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1.
《地球化学》2020,(3)
近年来京津冀地区大气环境污染受到广泛关注,邯郸作为京津冀南部地区燃煤为主的工业城市之一,大气污染问题较为突出。为厘清邯郸市冬季大气重污染发生时细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中主要化学成分的形成过程及光学特性,本研究于2016年1月23～30日,采集了PM_(2.5)样品,测定了水溶性离子组分和碳质组分的质量浓度,探讨了PM_(2.5)污染特征,在此基础上进一步分析了PM_(2.5)的光学特性。结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为(122.6±66.9)μg/m~3,水溶性离子占PM_(2.5)的36.0%,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+3种离子(SNA)占水溶性离子的74.7%,是邯郸市PM_(2.5)中最主要的水溶性离子。有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)平均质量浓度分别为(35.6±24.0)μg/m~3和(10.4±8.0)μg/m~3,分别占PM_(2.5)的29.2%和7.5%。重污染期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为216.3μg/m~3,是清洁时段(58.6μg/m~3)的3.7倍,且重污染期间EC、SNA和OC的质量浓度涨幅较明显。采样期间大气消光系数平均值为(780.9±439.1)Mm~(–1),有机物(OM)、EC、(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的消光贡献依次为51.4%、12.3%、11.4%和11.3%。重污染期间大气消光系数为(1351.9±208.5)Mm~(–1),EC和NH_4NO_3消光系数的增长幅度高于其他组分,说明邯郸市大气重污染发生时需要加强关注EC和NH_4NO_3。 相似文献
2.
奥运会及残奥会期间北京市区大气颗粒物污染特征及微观形貌类型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2008年8月和9月,北京市成功举办了第29届奥运会和第13届残奥会,对这段时间在北京市区(中国矿业大学校园综合楼五层,距奥运村3 km)采集的大气颗粒物的质量浓度和微观形貌类型进行了研究。结果表明:奥运会期间,北京市区大气PM10和PM2.5的日均质量浓度分别小于国家PM10二级标准(150μg/m3)和美国EPA的PM2.5二级标准(65μg/m3),12 h的质量浓度范围分别为7.64~81.63μg/m3和1.91~54.59μg/m3;残奥会期间,12 h的PM10质量浓度范围为33.83~106.36μg/m3,没有超标,PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为15.29~88.30μg/m3,其中出现了3 d超标天,分别为9月6日、7日和14日;从奥运期间PM2.5/PM10的比值(0.26~0.86,大部分值大于0.5)可以看出,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物以细粒子为主。与往年相比,颗粒物质量浓度出现大幅下降趋势。场发射扫描电镜观察显示,奥运会和残奥会期间样品的微观形貌类型主要有球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知颗粒,其数量-粒径分布主要呈单峰分布,峰值均在0.1~0.2μm范围,其中球形颗粒明显占多数。各种分析数据均显示,残奥会期间样品比奥运会期间样品污染要严重。 相似文献
3.
将不同浓度PM_(2.5)降尘作用于A549细胞后,利用MTT法检测其存活率,W-G染色观察细胞形态,荧光探针法检测细胞ROS和MMP相对水平,以探讨PM_(2.5)降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响及作用机制。结果显示,经12. 5μg/m L的PM_(2.5)降尘作用A549细胞3 h后,细胞存活率为(81. 77±6. 15)%,并随作用浓度及时间增加呈递减趋势。PM_(2.5)染毒后可观察到细胞形态不规则,胞膜溶解破坏,细胞微核出现。PM_(2.5)降尘作用于细胞24 h后,胞内ROS相对含量随暴露浓度增加呈递增趋势,细胞MMP相对水平随染毒浓度增加而降低,且胞内ROS和MMP两者间存在显著相关关系(R2=0. 878)。提示PM_(2.5)降尘处理A549细胞后可通过刺激ROS的产生,诱导细胞MMP下降,造成细胞线粒体氧化损伤。 相似文献
4.
水溶性有机氮(WSON)在大气化学和气候变化中具有重要作用,目前鲜有针对WSON粒径分布的研究。本研究利用大流量采样器在2014年9月至2015年7月期间采集了广州市各个季节PM_(10)中不同粒径段(0.49μm、0.49～0.95μm、0.95～1.5μm、1.5～3.0μm、3.0～7.2μm、7.2～10μm)大气颗粒物样品共100个,分析了其中的水溶性总氮(WSTN)、WSON以及水溶性无机氮(WSIN)含量。结果表明,各个粒径段中WSON的浓度呈现相似的季节变化特征,秋、冬季较高,春、夏季较低。WSON主要分布在细颗粒物上,PM_3中WSON的季节平均浓度在1.15～2.62μg/m~3范围内,占PM_(10)中WSON总量的63%～71%。WSON的粒径分布呈现单峰分布,主要富集在0.49～1.5μm粒径段。主成分分析/绝对主成分得分(PCA/APCS)分析表明,0.49μm颗粒物上的WSON主要来源于本地化石燃料的燃烧排放;0.49～0.95μm颗粒物的WSON主要来源于建筑扬尘和光化学氧化二次生成过程;0.95～1.5μm颗粒物的WSON主要来源于光化学氧化二次生成过程。研究结果增加了目前对于WSON粒径分布特征和来源的认识。 相似文献
5.
2013年9月至2016年8月对北京市气态元素汞(GEM)进行了连续监测并分析了其含量变化特征。结果显示,监测期间大气GEM总平均浓度为(2.77±1.27)ng/m~3,高于北半球背景值浓度,且其季节变化呈现多样性。2013/9~2014/8和2015/9~2016/8年大气GEM浓度秋冬季节较高,夏季较低;2014/9~2015/8年度则为冬季最低,主要是与大气汞的来源以及季风的风向、路径和风速明显相关。大气GEM浓度日变化为夜间高、白天低。大气GEM浓度与NO_2、SO_2、PM_(2.5)等大气污染物浓度呈明显正相关,雾霾气象条件下细颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5))在低空累积及逆温气象条件易导致大气GEM浓度升高。2004年以来,北京市大气GEM浓度降低的现象与工业燃煤消费总量降低的趋势相同,表明北京市对燃煤等人为排放源的控制在很大程度上降低了大气汞浓度。 相似文献
6.
为探讨萍乡市元旦至元宵期间空气质量变化情况及其中PM2.5及PM10中的碳、氮来源,2017年1月1日至2月16日在萍乡市进行了在线空气质量监测,采集了PM2.5、PM10滤膜气溶胶样品并进行了总氮(TN)、总碳(TC)浓度以及δ15N、δ13C组成。结果表明,采样期间空气的PM2.5浓度为(82.45±43.04)μg/m^3;PM10、SO_2和NO_2浓度分别为(112.98±68.66)μg/m^3、(23.85±14.32)μg/m^3和(32.68±14.4)μg/m^3。样品的PM2.5和PM10的TN、TC浓度分别为(9.73±5.99)μg/m^3、(12.68±9.53)μg/m^3和(15.15±7.9)μg/m^3、(18.7±9.11)μg/m^3,δ15N、δ13C分别为6.32‰±4.11‰、6.89‰±4.44‰和-25.1‰±0.89‰、-25.55‰±1.25‰。在元旦和春节期间,发生了空气污染事件,元旦期间平均PM2.5、PM10、NO_2和SO_2浓度均高于春节期间,推断元旦污染事件可能是由气象条件导致污染物聚集所引起,而春节污染事件可能是由烟花爆竹燃放释放的SO_2和大量的颗粒物进入大气所致。采样期间和两个空气污染事件的δ15N和δ13C组成相似,其主来源均可能为机动车尾气和煤燃烧排放及部分C_3植物燃烧。 相似文献
7.
为探讨复合维生素B(叶酸、B_6和B_(12))能否抑制PM_(2.5)对大鼠的急性肺损伤作用,本研究将56只SD大鼠随机分成对照组、不同剂量(0. 4、2. 0、10. 0 mg/m L) PM_(2.5)染毒组和相应的复合维生素B干预组(0. 02 mg/m L叶酸、1 mg/m L维生素B6、0. 002 5 mg/m L维生素B12),取肺组织进行HE染色观察组织病理学形态变化并进行病理学评分;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定总蛋白(TP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量。结果显示,PM_(2.5)染毒能对大鼠肺组织造成不同程度的病理性损伤,复合维生素B能减缓此损伤;与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量的PM_(2.5)染毒大鼠可引起BALF中LDH、AKP、ACP、TP和MDA含量显著升高(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P 0. 05),且TP和MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而升高(P 0. 05),CAT活性随染毒剂量的增加而降低; 3个染毒剂量的复合维生素B干预组LDH、TP和MDA含量显著降低(P 0. 05),而SOD和CAT活性显著升高(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)低、高剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量显著降低(P 0. 05); PM_(2.5)中剂量+复合维生素B组BALF中ACP含量无显著改变;仅有PM_(2.5)低剂量+复合维生素B组AKP含量降低(P 0. 05),其余干预组AKP含量无显著变化。因此认为,PM_(2.5)降尘能打破机体的氧化-抗氧化平衡,造成大鼠急性肺损伤,而复合维生素B能减缓此损伤,对机体起到保护作用。 相似文献
8.
大气细粒子(PM2.5)污染是全球尤其是我国许多城市的重要环境问题。利用示踪物质识别和估算大气颗粒物来源是公认的可靠技术,纤维素可以作为示踪物质表征一次颗粒物的天然植被排放来源。本文针对大气细粒子中纤维素含量低、全程序空白相对较高等难点,优化建立了纤维素酶水解、GOD-苯酚-四氨基安替比林测糖法,在我国首次应用于测定大气PM2.5中纤维素的含量,估算天然植被排放源的贡献。方法检出限为0.26 μg/m3(纤维素),可以满足大气PM2.5纤维素测定要求;而且有效地降低了空白,全程序空白值(36.5 μg葡萄糖)低于文献方法空白值(53.8 μg葡萄糖),使之更适合于PM2.5的测定。使用本方法对2012年5月至6月采集的北京市大气PM2.5样品进行分析,纤维素检出率为96%,纤维素的平均含量为(0.573±0.17) μg/m3,折合为天然植被排放量占PM2.5质量浓度的1.37%±0.65%;天然植被排放源对有机碳的平均贡献率为4.4%,最大达到9.2%,反映出天然植被排放是北京市PM2.5的重要来源之 一。本研究方法为我国城市大气颗粒物(包括总悬浮颗粒物、PM10、PM2.5等)来源识别提供了新的手段。 相似文献
9.
《地下水》2021,(4)
以河南新乡市凤泉区重金属污染典型区为研究对象,采用单因子污染评价方法,基于3项无机毒理指标、5项毒性(类)重金属指标(中深层无砷指标)和26项有机指标,对浅层和深层地下水污染进行综合评价,结果显示:研究区内浅层地下水污染现象较为明显,受一定的硝酸盐氮、毒性(类)重金属污染,其中浅层地下水未污染(Ⅰ级)和轻污染(Ⅱ级)样品占总样品的12. 7%,中污染(Ⅲ级)样品数占总样品数的21. 8%,重污染(Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级)样品数占总样品数的65. 5%,且主要为极重污染(Ⅵ类);中深层地下水未污染(Ⅰ级)和轻污染(Ⅱ级)样品占总样品的70%,中污染(Ⅲ级)样品数占总样品数的10%,重污染(Ⅴ)样品数只占总样品数的20%,无极重污染水样,深层地下水整体为未污染和轻污染。在后期应加强区域地下水监测网络建设,探索污染组分的迁移转化规律,尽快开展地下水污染场地的修复治理工作。 相似文献
10.
北京市PM_(2.5)中主要重金属元素污染特征及季节变化分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2005年4月18日—2008年9月27日北京市中国地质大学(东门)采样点的PM2.5质量浓度变化与重金属Cd、Pb、As、Cu及Zn等污染特征,结合最新发布的《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095—2012),初步分析了近4年时间里北京市单点PM2.5的污染水平及主要重金属污染元素的变化特征,得出了一些有意义的认识。2005年春季—2008年春季期间PM2.5质量浓度为13.1～171μg/m3之间变化,平均浓度为65.6μg/m3,超过最新环境空气质量标准制定的PM2.5年平均浓度限值35μg/m3,北京市PM2.5污染形势依然严峻。奥运会及残奥会期间PM2.5的24 h质量浓度平均值为40.7μg/m3,没有超标。北京市PM2.5中的重金属元素含量及富集特征随着不同年份不同季节差别较大,典型的城市污染元素As在冬季质量浓度最高。对比环境空气质量标准的参考浓度限值发现,As元素的质量浓度在研究期间的年均值均超过了年平均浓度参考限值0.006μg/m3。化学分析结果显示人为污染是PM2.5中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As重金属污染的主要来源,其中As污染需要引起足够重视。研究结果对于北京市大气污染防治具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
Elastic and thermoelastic constants of large single crystals of Ca2MgSi2O7 and Ca2ZnSi2O7 have been derived from ultrasonic resonance frequencies of plane-parallel plates and their shift upon variation of temperature, respectively. In addition, coefficients of thermal expansion and dielectric constants were determined. Both species possess quite similar properties. As observed in other isotypic magnesium and zinc compounds, the mean elastic stiffness and the deviation from the Cauchy relations are significantly larger in the zinc compound, due to a covalent contribution of the Zn–O bond. Positive thermoelastic constants T44 and T66 in Ca2MgSi2O7 allow temperature-independent ultrasonic generators and oscillators to be manufactured. 相似文献
12.
含Ti硅酸盐玻璃在基础科学研究和应用技术开发上均有重要价值,亟需对其进行准确的成分分析,为进一步的科研工作提供重要的数据支撑.对玻璃进行电子探针分析时,由于样品的易损性和其中(Na和K)阳离子在电子束轰击下极易发生迁移和扩散,因此往往需要经过条件实验来确定合适的分析条件,确保样品在该条件下能够保持尽量稳定的状态,才能获... 相似文献
13.
Hydrometallurgical processing and recovery of molybdenum trioxide from spent catalyst 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Kyung Ho Park B. Ramachandra Reddy D. Mohapatra Chul-Woo Nam 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):261-265
Hydrometallurgical processing of spent hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) catalyst for the recovery of molybdenum using sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide mixtures was investigated. The results indicated that the recovery of molybdenum was largely dependent on the concentrations of Na2CO3 and H2O2 in the reaction medium, which controls the acidity of the leach liquor and carry over of impurities such as Al, Ni, P, Si and V. Leaching process was exothermic and leaching efficiency of molybdenum decreased with increasing solid to liquid ratio. Large scale leaching of spent catalyst, under optimum conditions: 20% pulp density, 85 g/L Na2CO3, 10 vol.% H2O2 and 1 h reaction, resulted a leaching efficiency of 84% Mo. The obtained leach liquor contained (g/L): Mo — 22.0, Ni — 0.015 and Al — 0.82, P — 1.1, Si — 0.094 and minor quantities of V — 8 mg/L, As and Co — < 1 mg/L. Recovery of Mo from leach solution as MoO3 of 97.30% purity was achieved by ammonium molybdate precipitation method. 相似文献
14.
Classical atomistic simulation techniques have been used to investigate the energies of hydrogen defects in Mg2SiO4 and Mg2GeO4 spinels. Ringwoodite (γ-Mg2SiO4) is considered to be the most abundant mineral in the lower part of the transition zone and can incorporate large amounts
of water in the form of hydroxyls, whereas the germanate spinel (γ-Mg2GeO4) corresponds to a low-pressure structural analogue for ringwoodite. The calculated defect energies indicate that the most
favourable mechanisms for hydrogen incorporation are coupled either with the reduction of ferric iron or with the creation
of tetrahedral vacancies. Hydrogen will go preferentially into tetrahedral vacancies, eventually leading to the formation
of the hydrogarnet defect, before associating with other negatively charged point defects. The presence of isolated hydroxyls
is not expected. The same trend is observed for germanate, and thus γ-Mg2GeO4 could be used as a low-pressure analogue for ringwoodite in studies of water-related defects and their effect on physical
properties. 相似文献
16.
Gianluca Iezzi Mario Tribaudino Giancarlo Della Ventura Fabrizio Nestola Fabio Bellatreccia 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2005,32(7):515-523
The synthetic amphibole Na0.95(Li0.95Mg1.05)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 was studied in situ at high-T, using IR OH-stretching spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. At room-T the sample has P21
/m symmetry, as shown by the FTIR spectrum. It shows in the OH region two well-defined and intense absorptions at 3,748 and
3,712 cm−1, respectively, and two minor bands at 3,667 and 3,687 cm−1. The main bands are assigned to the two independent O–H groups in the primitive structure. The two minor bands evidencing
the presence of small amount of vacant A-site (A□0.05). With increasing T, these bands shift continuously and merge into a unique absorption at high temperature. A change as a function of increasing
T is revealed by the evolution of the refined unit-cell parameters, whose trend shows a transition to C2/m at about 320–330°C. The spontaneous scalar strain, fitted with a tricritical 2–6 Landau potential, gives a T
c of 325(10)°C (β parameter = 0.27). Comparison with the second-order P21
/m ⇔ C2/m phase transition at 255°C for synthetic amphibole ANa0.8B(Na0.8Mg1.2)CMg5Si8O22(OH)2 indicates that the substitution of Na with Li at the B-sites strongly affects the thermodynamic character and the T
c of the phase transition. The comparison of LNMSH amphiboles with cummingtonitic ones shows that the high-T thermodynamic behaviour is affected by A-site occupancy. 相似文献
17.
We present results from low-temperature heat capacity measurements of spinels along the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4. The data also include new low-temperature heat capacity measurements for MgAl2O4 spinel. Heat capacities were measured between 1.5 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results.
No heat capacity anomaly was observed for MgAl2O4 spinel; however, we observe a low-temperature heat capacity anomaly for Cr-bearing spinels at temperatures below 15 K. From
our data we calculate standard entropies (298.15 K) for Mg(Cr,Al)2O4 spinels. We suggest a standard entropy for MgAl2O4 of 80.9 ± 0.6 J mol−1 K−1. For the solid solution between MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4, we observe a linear increase of the standard entropies from 80.9 J mol−1 K−1 for MgAl2O4 to 118.3 J mol−1 K−1 for MgCr2O4. 相似文献
18.
The high-pressure behavior of a vanadinite (Pb10(VO4)6Cl2, a = b = 10.3254(5), c = 7.3450(4) Å, space group P63/m), a natural microporous mineral, has been investigated using in-situ HP-synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction up to 7.67 GPa with a diamond anvil cell under hydrostatic conditions. No phase transition has been observed within the pressure range investigated. Axial and volume isothermal Equations of State (EoS) of vanadinite were determined. Fitting the P–V data with a third-order Birch-Murnaghan (BM) EoS, using the data weighted by the uncertainties in P and V, we obtained: V 0 = 681(1) Å3, K 0 = 41(5) GPa, and K′ = 12.5(2.5). The evolution of the lattice constants with P shows a strong anisotropic compression pattern. The axial bulk moduli were calculated with a third-order “linearized” BM-EoS. The EoS parameters are: a 0 = 10.3302(2) Å, K 0(a) = 35(2) GPa and K′(a) = 10(1) for the a-axis; c 0 = 7.3520(3) Å, K 0(c) = 98(4) GPa, and K′(c) = 9(2) for the c-axis (K 0(a):K 0(c) = 1:2.80). Axial and volume Eulerian-finite strain (fe) at different normalized stress (Fe) were calculated. The weighted linear regression through the data points yields the following intercept values: Fe a (0) = 35(2) GPa for the a-axis, Fe c (0) = 98(4) GPa for the c-axis and Fe V (0) = 45(2) GPa for the unit-cell volume. The slope of the regression lines gives rise to K′ values of 10(1) for the a-axis, 9(2) for the c-axis and 11(1) for the unit cell-volume. A comparison between the HP-elastic response of vanadinite and the iso-structural apatite is carried out. The possible reasons of the elastic anisotropy are discussed. 相似文献
19.
The influence on the structure of Fe2+ Mg substitution was studied in synthetic single crystals belonging to the MgCr2O4–FeCr2O4 series produced by flux growth at 900–1200 °C in controlled atmosphere. Samples were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analyses, optical absorption-, infrared- and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer data show that iron occurs almost exclusively as IVFe2+. Only minor Fe3+ (<0.005 apfu) was observed in samples with very low total Fe. Optical absorption spectra show that chromium with few exceptions is present as a trivalent cation at the octahedral site. Additional absorption bands attributable to Cr2+ and Cr3+ at the tetrahedral site are evident in spectra of end-member magnesiochromite and solid-solution crystals with low ferrous contents. Structural parameters a0, u and T–O increase with chromite content, while the M–O bond distance remains nearly constant, with an average value equal to 1.995(1) Å corresponding to the Cr3+ octahedral bond distance. The ideal trend between cell parameter, T–O bond length and Fe2+ content (apfu) is described by the following linear relations: a0=8.3325(5) + 0.0443(8)Fe2+ (Å) and T–O=1.9645(6) + 0.033(1)Fe2+ (Å) Consequently, Fe2+ and Mg tetrahedral bond lengths are equal to 1.998(1) Å and 1.965(1) Å, respectively. 相似文献
20.
Baghdadite from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan shows a bright yellow fluorescence under UV (Hg 253.7 nm) excitation. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum at 300 K consists of one large band near 580 nm and two small UV bands at 318 and 397 nm. The optical excitation spectrum of the bright yellow fluorescence consists of two bands near 220 and 250 nm. The temperature dependence of the PL intensity exhibits linear thermal quenching. To reveal the origin of the bright yellow fluorescence from baghdadite, powder Ca3(Zr,Ti)Si2O9 crystals are synthesized. Synthetic Ca3(Zr,Ti)Si2O9 shows luminescence spectra similar to those of baghdadite, and the intensity of the yellow fluorescence is markedly increased by titanium addition. The origin of the bright yellow fluorescence from baghdadite is ascribed to the existence of titanium. 相似文献