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1.
热液中铅、锌、银共生分异的热力学探讨 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过元素基本性质的对比以及热力学计算分析，探讨了热液中银、铅、锌的共生分异机制。在酸性至近中性条件下，氯配合物是它们在热液中的存在形式，其中锌氯配合物最稳定；在近中性到碱性条件下，硫氢配合物占主导地位，此时，银硫氢配合物相对最稳定。温度下降、[Cr]降低、pH升高及f(O2)降低，引起银、铅、锌配合物溶解度减小，发生沉淀分离；对于硫氢配合物，其稳定性主要受pH及还原硫浓度的影响。因此，配合物的不同存在形式以及配合物稳定性之间的差异，使得它们对热液条件的改变做出不同的响应，从而导致了热液中银、铅、锌在成矿过程中的共生分异。 相似文献
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Zhang Sheng Li Tongjin Wang LiankuiGuangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesWushan Guangzhou 《《地质学报》英文版》1997,71(4):433-445
The Changkeng gold-silver deposits consist of a sediment-hosted, disseminated gold deposit and a replacement-type silver deposit. The mineralizations of gold and silver are zoned and closely related to the silicification of carbonate and clastic rocks, so that siliceous ores dominate in the deposit. The mineralizing temperature ranges mainly from 300 to 170℃, and K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl- are the major ions in the ore-forming fluid. Calculations of distribution of metal complexes show that gold is mainly transported by hydrosulphide complexes, but chloride complexes of silver, iron, lead, and zinc, which are transformed into hydroxyl and hydrosulphide complexes under neutral to weak-alkaline circumstances in the late stage, predominate in the ore-forming solutions. Water-rock interaction is confirmed to be the effective mechanism for the formation of silver ores by computer modelling of reaction of hydrothermal solution with carbonate rocks. The solubility analyses demonstrate that the precipitation 相似文献
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一些有机物对Ph、Zn、Cu迁移与沉积作用的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据一些有机物在成矿溶液中存在的可能性,作者相继就中性、酸性与碱性氨基酸,以及酒石酸在铅、锌、铜迁移与沉积过程中的作用,进行了模拟实验研究。结果表明,在从９０～２１０℃范围内,酸性氨基酸在热卤水中的存在,比中性和碱性氨基酸更有利于铅、锌、铜的活化、迁移。而酒石酸在热卤水中的存在,只在９０℃或更低时,才是铅、锌等金属活化、迁移的最佳温度条件。且无论哪种有机物在热卤水中的存在,随作用时间及温度的变化,不同金属的活化、迁移明显不同。这表明,金属与氨基酸或其它有机物形成的易溶络合物,其稳定性不仅与金属、氨基酸等有机物的种类有关,而且还受温度的显著影响。 相似文献
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河南洛宁沙沟Ag-Pb-Zn矿床银的赋存状态及成矿机理 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
位于河南洛宁境内的沙沟热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床是熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型矿床.野外观察和矿相学研究表明成矿过程包含4个阶段, 分别为石英-菱铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-闪锌矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-银矿物-方铅矿阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ), 其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段为主成矿阶段.扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和电子显微探针微区成分分析(EMP)结果显示, 沙沟矿床中的银以不可见银和可见银两种形式存在, 但以可见银为主.不可见银主要以次显微包体(< 1 μm)的形式被包裹在黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物中, 而可见银通常以各种银的独立矿物形式交代方铅矿和黄铜矿等硫化物或充填在硫化物和石英的显微裂隙内.结合本文研究和前人对沙沟矿床流体包裹体的研究认为, 银和铅、锌等金属离子在成矿早期高温阶段以氯络合物的形式搬运, 随着成矿热液温度和氧逸度的降低以及pH值的升高, 氯络合物因稳定性降低而解体, 硫氢络合物成为银、铅、锌的主要迁移形式.随着成矿热液温度的继续降低, 铅、锌等金属硫氢络合物开始分解, 方铅矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿等硫化物得以沉淀, 此时部分银以显微和次显微包体银的形式被包裹于这些硫化物中.铅锌硫化物的大量沉淀引起成矿热液组成和性质的显著变化, 最终导致银从硫氢络合物中彻底解体, 并与Cu+、Sb3+等离子结合形成大量独立银矿物(如含银黝铜矿、硫锑铜银矿和辉铜银矿等), 而溶液中过饱和的银则以自然银的形式沉淀. 相似文献
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维拉斯托-拜仁达坝锌铜多金属矿床为近几年大兴安岭中南段西坡发现的较大的2个银多金属矿床,主要对2个矿床矿石矿物组合分析和对比,对主要的矿石矿物组合进行扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析和电子探针分析显示:从早期到晚期,矿物组合从高温钨酸盐和氧化物-复硫化物-硫化物-低温含锑硫盐矿物(锑化物);银的赋存状态主要为可见银矿物,其次为晶格银(类质同象)和次显微包裹银,其中生成顺序依次为含银黝铜矿+银锑黝铜矿+黝锑银矿-辉锑铅银矿+柱硫锑铅银矿+深红银矿+锑银矿.根据不同成矿阶段的矿物组合和流体包裹体特征得出:成矿早期在氧化偏酸性环境下,W、Sn等以钨酸、钨酸盐等形式迁移,Zn2+、Pb2+、Cu+等金属离子以氯络合物形式迁移;随着黑钨矿气化沉淀及成矿流体物理化学条件的变化,成矿中-晚期成矿环境变为弱碱性还原条件,成矿流体中金属离子以硫氢络合物迁移为主,伴着温度降低和围岩的水-岩作用,硫氢络合物分解,导致磁黄铁矿等硫化物、硫锑银矿物、硫锑铅矿等依次沉淀. 相似文献
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金同铅锌矿化的分离及共生 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
金矿化同铅锌矿化存在独特的关系。在块状硫化物矿床和现代洋底硫化物堆积物中金和贱金属的富集程度基本上是相同的,而脉状金矿床中,在富集了大约１０＾３－１０＾４的金的同时仅轻度富集或实际上贫化贱金属铅锌; 相似文献
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The Late Miocene San Cristobal Ag–Zn–Pb deposit represents syngenetic and epigenetic mineralization with low- and high-sulfidation characteristics. Rocks in the deposit are characterized by barren dacitic ring fracture domes, mineralized resurgent rhyodacite domes, strongly altered and mineralized tuffaceous lacustrine sedimentary rocks, and an extensive crystal-lithic tuff debris apron. The ore body is hosted by intracauldron sedimentary and volcanic rocks and genetically associated breccias. Fluid inclusion data suggest that silver, lead, and zinc were transported as chloride complexes and precipitated by cooling in veins from <5 wt.% NaCl eq. fluids at 170–215 °C. Silver that was spatially, and perhaps temporally, associated with an episode of rhyodacite resurgence may have been transported as a chloride complex and precipitated by increased H2S activity or increased fluid pH. Although San Cristobal represents a major silver resource, the occurrence of stratiform wurtzite and sphalerite in cauldron-hosted sedimentary rocks represents a syngenetic component of mineralization that is very rare in continental caldera-associated epithermal deposits, which contributes to San Cristobal's significance as a zinc resource. 相似文献
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系统梳理了放射性Pd-Ag体系银同位素在行星科学中的发展概况以及稳定银同位素在环境科学示踪和金银矿床中的研究进展.在太阳星云以及行星核的形成过程中,由于107Ag可由107Pd经β衰变产生,而挥发性元素的耗散又会造成早期Pd/Ag的分异,使得Pd-Ag同位素体系可以用于早期太阳系的活动历史研究,例如定义行星核的形成、限定行星形成时代.在稳定银同位素体系中,已探明银同位素组成（δ109Ag）变化范围为-1.0‰~+2.3‰.稳定银同位素组成在不同环境的样品中具有类似于“指纹”特性,可用于确定污染物来源,追溯污染物环境过程,还原真实的环境系统.在金银矿床研究中,具有显著变化的银同位素组成使其在贵金属矿床的形成及演化机制上具有直接的应用意义.目前银同位素在解答行星科学及地球科学等诸多领域问题上仍存在一些尚未解决的难题,例如放射性Pd-Ag体系中太阳系初期107Pd/108Pd比值的精确限定、环境及矿床中银迁移沉积的物理化学过程的复杂耦合同位素分馏机制的确定等. 相似文献
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The physicochemical formation conditions of Au-As, Au-Sb, and Ag-Sb ores characterized by similar paragenetic mineral assemblages and sets of major ore elements but differing in their proportions have been studied. The composition of the solutions filling fluid inclusions in minerals of Au-Sb deposits, combined with mineralogical and geochemical data, indicates that these deposits were formed from a near-neutral to alkalescent chloride-sulfide (<5 wt % NaCl) solution. Au-As and Au-Sb deposits were formed from fluids of the same type, consisting of a predominately CO2-CH4 gas phase with N2 and a low-saline chloride-sulfide solution, where Au and Ag were predominantly transported as dihydrosulfide species and Sb as sulfide and hydroxy complexes. Superimposed minerals of the sulfide-sulfosalt stage that precipitated from chloride-rich solutions (up to 30 wt % NaCl equiv), which contained Ca and Fe chlorides in addition to NaCl, are identified at some Au-Sb deposits. These solutions are similar in composition to the ore-forming fluids of Ag-Sb deposits. Chloride complexes are dominant Au and Ag species in acid chloride-rich solutions of Ag-Sb deposits (up to 38 wt % NaCl equiv), while chloride and hydroxy complexes are characteristic of Sb. These solutions are distinguished by high concentrations of Ag, Sb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Bi, Pb, and Zn. The mineralogical and geochemical specialization of Ag-Sb ore is caused by chemical features of highly concentrated chloride solutions enriched in Ag, Sb, and Cu and by a relatively low Au content within the pH interval 3.5–4.0 (10?6 m). The factors controlling formation of Au-As deposits are a high capacity of a low-chloride sulfide solution with respect to metals and a high Au concentration therein (two orders higher than that of solutions of Ag-Sb deposits). The enrichment of the pyrite-arsenopyrite paragenetic assemblage in gold is a result of juxtaposed stability fields of native gold, arsenopyrite, and pyrite and their mass deposition with a decrease in temperature from 400 to 300°C. The main cause of the specific mineralogy and geochemistry of Au-Sb deposits is a high metal capacity of a near-neutral low-chloride sulfide fluid with respect to Sb, Au, and Ag, but a low Ag content. The mineralogical and fluid inclusion data combined with computer thermodynamic simulation allowed us to establish the factors of ore formation at P-T-X parameters close to natural conditions and made it possible to characterize the joint deposition of gold and silver in quantitative terms. 相似文献
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Distribution of silver in massive sulfide ores 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Örjan Amcoff 《Mineralium Deposita》1984,19(1):63-69
The distribution of silver in connection with the formation of massive sulfide ores is discussed. It is proposed: 1) The affinity between silver and galena-rich ores is only pronounced if antimony and/or bismuth are also present in significant amounts, and 2) The degree of correlation between silver and lead is partly a function of the Ag/Sb+Bi ratio in the ore and increasing with decrease in ratio at least up to Ag/Sb+Bi=1. Observations of correlated Cu/Ag ratios in complex ores indicate that some silver was solved in chalcopyrite at the time of deposition. This is often masked by the much higher silver contents associated with galena. The Bi/Sb ratio is expected to increase downwards stratigraphically in galena-rich ores, due to a larger solubility of silver-bismuth in galena as compared with silver-antimony, at a realistic deposition temperature (200–300 °C). However, such an effect will only rarely be seen, due to incomplete separation of the ore-constituents at the time of deposition, as well as to post-depositional changes. 相似文献
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The metalized quartz veins is located 5 km west of the Iraqi-Iran border in the Qandil range. The quartz veins included sulfide and oxide ore minerals which mostly occur in the form of open-space filling texture. The polymetallic mesothermal quartz veins are hosted by marble and phyllite rocks. Within these veins, multiphase, open-space filling and crustiform, bedding to massive textures with pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite,galena, sphalerite, tenorite, azurite, and malachite are observed. Selected samples were analyzed by using ore microscopy and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ore minerals show replacement textures. The paragenesis diagram was made from a careful study of polished sections and three stages have been identified including pre-stage mineralization, mineralization, and post-mineralization stages.Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis of 15 primary inclusions of quartz veins indicated that ore mineralization at the studied area were formed by a mesothermal, low to medium density, and dilute NaCl-type fluid system. The source of the fluid is mostly metamorphic which became mixed with other fluids later. Hydrothermal fluids of the selected studied area were classified into two groups based on microthermometry study; the first group had a higher homogenization temperature (335.5 to 386.8 °C) than the second group (194.1 to 298.5 °C), with a small difference in salinity between them. Nearly each group has different complexes including chloride and sulfide complexes respectively. The results of stable sulfur isotope of the ore minerals (chalcopyrite and sphalerite) confirmed the sedimentary and/or metamorphic origin of the ore mineralization. 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):427-434
The author attempts to explain some of the problems of hydrochemical prospecting by study of the migration of certain metals in water. In general the metal content of natural waters is lower than might be expected from their solubilities in pure water. In deposits of Kazakhstan there is a strong influence on the concentration of these elements by the chemical composition and pH of the water. Lead and copper contents are strongly dependent on pH (decreasing with greater pH) and zinc less so. The pH limit of indistinct and discontinuous hydrochemical anomalies is about 7 for copper, 7.2 for lead, and 7.5 for zinc. The predominantly alkaline or neutral waters of raremetal deposits precludes usage of copper, lead, and zinc as indicators. Careful studies are therefore necessary to adequately evaluate anomalies. Data from diverse, unmineralized rocks indicates that limestones and carbon-enriched bottom deposits, and acid intrusives and their tuffs, are most active in lead sorption. The structure of rocks and microorganisms influence metal content in associated waters.—J. A. Redden. 相似文献
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四川盆地富硫天然气与盆地周缘铅锌铜矿的成因联系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
金属元素的搬运和沉淀是热液矿床成矿机理研究的重要方面。目前人们普遍认为热液矿床中金属元素主要呈硫的络合物和卤素络合物形式搬运。MVT铅锌矿床等硫化物矿床盐度较高,包裹体成分中阳离子以Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以Cl-、F-、CO2-3为主,很少有HS-、S2-,表明金属元素主要以氯的络合物形式搬运,外来硫的加入是导致铅锌成矿物质以硫化物形式沉淀成矿的关键。四川盆地天然气中富含H2S,其与周缘MVT铅锌矿床具有密切的时空关系,据此推测天然气中的H2S可能是导致铅锌硫化物沉淀形成MVT铅锌矿床的主要硫源,天然气中的H2S与铅锌成矿流体在古油藏中作用形成含沥青的铅锌矿床;当含硫化氢的天然气运移离开古油藏后与含矿流体混合时,形成不含沥青的铅锌矿床。另外,石油热裂解产生的不含H2S的天然气使得含铜热液中的铜还原,以自然铜形式沉淀形成含沥青的玄武岩铜矿;石油热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)过程中,还会发生溶蚀作用,扩大碳酸盐岩孔隙,为成矿提供空间。 相似文献
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元素共生分异现象在矿床中是普遍存在的。认识和查明元素的共生分异特征和形成机制，对丰富成矿理论和指导找矿勘探均具有重要意义。以黔西南微细浸染型金矿区为例，对元素共生分异机制的研究现状和存在问题进行了评述。在此基础上，肯定了成矿流体地球化学在元素共生分异机制研究中的地位和作用。从成矿流体地球化学研究入手，在查明成矿流体来源及时空演化规律的基础上，结合矿床地球化学、成矿实验及成矿过程的计算机模拟研究，深入研究成矿流体中成矿元素的来源、活化迁移条件及沉淀富集过程的共性及差异，是揭示元素共生分异机制的关键所在。 相似文献
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元素共生分异现象在矿床中是普遍存在的。认识和查明元素的共生分异特征和形成机制 ,对丰富成矿理论和指导找矿勘探均具有重要意义。以黔西南微细浸染型金矿区为例 ,对元素共生分异机制的研究现状和存在问题进行了评述。在此基础上 ,肯定了成矿流体地球化学在元素共生分异机制研究中的地位和作用。从成矿流体地球化学研究入手 ,在查明成矿流体来源及时空演化规律的基础上 ,结合矿床地球化学、成矿实验及成矿过程的计算机模拟研究 ,深入研究成矿流体中成矿元素的来源、活化迁移条件及沉淀富集过程的共性及差异 ,是揭示元素共生分异机制的关键所在 相似文献
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Paleotectonic Setting of Dongyan Group of Middle and Upper Proterozoic in Central Fujian Province 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ZhangDaWuGanguo WuGanguo YeYujiang ZhangXiangxin WuJianshe WangQunfeng 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2004,15(1):29-35
The central Fujian Province, situated on the juncture of paleo-uplift of Wuyishan, Yongmei Late Paleozoic depression and the eastern volcanic rift-fanlting zone, is mainly composed of the outcropped metamorphic basements in the Middle-Late and Early Proterozoic, which constitute two upper and lower giant thick formations of Precambrian volcanic-sedimentary cycles, respectively. The formation of Dongyan Group is an important Middle-Upper Proterozoic component, and the Dongyan Group is directly related to massive sulfide deposit in this area. In recent years, plenty of lead, zinc, copper, silver and gold deposits have been found and explored. The Precambrian paleorift setting of the central Fujian Province served as a favorite metallogenic background for the formation of large- and superlargescale volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) lead and zinc polymetal deposits. The Dongyan Group consists chiefly of a set of ancient volcanic sedimentary formations that are composed mainly of greenschist. Its major lithologic types comprise greenschist, marble, quartzite and granofels class including various components. The metamorphic rocks of Dongyan Group are the main composition of Middle and Upper Proterozoic volcanic-sedimentary cycle. The original rock of Dongyan Group, a stable rock association, is volcanic sedimentation and normal marine sedimentation. But the original volcanic rocks, basic and acid, are bimodal. The volcanic rocks were formed in the extensional continental rift setting. 相似文献
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The Jabali nonsulfide zinc deposit, located northeast of Sana'a (Yemen) contains a geological resource of 12.6 million tonnes of ore grading 8.9% zinc, 1.2% lead and 68 g/t silver, with a projected recovery of ca. 80% zinc. The primary sulfide deposit shows features of both Mississippi Valley and Carbonate Replacement types, and is believed to have been formed by circulating hydrothermal fluids, either associated with Mesozoic rifting, or generated from Tertiary igneous activity, developed in the area during the Red Sea crustal extension. An extension of this phenomenon should have also triggered the late uplift, which favored the oxidation of sulfides. Ore deposition has been accompanied by several dolomitization phases, some of which have been considered strictly hydrothermal. 相似文献