共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
自20世纪80年代以来,成都平原环境考古工作在聚落选址与地理环境、古气候与古蜀文明发展、灾变事件研究及史前人地关系综合研究等方面取得重要进展。研究表明: 成都平原史前城址群的出现与当时的地理环境应有很大关系;成都平原中—晚全新世以来气候整体温暖湿润,其中有多次气候波动和降温事件发生;古洪水、古地震等自然灾害与古蜀文明发展的关系很密切;基于成都平原诸多先秦遗址的人地关系综合研究表明,河流、地貌、气候等因素与史前聚落变迁有很大关系。总体上,成都平原环境考古工作经历了3个发展阶段。受限于研究材料和方法,目前仍然缺乏高分辨率古环境演变规律的研究成果;自然灾害与成都平原先秦时期古文化演变的一些重要节点的耦合关系仍不明确;今后还需要加强与河流地貌有关的聚落环境考古研究;利用地理信息系统和遥感技术分析环境变迁与人类活动关系以及定量和模型化研究史前人地关系也将是未来成都平原环境考古工作的重要内容。 相似文献
2.
《古地理学报》2017,(6)
自20世纪80年代以来,成都平原环境考古工作在聚落选址与地理环境、古气候与古蜀文明发展、灾变事件研究及史前人地关系综合研究等方面取得重要进展。研究表明:成都平原史前城址群的出现与当时的地理环境应有很大关系;成都平原中—晚全新世以来气候整体温暖湿润,其中有多次气候波动和降温事件发生;古洪水、古地震等自然灾害与古蜀文明发展的关系很密切;基于成都平原诸多先秦遗址的人地关系综合研究表明,河流、地貌、气候等因素与史前聚落变迁有很大关系。总体上,成都平原环境考古工作经历了3个发展阶段。受限于研究材料和方法,目前仍然缺乏高分辨率古环境演变规律的研究成果;自然灾害与成都平原先秦时期古文化演变的一些重要节点的耦合关系仍不明确;今后还需要加强与河流地貌有关的聚落环境考古研究;利用地理信息系统和遥感技术分析环境变迁与人类活动关系以及定量和模型化研究史前人地关系也将是未来成都平原环境考古工作的重要内容。 相似文献
3.
《地球科学进展》2016,(11)
西辽河地区是中国北方农业文明的重要发源地之一。随着近年来文物普查、遗址发掘和环境考古工作的不断深入,该地区史前文化的时间序列、文化内涵和生业模式变得更加清晰。史前人类对自然资源的开发历史、生业模式变化的气候背景及其对文明进程的影响等问题引起了广泛关注。已有的工作大多采用传统环境考古手段进行遗址内调查,很少采用定量方法分析宏观尺度的遗址分布和聚集模式。在数字化大量文物普查数据的基础上,GIS的核密度分析被用来反映西辽河地区史前文化的聚集模式,并通过三维视角转换和海拔统计来反映遗址分布重心在纬向、经向及高程上的变化规律。通过对比空间分析结果和已有的生业模式研究及古气候记录,揭示了研究区史前聚落的时空分布与当时的生业模式和气候环境之间的关联,也有助于史前人地关系研究中海量遗址位置信息的理解和使用。 相似文献
4.
史前文化的经济形态与自然环境密切相关,不同地区史前经济形态的差异反映了人类对环境的不同响应方式。通过对黄河流域4kaB.P.前后不同文化中农作物、动物以及人骨同位素等有关资料的综合分析,结果表明黄河上游、中游和下游地区史前经济形态对4kaB.P.气候变化的响应存在3种不同的模式:甘青地区从农业为主向农牧并重、畜牧成分显著增加的混合经济形式转变;山东地区从稻粟混作向以粟为主的农业经济转变;而中原地区则是以粟为主的农业持续稳定发展。究其原因,认为除了史前人类的文化传统和适应能力等因素之外,主要与气候变化的区域差异以及人类对气候变化的不同响应有关。 相似文献
5.
全新世中国北方沙地人类活动与气候变化关系的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国北方沙地的生态环境较为脆弱,是研究人类活动与气候变化关系的关键地区,但该区域的相关研究欠缺.本文通过对考古资料和古气候资料的全面分析,尝试探讨全新世中国北方沙地人类活动与气候变化的关系.结果表明,9～4ka相对适宜的气候条件促使了中国北方沙地新石器时代人类活动的开始和发展.4～2ka较为严酷的气候条件,严重影响了呼伦贝尔沙地和浑善达克沙地的人类活动;科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地的史前人类,通过生业模式的调整以及活动范围的改变,适应了气候变化,文化得以延续,人类活动总体没有减弱.2ka以来,人类适应能力增强,各沙地人类活动的强度和范围均大幅扩张.通过区域对比发现,沙漠化程度较高的浑善达克沙地和地处高纬度寒冷环境的呼伦贝尔沙地,人类活动强度总体较弱;科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地生态环境条件相对优越,且受到中原文化的影响,人类活动强度较大,文化谱系相对完整.研究区各时期人类遗址沿水系分布特征明显,反映了水源作为沙地地区的限制性因素,对人类活动的分布具有重要影响. 相似文献
6.
探讨人与植物之间的关系问题是环境考古学研究的重要内容,木炭分析是研究人类利用木材资源的重要研究手段之一。本文对陇东盆地内3个齐家文化时期遗址出土木炭进行分析,研究史前人类对木材的利用状况以及遗址周边的植被状况。结果显示:栎属的出土率为100%,百分含量也最高,是当时人类用作薪柴的最主要的来源;梨属、枣属、樱属等果树的出现反映出史前人类采集遗址周边的野生植物资源作为食物。木材的收集活动发生在遗址周边,影响人类收集木材的主要因素可能为各树种在植被中的丰度。一些亚热带树种的出现显示当时的气候条件可能比现在暖湿。 相似文献
7.
气候环境对古文化的发展影响深远,是环境考古研究的重要内容。小珠山文化是辽东半岛新石器时期以来最重要的一支考古文化,其发展过程与全新世气候环境的关系并不明晰。为了研究小珠山文化发展的气候环境背景,本项研究分析了以辽东半岛为主的全新世气候变化过程,结合主要遗址的考古记录,探讨气候环境变化对小珠山文化的发源、发展、衰落过程、文化交流、遗址分布、生业模式方面的影响。研究表明：全新世气候环境变化对小珠山文化发展的不同阶段具有显著影响。早全新世8.2 ka B. P.冷事件可能促进了兴隆洼文化的南下,是小珠山文化发源的有利条件;中全新世早期,温暖湿润的气候为小珠山文化发展提供了先决条件;中全新世晚期,不稳定的气候条件促进了小珠山文化第三期的文化交流以及农业发展,4.2 ka B. P.气候事件则可能是导致小珠山文化走向衰落的重要气候因素。小珠山文化遗址分布呈现出由海岛到陆地的特点,气候变化引起的海岸线和可利用资源等变化是导致小珠山遗址分布变化的重要因子,同时对文化交流和生业模式的改变也起到了重要作用。该研究对揭示长时间尺度下古文化发展对气候变化的应对策略与规律提供参考。 相似文献
8.
史前异常洪水事件的初步调查表明,4kaB.P.前后是我国北方异常洪水多发的时期,黄河流域、淮河流域和海河流域在这一时期普遍出现不同形式的史前异常洪水事件.异常洪水事件的出现与当时的降温事件有密切的关系,气候变冷引发的相对湿度加大和降雨量增多可能是造成这次异常洪水事件的主要原因.出现于华夏文明诞生前夕的史前异常洪水事件对华夏文明的演进势必会产生重大影响,在黄河上游的山间盆地和下游的黄淮海平原,异常洪水给人类生存环境带来严重的破坏,导致这些地区早期文明的衰落;而位于我国地貌大势二级阶梯与一级阶梯之间的中原地区,尽管洪水也给人类生存环境造成严重的威胁,但它并没有导致早期文明的衰落,恰恰相反,先民们利用有利的地貌条件,通过与洪水的争斗,促进了文化的发展和华夏文明的诞生. 相似文献
9.
Zhang Xiaoyan Zhou Yali Pang Jiangli Lu Huayu Huang Chunchang Zhou Liang Gu Hongliang 《第四纪研究》2012,32(3)
为了深入了解中世纪暖期和小冰期浑善达克沙地环境变迁与人类活动的关系,对沙地5个具有代表性的风成砂——砂质土剖面序列进行了光释光测年研究.结合粒度、磁化率、烧失量等气候替代性指标及地层中的文化遗存分析,得到了浑善达克沙地近2ka来的环境变迁记录:距今1.45～1.10ka和0.83 ～0.58ka,浑善达克沙地发育砂质土层,气候温暖湿润,与中国唐朝暖期和元朝暖期相对应,欧洲此时经历了中世纪暖期,该地自然环境条件比较优越,旱作农业文化发展.距今1.10～0.83ka和0.58 ～0.20ka,浑善达克沙地发育浅黄色砂层,气候干旱寒冷,沙丘活化,分别与我国宋辽和清朝冷期相对应,其中宋辽冷期是中世纪暖期的气候波动,清朝冷期则对应千欧洲小冰期,游牧文化发展.浑善达克沙地地层序列、气候替代性指标及其所保存的人类文化遗存揭示了自然环境与人类活动的相互关系.2ka以来,气候经历了暖湿与冷干的交替变化,自然环境变化影响了人类生产生活方式.沙地气候事件可能对我国相应时期朝代的兴亡产生过重大影响. 相似文献
10.
5000 a BP以来辽西地区环境灾害事件与人地关系演变 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
依据辽西地区牧场泥炭层中高分辨率的孢粉分析和炭屑含量统计资料, 并通过对辽西地区自然环境演变与人类文化变迁历史的研究, 5000 a BP来的环境恶化可分为4个灾变过程: 即5000～4400 a BP 寒冷事件、2700 a BP左右寒冷事件、辽金时代的农业开发以及明清战乱.前两个过程与全球性的气候波动同步, 并对早期文明的发展进程产生了重要影响.后两个过程主要是由人类活动因素造成的, 同时也叠加了自然因素.目前区域内的环境恶化主要是由后两个过程引起的. 相似文献
11.
P. González-Sampériz P. Utrilla B. Valero-Garcés M. Morellón A. Moreno 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(2):121-132
The Central Ebro River Basin (NE Spain) is the most northern area of truly semi-arid Mediterranean climate in Europe and prehistoric human occupation there has been strongly influenced by this extreme environmental condition. Modern climate conditions single out this region due to the harsh environment, characterised by the highest absolute summer temperatures of the Ebro River Basin. The Bajo Aragón region (SE Ebro River Basin) was intensively populated during the Early Holocene (9400-8200 cal yr BP) but the settlements were abandoned abruptly at around 8200 cal yr BP. We propose that this “archaeological silence” was caused by the regional impact of the global abrupt 8.2 ka cold event. Available regional paleoclimate archives demonstrate the existence of an aridity crisis then that interrupted the humid Early Holocene. That environmental crisis would have forced hunter-gatherer groups from the Bajo Aragón to migrate to regions with more favourable conditions (i.e. more humid mountainous areas) and only return in the Neolithic. Coherently, archaeological sites persist during this crisis in the nearby Iberian Range (Maestrazgo) and the North Ebro River area (Pre-Pyrenean mountains and along the northwestern Ebro Basin). 相似文献
12.
Soil erosion is a natural geomorphological process, which can be triggered by both natural (climate, tectonics, or both) and anthropogenic (e.g., agriculture) perturbation of the ecosystem. Evidence has accrued that the Holocene climate experienced large fluctuations in amplitude and suggestions of human impact on the ecosystem provided by the Neolithic revolution dating back to the early Holocene have been made. The question of whether man or climate was the dominant factor responsible for Holocene soil erosion remains unresolved. To resolve the reasons for Holocene sediment redistribution, high-resolution chronometric data on sediments derived from colluvial and alluvial archives from southern Greece were obtained and combined with available archaeological and paleoclimatic data from the eastern Mediterranean. These data show a significant correlation between sedimentation rates and settlement history. Climatic fluctuations are only weakly correlated with sedimentation history. The results show high sedimentation rates during the Early Neolithic (7th millennium BC) in southern Greece, suggesting that Holocene soil erosion was triggered by human activity and then amplified by enhanced precipitation. This would explain the high sedimentation rates during the Early Neolithic in connection with enhanced precipitation in the eastern Mediterranean, which continued until the mid-Holocene. 相似文献
13.
Roderick B. Salisbury Gábor Bácsmegi Pál Sümegi 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2013,5(3):331-343
Palaeoenvironmental research is playing an important role in recent archaeological investigations. We present preliminary results of geoarchaeological analyses conducted at a palaeochannel located between two prehistoric archaeological sites in eastern Hungary. The study area lies within the Körös River Basin in Békés County, a region of intensive human occupation beginning in the Neolithic, ca. 7550 BP, and represents only the second palynological analysis done in conjunction with archaeological investigations and adjacent to an archaeological site in the Körös region. Pollen from an environmental monolith was used to reconstruct the local vegetation composition and the human impact on arboreal and non-arboreal vegetation near the archaeological sites. Sediment analyses helped to reconstruct hydrological activity and human impact on the local palaeochannel. Results indicate that activity from the Neolithic onwards played an important role in local environmental change, including increasing sedimentation and deposition of organic matter in the local waterway, some forest clearance and a shift from primarily arboreal vegetation to more grasses on elevated surfaces. The trophic status of the local channel changed several times during the Holocene. In addition, indications that groundwater levels may have been fluctuating during the period of human occupation, when combined with the other changes in the area, provide a possible partial explanation for changing settlement patterns. 相似文献
14.
来自长江三角洲的薛城遗址和金址三野村遗址的孢粉和植物硅酸体鉴定或地球化学分析结果表明，长江三角洲史前文化的兴衰与全新世气候变化有一定的耦合关系，薛城遗址相当于马家浜文化晚期，它是南京地区发现最早的新石器遗址，新仙女木冰期之后，该区进入明显的持续增温时期，直至全新世高温期，持续较长时期的暖湿气候使该区新石器文化得以发展，金坛三星村新石器遗址相当于马家浜 文化中期至崧泽文化中期，崧泽文化是在暖湿气候条件下出现和繁荣的，但在5500a BP之后，气候极为冷干，加上当时人类活动剧烈，自然植被破坏比较严重，导致崧泽文化发生中断。 相似文献
15.
Social responses to climate change over human history have been widely discussed in academia over the last two decades. However, the transformation of the human–environment nexus crossing prehistoric and historic periods and the processes associated with it are not yet clearly understood. In this study, based on published works on radiocarbon dating, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, and archaeological sites, together with a synthesis of historical documents and highresolution paleoclimatic records, we trace the extent to which human settlement patterns in the Hexi Corridor in northwestern China evolved in conjunction with climate change over the last 5,000 years. A total of 129 Neolithic, 126 Bronze Age, and 1,378 historical sites in the Hexi Corridor(n=1,633) were surveyed. Our results show that, in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age periods(～2800–100 BC), climate change contributed to the transformation of subsistence strategies and the subsequent changes in human settlement patterns in the Hexi Corridor. The warm-humid climate in ～2800–2000 BC promoted millet agriculture and helped the Majiayao, Banshan, and Machang Cultures to flourish. The cold-dry climate in ～2000–100 BC resulted in the divergence and transformation of subsistence strategies in the Xichengyi–Qijia–Siba and Shajing–Shanma Cultures and in a shift in their settlement patterns. However, in the historical period(121 BC–AD 1911), human settlement patterns were primarily determined by geopolitics related to the alternating rule of regimes and frequent wars, especially in the Sui–Tang dynasties. We also find that trans-Eurasian cultural exchange since ～2000 BC improved social resilience to climate change in the Hexi Corridor, mediating the human–environment nexus there. Our findings may provide insights into how human societies reacted to climate change in arid and semi-arid environments over the long term. 相似文献
16.
Neolithic agriculture, freshwater resources and rapid environmental changes on the lower Yangtze, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jungan Qin David Taylor Xinrong Zhang John Dodson Freea Itzstein-Davey 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(1):55-65
Analyses of sedimentary evidence in the form of spores, pollen, freshwater algae, dinoflagellate cysts, phytoliths and charcoal from AMS 14C-dated, Holocene-aged sequences provide an excellent opportunity to examine the responses of Neolithic agriculturalists in the lower Yangtze to changing environments. Evidence from two sites close to the southern margin of the Yangtze delta and separated by what is now Hangzhou Bay attests the critical importance to early attempts at food production of access to freshwater resources. More readily, if episodically, available freshwater resources during the early to mid-Holocene on the Hangjiahu plain may have encouraged an early reliance on rice-based agriculture, which in turn facilitated the accumulation of agricultural surpluses and cultural diversification. Cultural change was relatively attenuated and human population pressures possibly lower on the Ningshao plain, seemingly because of much more profound environmental impacts of variations in local hydrological conditions, and because predominantly saline conditions, associated with rising relative sea level, hampered the early development of irrigated agriculture. The evidence, although largely dating to the early and middle parts of the Holocene, provides a timely warning of the complexity of vulnerability to climate change-induced processes of agriculture, and indeed human activities more generally, on megadeltas in Asia. 相似文献
17.
The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jed O. Kaplan Kristen M. Krumhardt Niklaus Zimmermann 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(27-28):3016-3034
Humans have transformed Europe's landscapes since the establishment of the first agricultural societies in the mid-Holocene. The most important anthropogenic alteration of the natural environment was the clearing of forests to establish cropland and pasture, and the exploitation of forests for fuel wood and construction materials. While the archaeological and paleoecological record documents the time history of anthropogenic deforestation at numerous individual sites, to study the effect that prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation had on continental-scale carbon and water cycles we require spatially explicit maps of changing forest cover through time. Previous attempts to map preindustrial anthropogenic land use and land cover change addressed only the recent past, or relied on simplistic extrapolations of present day land use patterns to past conditions. In this study we created a very high resolution, annually resolved time series of anthropogenic deforestation in Europe over the past three millennia by 1) digitizing and synthesizing a database of population history for Europe and surrounding areas, 2) developing a model to simulate anthropogenic deforestation based on population density that handles technological progress, and 3) applying the database and model to a gridded dataset of land suitability for agriculture and pasture to simulate spatial and temporal trends in anthropogenic deforestation. Our model results provide reasonable estimations of deforestation in Europe when compared to historical accounts. We simulate extensive European deforestation at 1000 BC, implying that past attempts to quantify anthropogenic perturbation of the Holocene carbon cycle may have greatly underestimated early human impact on the climate system. 相似文献
18.
Abstract: Human activity during the Holocene in the Horqin region, northeastern China, has been widely documented. As an important proxy record of human activity, black carbon (BC) in sediments has been linked to climate change and human adaptation. A loess-paleosol section located in south Horqin was chosen for this study. Holocene climate change and human adaptation to the environment were discussed by analyzing BC, organic carbon (OC) and other proxies. The conclusions included: (1) before 3900 cal BP, human activity was closely related to the natural environment and cultural development was dominated by climate change. For example, the rapid decline of the agrarian Hongshan culture was caused by a slight decrease in temperature at ~5000 cal BP; (2) during 3900-3200 cal BP, the heavy dependence of human societies on nature gradually lessened and the ability of those human societies to adapt to the environment was enhanced. However, the farming-dominated Lower Xiajiadian culture was nonetheless replaced by the pastoralist Upper Xiajiadian culture due to an extremely cooling event at ~3200 cal BP; (3) during the late Holocene period, the marked influence of climate change on human activity might have lessened as a result of a clear improvement in human labor skills. After this, human living styles were influenced by cultural developments rather than climate change because humans had mastered more powerful means of productivity. 相似文献
19.
长江三角洲地区全新世气候和环境曾发生过大的变迁,新石器时代文化伴随着全新世气候最暖期的到来,以及三角洲的形成和发展而出现,并由此向前推衍,奠定了以稻作农业为基础的经济形态。通过研究本区与农作物相关的现代植物花粉形态和代表性表土花粉,揭示出部分用于指示人类活动的综合指标、不同植被带表土花粉的组合特征和用于半定量界定不同植被类型的比值区间。研究区自然区域全新世孢粉反映当时植被3个主要发展阶段,即亚热带常绿-落叶阔叶混交林（11000～9500cal.aB.P.）、中亚热带常绿阔叶林（9500～3900cal.aB.P.）和次生性质的亚热带针阔叶混交林（3900cal.aB.P.以来）,其中8000～3900cal.aB.P.为全新世大暖期的鼎盛期,3900cal.aB.P.以来人类活动明显增强。人类活动区绰墩遗址孢粉植物群,反映新石器各主要文化期都以亚热带含针叶植物的常绿-落叶阔叶混交林为地带性植被,遗址周围一般都有较大面积的水域分布; 人类对植被的干预只是在后期才开始明显增强。区内人类文化几经兴衰,主要受制于环境的变迁,包括气候和地理状况的变化,以及由此产生的海平面升降和植被变化等。与此同时,人类活动的影响随着时间的推移而日趋加重,成为一种新的环境影响因素。 相似文献