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本文流域产流的主要环节，以流域下渗容量分配曲线与产流过程的关系为依据，吸收斯坦福流域水文模型的合理结构，并与常规的前期影响雨量算法结合起来，建立产流事件模型。模型在汉江支流丹江和洵河两个流域应用，其产流合格率达８０％以上，经验表明，此模型简便易行，使用效果好，值得研究推广。 相似文献
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蓄水容量曲线是反映流域缺水量空间分布不均匀性的特征曲线,对流域产流计算有直接影响。通过对多个典型流域蓄水容量空间分布的分析,发现Erlang分布能更好地拟合流域的蓄水容量曲线,进一步基于Erlang分布进行流域产流的推导,提出了基于Erlang分布蓄水容量曲线的流域产流模型。应用结果表明,基于Erlang分布的流域产流模型,增加了模型的适应性,模拟结果更接近流域实际的产流过程,比新安江模型能取得更高的模拟精度。此外,该产流模型的参数可由流域地形和土壤类型数据估算,为无资料地区的产流计算提供了一种可行的途径。 相似文献
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临界雨量是山洪灾害预警的重要指标,为分析小流域雨型对临界雨量的影响,首先对流域降雨过程按照雨峰出现位置的不同进行归类和划分,定性分析流域常出现的各种典型雨型;在此基础上,采用PilgrimCordery法定量确定流域各种典型雨型的时程分配,并通过试算法计算其相应的临界雨量;利用流域近期发生的成灾洪水,采用临界雨量偏离度指标进一步分析论证雨型对临界雨量的影响。以河南省新县裴河典型小流域为实例进行应用研究,结果表明:设计雨型不能完全代表该流域的降雨类型,其属于雨峰偏后式雨型,由此确定的临界雨量与该流域常出现的雨峰偏前式雨型临界雨量相差33%,与多峰雨型临界雨量差异较大,相差43%。实时预警时,根据实时雨型类型,采用相应的临界雨量,可以提高山洪灾害预警预报水平。 相似文献
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一种非饱和产流模型的探讨 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
在我国北方干旱或半干旱地区,产流预报曾用初损、入渗曲线法,并在作业预报方面,取得了一定的效果。采用这种产流预报的方法,一般绘制2张相关图,即前期影响雨量(P_α)～初损(I)和前期影响雨量(P_α)～历时(t)～入渗率(f)相关曲线,便可进行产流量的预报了。近年来,计算技术发展十分迅速。为了能够采用电子计算机进行作业预报,需对上述的产流预报方法,在理论上作进一步探讨,并建立起数学模式来表达非饱和产流的模型。 相似文献
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为探讨不同测量站配置数对统计长江流域夏季日面雨量精度的影响,选取金沙江下游、鄂东北、青弋水阳江3个流域作为研究对象,并挑选出不同站网分布,统计各站网分布计算的2016—2018年夏季日面雨量,运用平均绝对误差（MAE）、均方差（MSE）和相关系数（r）三个技术指标来评价各流域夏季日面雨量精度与站数之间的关系。结果表明：各流域夏季日面雨量精度均受站数变化的影响,MAE、MSE均随站数的增加而减小,但当站数增加到一定数量之后趋于稳定,r也有相同的变化规律,只是随站数增加而增大。同时,通过计算三个技术指标随站数平均变化值,定量揭示了以上变化规律并得到金下、鄂东北、青弋水阳江流域代表性站数分别为405站、293站、126站,与现有站数相比,分别减少25.1%、55.8%、56.6%,可为计算长江流域夏季日面雨量选用站数和站网布局提供参考。 相似文献
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黄河数字流域模型是“数字黄河”的重要组成部分,在数字流域模型框架下,以坡面为基本单元,建立了包括植被截留、融雪、地表蓄滞、表层土蓄滞、中层土蓄滞和深层土蓄滞共6层的产流模型.模型在垂向上考虑3层出流:地表超渗产流、表层土侧向渗流和中层土侧向渗流,既反映当前的降水过程,又体现前期降水过程和土壤前期含水量的影响,比较适合黄河流域的产流特点.在坡面产流的基础上,还给出了坡面单元侵蚀产沙公式,用于建立流域产沙数学模型.应用建立的模型,给出了3个计算实例:黄河全流域水量计算、小花区间汛期洪水模拟和多沙粗沙区产沙计算.实践表明:建立的模型基本具备了在黄河全流域进行降雨-径流模拟、侵蚀产沙计算的功能,辅以降雨预报模块则可进行洪水预报. 相似文献
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产流理论与计算方法的若干进展及评述 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
近２０年来，产流理论与计算方法有了长足的进步。本文从产流机制，基本产流模式，流域产流３个方面，着重介绍了国内外研究的若干进展，并作了简要的评述。 相似文献
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降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟具有重要影响。针对流域降雨资料不完整的情况,以武烈河流域为例,基于反距离加权平均法对雨量站降雨资料进行插补延长,并结合SWAT模型研究了降雨输入不确定性对分布式流域水文模拟的影响。结果表明:不同降雨输入对流域平均降雨量的影响较小,但基于气象站资料的降雨数据在降雨空间差异显著的年份会明显低估面雨量,且在夏季汛期表现更为显著;不同降雨输入对分布式流域水文模拟的影响较大;在雨量站降雨资料不完整的情况下,通过对雨量站降雨数据进行插补延长,相对于直接利用气象站降雨资料,在一定程度上可以提高径流模拟精度,满足降雨资料欠缺流域分布式水文模拟的实际需求。 相似文献
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Variability of impact of earthquake on debris-flow triggering conditions: case study of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed,Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Jinn-Chyi Chen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(7):1787-1794
This study investigates the variations in the critical conditions for debris-flow occurrence before and after the Chi-Chi
earthquake in the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed, Taiwan. Topographical and rainfall parameters such as the gully gradient, drainage
area, rainfall intensity, cumulative rainfall, and rainfall duration in the Chen-Yu-Lan watershed were used to analyze the
conditions of debris-flow occurrence over the past 25 years. A recovery equation was proposed on the basis of rainfall parameters
and used to determine the variations in the critical line of rainfall that trigger debris flow after the earthquake and to
evaluate the recovery period required for the rainfall threshold of debris-flow occurrence after the earthquake to return
to that before the earthquake in the watershed. The critical line for the runoff parameter versus gully gradient in the watershed
was also presented. 相似文献
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To study the application of the TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model to rainfall runoff simulation in semi-humid regions, the Holtan excess infiltration runoff module was added to the TOPMODEL structure. The basin of the Heihe Jinpen Reservoir in Shaanxi Province, China, was selected as the study area. Rainfall and runoff data and digital elevation models were collected. The watershed topographic parameters and 21 floods that occurred from 2005 to 2013 were obtained to simulate rainfall runoff. Results show that the improved TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model can effectively stimulate rainfall runoff. The average values of their Nash coefficient are 0.84 and 0.83, respectively, upon calibration, and 0.78 and 0.80, respectively, upon validation. The Xin’anjiang model performs slightly better than the improved TOPMODEL. The results of large flood peaks are better than those of ordinary floods. Both results can be used to simulate the rainfall runoff of a watershed. 相似文献
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Ayman G. Awadallah Mahmoud S. Farahat Mohammed Haggag 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(9):214
The soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method is one of the most commonly used methods to compute the direct runoff from a rainfall event. Since the method was established, numerous researches were undertaken to improve the method through accurate estimation of its parameter and especially the curve number (CN). However, the essence of the SCS method, as an event-based Hortonian mechanism method, remained unchanged. The main assumption of the method related to the rainfall input is that the rainfall is continuous in time and uniform over the watershed. Mohammad and Adamowski (2015) paper apparently used the SCS method to estimate the annual runoff using the annual rainfall as one cumulative rainfall input value, which is a violation of the event-based principle of the method and of the assumption of the continuity of the rainfall event.To re-estimate the average annual runoff more realistically for the Asir region, Saudi Arabia, daily rainfall data from 14 rainfall stations are used for calculating the resulting runoff depths, on a daily event-by-event rainfall basis, throughout the whole simulation period. The resulting runoff depths are added for each year, and the total cumulative annual runoff values for each year are averaged to get the average annual runoff. The runoff values based on the previously mentioned procedure are an upper limit of the actual average annual runoff as the underlying SCS equations discard evaporation and similar long-term losses. Nevertheless, the average runoff values obtained in the discussion paper are an order of magnitude (at least five to tenfold) lower than the ones of the original paper. An equation is proposed to obtain a more realistic estimate of the average annual runoff, to be used with the average annual rainfall as an input, if the annual value is the only available rainfall information. 相似文献
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综述了城市地表径流污染的成因、来源和排放特征的研究.城市降水径流污染来自3个方面:降水、城市地表和排水系统.其中,城市地表和排水系统是城市降水径流污染的主要来源.在具合流制排水系统的城市,20%~60%的径流污染(SS、COD和BOD5)来自排水系统.在一次降雨过程中,城市降雨径流污染的排放一般存在初期冲刷效应,径流中污染物浓度的峰值一般提前于径流的峰值.但是由于影响初期冲刷效应的因素多而随机,使得初期冲刷出现的频率和程度存在明显的差异,而且很难建立初期冲刷与降雨特征和流域特征的通用关系. 相似文献
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Alexander Yakirevich Avraham Dody Eilon M. Adar Viacheslav Borisov Mebus Geyh 《Hydrogeology Journal》1998,6(1):50-65
Temporal distributions of the isotopic composition in arid rain storms and in the associated runoff were investigated in
a small arid rocky basin in Israel. Customized rain and runoff samplers provided sequential water samples hermetically sealed
in high-density PVC bags. In several storms where the runoff was isotopically depleted, compared with the rainfall, the difference
could not be explained by fractionation effects occurring during overland flow. A water-balance study relating the runoff
discharge to rainfall over a rocky watershed showed that the entire discharge is produced by a very small segment (1–2 mm)
of the rain storm. The major objective, therefore, was to provide quantitative relations between segments of rainfall (rain
showers and rain spells) and runoff. The time distribution of the composition of stable isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) was
used to quantify the correlation between the rain spell's amount and the consequent runoff. The aim of this work was to (a)
utilize the dynamic variations in the isotopic composition in rainfall and runoff and model the magnitude of surface-storage
capacity associated with runoff processes of overland flow, and (b) characterize the isotopic composition of the percolating
water with respect to the isotopic distribution in rainfall and runoff events. The conceptual model postulates an isotopic
mixing of overland flow with water within the depression storage. A transport model was then formulated in order to estimate
the physical watershed parameters that control the development of overland flow from a certain rainfall period. Part I (this
paper) presents the results and the assessment of the relative depression storage obtained from oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses
that lead to the physical and mathematical formulation of a double-component model of kinematic-wave flow and transport, which
is presented in Part II (accompanying paper).
Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997 相似文献
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Congguo TANG Congqiang LIU 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):141-142
The amount of pollution from non-point sources flowing in the streams of the Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China, is estimated by a GIS-based method using rainfall, surface runoff and land use data. A grid of cells, 100 m in size, is laid over the landscape. For each cell, mean annual surface runoff is estimated from rainfall and percent land use, and expected pollutant concentration is estimated from land use. The product of surface runoff and concentration gives expected pollutant loading from that cell. These loadings are accumulated going downstream to give expected annual pollutant loadings in streams and rivers. By dividing these accumulated loadings by the similarly accumulated mean annual surface runoff, the expected pollutant concentration from non-point sources is determined for each location in a stream or river. Observed pollutant concentrations in the watershed are averaged at each sample point and compared to the expected concentrations at the same locations determined from the grid cell model. In general, annual non-point source nutrient loadings in the Wujiang River watershed are seen to be predominantly from the agricultural and meadow areas. 相似文献