最适宜期遗址地层中出现有8个古洪水层;在3.5～0.9kaBP降水减少的时期,中坝遗址中仅出现2个洪水层(即西周时期的37-1和战国早期的第21层);在0.9kaBP以来降水较多的时期,中坝遗址中存在3个洪水层(即宋代中期的11C-1层、清代的5-1层和1981年的2B-2层)。这表明,8.2～6.7kaBP的洪水在三峡地区次数是最多的,6.7～4.2kaBP的洪水数量次之。长江三峡库区的这一古洪水发生规律或许可以解释长江中游的江汉平原在7.8～5.1kaBP期间遗址数量偏少的原因。 相似文献
5.
JOHN A. MATTHEWS GERAINT OWEN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2010,39(1):105-115
Matthews, J. A. & Owen, G. 2009: Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating: developing linear age-calibration curves using Holocene bedrock surfaces from the Jotunheimen–Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway. Boreas , 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00107.x. ISSN 0300-9483.
The approach to calibrated-age dating of rock surfaces using Schmidt hammer R-values is developed, potential errors in dating Holocene rock surfaces are estimated and limitations are assessed. Multiple sites from glacially abraded bedrock outcrops of two ages (glacier forelands deglaciated for c . 100 years and adjacent late-Preboreal terrain deglaciated for c . 9700 years) are used to analyse the variability of mean R-values and to construct linear age-calibration curves for three sub-regions in the Jotunheimen–Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway. Conservative potential dating errors of 246–632 years are estimated using 95% confidence intervals associated with two control points, the width of the error limits being significantly greater for the Preboreal surfaces than for the younger Little Ice Age surfaces. Substantial improvements over previous age calibrations are largely attributable to the use of multiple sites as part of a research design that has effectively controlled for geological differences between the three sub-regions. In the context of the Holocene time scale, the technique is seen as complementary to cosmogenic-nuclide dating (which currently has lower precision) and lichenometric dating (which has a lower temporal range). 相似文献
The approach to calibrated-age dating of rock surfaces using Schmidt hammer R-values is developed, potential errors in dating Holocene rock surfaces are estimated and limitations are assessed. Multiple sites from glacially abraded bedrock outcrops of two ages (glacier forelands deglaciated for c . 100 years and adjacent late-Preboreal terrain deglaciated for c . 9700 years) are used to analyse the variability of mean R-values and to construct linear age-calibration curves for three sub-regions in the Jotunheimen–Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway. Conservative potential dating errors of 246–632 years are estimated using 95% confidence intervals associated with two control points, the width of the error limits being significantly greater for the Preboreal surfaces than for the younger Little Ice Age surfaces. Substantial improvements over previous age calibrations are largely attributable to the use of multiple sites as part of a research design that has effectively controlled for geological differences between the three sub-regions. In the context of the Holocene time scale, the technique is seen as complementary to cosmogenic-nuclide dating (which currently has lower precision) and lichenometric dating (which has a lower temporal range). 相似文献
6.
Twenty‐seven 14C dates from alluvial deposits and soils exposed in modern arroyos near Zuni Salt Lake, New Mexico, provide evidence for past episodes of piedmont and valley entrenchment by low‐order ephemeral streams. We recognize two episodes of entrenchment at A.D. 900–1050 and A.D. 1300–1400 that correlate to other arroyo‐cutting events in the region. Episodes of piedmont and valley entrenchment are followed by approximately 200–300 years of aggradation until arroyos are filled and shallow flooding with expansive sedimentation returns, completing an alluvial cycle. Many alluvial cycles appear synchronous across much of the southern Colorado Plateau and are likely linked to changes in climate and flood regime. Flooding on small basin drainages near Zuni Salt Lake is related to the Southwest summer monsoon, a meteorological event that is poorly linked to El Niño. Alluvial cycles on small basin drainages affected indigenous floodwater farming by locally lowering water tables and reducing irrigable area during phases of entrenchment and contributed to the aggregation of Puebloan communities on the southern Colorado Plateau in the A.D. 1300s. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
7.
Steven N. Bacon Eric V. McDonald Todd G. Caldwell Graham K. Dalldorf 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(3):425-438
The integration of geomorphic mapping, soil stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dating of alluvial deposits offers insight to the timing, magnitude, and paleoclimatic context of Holocene fan sedimentation near Yuma, Arizona. Mapping of 3400 km2 indicates about 10% of the area aggraded in the late Holocene and formed regionally extensive alluvial fan and alluvial plain cut-and-fill terraces. Fan deposits have weakly developed gravelly soils and yielded a date of 3200–2950 cal yr BP from carbonized wood. Alluvial plain deposits have weakly developed buried sandy soils and provided a date of 2460–2300 cal yr BP from a terrestrial snail shell. Precipitation records were analyzed to form historical analogues to the late Holocene aggradation and to consider the role of climatic variability and extreme hydrologic events as drivers of the sedimentation. The historical precipitation record indicates numerous above-average events correlated to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) in the region, but lacks any significant reactivation of alluvial fan surfaces. The timing of aggradation from 3200 to 2300 cal yr BP correlates well with other paleoclimatic proxy records in the southwestern U.S. and eastern Pacific region, which indicate an intensification of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic pattern and rapid climate change during this period. 相似文献
8.
西藏纳木错扎弄淌剖面10000年以来的沉积间断和环境变化记录 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对西藏纳木错全新统扎弄淌组(Q4lz)地层剖面的沉积特征观察,易溶盐、磁化率、粒度、碳酸盐、孢粉分析和14C年代测定等综合研究表明,扎弄淌组湖相地层沉积物记录了约自10000aBP以来的沉积间断和环境变化信息。资料显示该区自9010~8560aBP以来,气候从偏冷干到偏湿再转变为轻湿;在4870~2350aBP期间,气候从暖湿到温暖湿润,又从全新世气候适宜期转变为较湿润期。表明自全新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上,经历了两次大的气候变化旋回,有过多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。 相似文献
9.
Chris Turney Mike Baillie Steve Clemens David Brown Jonathan Palmer Jonathan Pilcher Paula Reimer Hanns Hubert Leuschner 《第四纪科学杂志》2005,20(6):511-518
The temporal and spatial extent of Holocene climate change is an area of considerable uncertainty, with solar forcing recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified in the North Atlantic region. To address these issues we have developed an annually resolved record of changes in Irish bog tree populations over the last 7468 years which, together with radiocarbon‐dated bog and lake‐edge populations, extend the dataset back to ～9000 yr ago. The Irish trees underpin the internationally accepted radiocarbon calibration curve, used to derive a proxy of solar activity, and allow us to test solar forcing of Holocene climate change. Tree populations and age structures provide unambiguous evidence of major shifts in Holocene surface moisture, with a dominant cyclicity of 800 yr, similar to marine cycles in the North Atlantic, indicating significant changes in the latitude and intensity of zonal atmospheric circulation across the region. The cycles, however, are not coherent with changes in solar activity (both being on the same absolute timescale), indicating that Holocene North Atlantic climate variability at the millennial and centennial scale is not driven by a linear response to changes in solar activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
长江三峡库区中坝遗址地层洪水沉积粒度特征及其沉积环境 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对三峡库区中坝遗址1981年洪水沉积和疑似古洪水沉积的粒度对比分析，发现它们的平均粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度和众值粒径都在同一值域范围内；频率分布曲线相似，呈单峰态；概率累积曲线都呈明显的三段式。从而推断出中坝遗址的文化间隙层为古洪水沉积。在考古断代和AMS14C测年基础上，对洪水沉积环境研究发现，中坝遗址洪水沉积大多发生在我国的暖期，但周朝和宋代的洪水沉积发生在我国冷期，这与我国气候小循环和当地独特的地貌特征有关。清代以后，沉积物平均粒径明显变大，表明当地植被已经退化；沉积物平均粒径和峰度变化幅度大，说明人类活动使当地生态系统变得脆弱，气候多变。 相似文献
11.
The mid to late‐Holocene climates of most of Scotland have been reconstructed from seven peat bogs located across north–south and east–west geographical and climatological gradients. The main techniques used for palaeoclimatic reconstruction were plant macrofossil, colorimetric humification, and testate amoebae analyses, which were supported by a radiocarbon‐based chronology, aided by markers such as tephra isochrons and recent rises in pine pollen and in spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs). Field stratigraphy was undertaken at each site in order to show that the changes detected within the peat profiles were replicable. Proxy climate records were reconstructed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of the plant macrofossil data and a mean water table depth transfer function on the testate amoebae data. These reconstructions, coupled with the humification data, were standardised for each site and used to produce a composite record of bog surface wetness (BSW) from each site. The results show coherent wet and dry phases over the last 5000 years and suggest regional differences in climate across Scotland, specifically between northern and southern Scotland. Distinct climatic cycles are identified, all of which record a millennial‐scale periodicity which can be correlated with previously identified marine and ice core Holocene cycles. The key role of the macrofossil remains of Sphagnum imbricatum, a taxon now extinct on many sites, is discussed in relation to the identified climatic shifts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
亚洲中纬度气候主要受两大环流控制,继而划分出受亚洲季风控制季风区和受西风环流控制的西风区。已有研究发现在年代际至千年尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化存在错相位、甚至反相位的现象。文章综述了中更新世以来,多千年至轨道尺度上,两气候区的湿度演化模态的异同,以此深入了解亚洲气候演化的系统性。结果表明:二者的间冰期气候演化的整体趋势存在明显差别,尤其MIS 13以来,二者的演化趋势基本相反。在间冰期的多千年至万年尺度上,二者的气候演化模态呈现非同相位:高精度的释光测年结果显示天山地区的湿度变化滞后于黄土高原地区大概3~5 ka,且该现象在更早的间冰期可重复。在冰期的千年尺度上,两地的湿度演化基本一致,但西风区湿度的波动幅度更大。 相似文献
13.
M. SARNTHEIN S. VAN KREVELD H. ERLENKEUSER P. M. GROOTES M. KUCERA U. PFLAUMANN M. SCHULZ 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(3):447-461
At the western continental margin of the Barents Sea, 75°N, hemipelagic sediments provide a record of Holocene climate change with a time resolution of 10-70 years. Planktic foraminifera counts reveal a very early Holocene thermal optimum 10.7-7.7 kyr BP, with summer sea surface temperatures (SST) of 8°C and a much enhanced West Spitsbergen Current. There was a short cooling between 8.8 and 8.2 kyr BP. In the middle and late Holocene summer, SST dropped to 2.5°-5.0°C, indicative of reduced Atlantic heat advection, except for two short warmings near 2.2 and 1.6 kyr BP. Distinct quasi-periodic spikes of coarse sediment fraction (with large portions of lithic grains, benthic and planktic foraminifera) record cascades of cold, dense winter water down the continental slope as a result of enhanced seasonal sea ice formation and storminess on the Barents shelf over the entire Holocene. The spikes primarily cluster near recurrence intervals of 400-650 and 1000-1350 years, when traced over the entire Holocene, but follow significant 885-/840- and 505-/605-year periodicities in the early Holocene. These non-stationary periodicities mimic the Greenland-[Formula: See Text]Be variability, which is a tracer of solar forcing. Further significant Holocene periodicities of 230, (145) and 93 years come close to the deVries and Gleissberg solar cycles. 相似文献
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15.
The Arctic region is very sensitive to climate change and important in the Earth’s climate system. However, proxy datasets for Arctic climate are unevenly distributed and especially scarce for Svalbard because glaciers during the Little Ice Age, the most extensive in the Holocene, destroyed large quantities of sediment records in Svalbard. Fortunately, palaeo-notch sediments could withstand glaciers and be well-preserved after deposition. In this study, we reconstructed a mid-to-late Holocene record of climate changes in a palaeo-notch sediment sequence from London Island. Multiple weathering indices were determined, they all showed consistent weathering conditions in the study area, and they were closely linked to climate changes. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were also determined, and their variation profiles were similar to those of weathering indices. The climate change record in our sediment sequence is consistent with ice rafting record from North Atlantic and glacier activity from Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard, and four cold periods are clearly present. Our study provides a relatively long-term climate change record for climate conditions from mid-to-late Holocene in Svalbard. 相似文献
16.
Baotian Pan Huai Su Zhenbo Hu Xiaofei Hu Hongshan Gao Jijun Li Eric Kirby 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(27-28):3281-3290
The competing roles of bedrock uplift and climatic change in the formation of fluvial terraces remain uncertain. Most of recent studies have attributed terrace formation to climatic changes and held that, even in tectonically active settings, climate variations control cycles of terrace planation and abandonment. Based on field investigations of loess-paleosol sequences, magnetostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we develop a new chronology for a spectacular flight of terraces along the Yellow River near Lanzhou, China over past 1.24 Ma. All the terraces are strikingly similar in that they have several meters of paleosol developed directly above fluvial deposits on the terrace treads, suggesting that the abandonment of each terrace due to river incision occurs during the transition from glacial to interglacial climates. However, the ages of terraces cluster in two relatively short time periods (1.24–0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma – present). During the intervening time between 0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma, terraces either did not form or were not preserved. We suggest that this record indicates that rock uplift rates varied through time and influenced terrace formation/preservation. Thus, our results demonstrate the utility of deep chronologic records from fluvial terraces for deconvolving the effects of tectonics and climate on fluvial incision. 相似文献
17.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(3-4):517-535
A pollen profile from Okarito Pakihi Bog in south Westland, New Zealand extending from near present back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 provides a continuous record of vegetation and climate change for the past two glacial cycles. Independent chronological control was obtained by AMS radiocarbon dating of organic sediments in the upper part of the sequence and OSL dating of inorganic silts in the lower part, with a unique tie point provided by the ca 26.5 cal ka Kawakawa Tephra. As was probably a common occurrence in this region, the basin developed as a moraine-dammed proglacial lake and remained lacustrine until the early Holocene, when a peat bog developed. Survival of the depositional site through subsequent multiple ice advances, unusual in a glaciated landscape, was probably assisted by lateral displacement of the basin relative to its source area, across the Alpine Fault.There is good correspondence between inferred periods of substantial treeline depression in the pollen profile and the record for ice advance in this region. More cooling events are evident in the pollen record, however, presumably due to the fragmentary nature of glacial geomorphology. The pollen record also shows broad consistency with the MIS record and hence with the Milankovitch orbital forcing model, but with some departures, including an early onset to the last glacial maximum (LGM). Several sub-Milankovitch scale events are also evident, including a mid-LGM warming and Lateglacial reversals during both the last and the penultimate deglaciation. 相似文献
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冲洪积物是古气候和古水文信息的重要记录,为了探讨巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区全新世气候环境及其对区域地下水的影响,对沙漠南缘的水成沉积物进行了沉积学分析和光释光年代学测试,结果表明本文研究的两个沙漠南缘沉积剖面分别为全新世中期（6.6~5.2 ka）的间歇性河流沉积和暂时性流水形成的洪泛沉积.基于前人全新世中期沙漠中湖泊水位、气候环境重建,以及本文研究的冲洪积物的沉积特征与年代,表明在气候湿润的地质时期巴丹吉林沙漠南缘及山区的区域降水形成暂时性洪流和/或间歇性河流会对沙漠地区地下水进行补给. 相似文献
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古洪水沉积物是研究地史时期极端降水事件和古环境演化的重要载体。基于地质记录开展古洪水重建研究,可以为揭示区域洪水历史过程及机制提供依据,对水资源利用和工程建设等具有重要的现实意义。本文以漕河古河道北岸出露较好的李迪城村剖面为研究对象,综合地层序列、野外沉积特征、沉积构造及沉积物粒度分析,对白洋淀地区漕河古河道沉积记录的古洪水事件进行了识别,发现该剖面具有以下主要特征:古洪水沉积层与下伏地层存在明显的冲刷侵蚀面,沉积体形态呈透镜状,由泥砾、炭屑、双壳类及灰黑色粉细砂混杂组成,发育中小型交错层理;洪水沉积物粒度指标(中值粒径、砂含量、黏土/粉砂值及Q90)表现为高值,以细砂为优势组分,含混杂的粉砂及少量黏土,分选较差;古洪水沉积层中古树与双壳类集中埋藏,呈定向排列,其指示的方向与遥感影像揭示的古河道方向一致。通过该剖面沉积特征及地层AMS 14C年代分析,确定漕河在全新世早期约10.8~9.6 ka BP发生了4期古洪水事件,这4期古洪水事件可以与该时期华北地区其它古洪水事件进行对比。当时正值全新世早期,东亚夏季风增强,为气温和降水频繁波动上升时期,据此推断白洋淀地区全新世早期的古洪水事件是当时气候背景下的产物。 相似文献