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1.
The time at which deserts established their current arid or hyper-arid conditions remains a fundamental question regarding the history of Earth. Cosmogenic isotope exposure ages of desert pavement and welded, calcic–gypsic–salic Reg soils that developed on relatively flat alluvial surfaces ～2 Ma ago in the Negev Desert indicate long geomorphic stability under extremely dry conditions. Over a short interval during their initial stage of development between 1–2 Ma, these cumulative soils are characterized by calcic soils reaching maximum stage III of carbonate morphology. This interval is the only period when calcic soil horizons formed on stable abandoned alluvial surfaces in the southern Negev Desert. Since ～1 Ma pedogenesis changed toward more arid soil environment and the formation of gypsic–salic soil horizons that were later followed by dust accumulation. The dichotomy of only moderately-developed calcic soil (stages II–III) during a relatively long time interval (105–106 years) indicates an arid environment that does not support continuous development but only occasional calcic soil formation. The very low δ18O and relatively high δ13C values of these early pedogenic carbonates support soil formation under arid climatic conditions. Such an environment was probably characterized by rare and relatively longer duration rainstorms which occasionally allowed deeper infiltration of rainwater and longer retention of soil moisture. This, in turn enabled the growth of sparse vegetation that enhanced deposition of pedogenic carbonate. At ～1 Ma these rare events of slightly wetter conditions ceased and less atmospheric moisture reached the southern Negev Desert leading to deposition of soluble salts and dust deposited in the soils. The combination of long-term hyperaridity, scarcity of vegetation and lack of bioturbation, salts cementation, dust accumulation and tight desert pavement cover, has protected the surfaces from erosion forming one of the most remarkably stable landscapes on Earth, a landscape that essentially has not eroded, but accumulated salt and dust for more than 106 yr.  相似文献   

2.
The deposition of natural dust in an area of 53 ha, situated in the northern Negev desert, is investigated in detail both in the wind tunnel (dust storm simulations over a topographic scale model) and in the field. The wind tunnel results and the field results show a high degree of agreement, indicating that scale-model simulation may be considered an important technique for future loess and desert research. More dust settles on windward slopes than on leeward slopes, which is in contradistinction with the widespread wind shadow concept. Air-flow separation zones immediately downwind of steep windward slopes have an important impact on dust deposition too. In the case of dust deposition on topographic scale models, a restricted height distortion of the model will not necessarily lead to serious problems. In addition, wind tunnel blockage percentages up to 13% may be allowed in order to obtain acceptable dust deposition patterns for the scale model. A mean gross dust deposition of about 200–250 g m?2 year?1 is calculated for the northern Negev desert for 1987. Thus, if the settled dust can be protected against erosion in the cultivated areas in the Negev, the dust content of the top soil will markedly increase with time. However, it has to be borne in mind that cultivation activities themselves may also contribute to a higher soil erosion and, hence, to a higher dust content in the atmosphere. At any rate, a higher dust content in the top soil will unquestionably have an important positive effect on agricultural yields. From the air dust concentration data and the dust deposition data, a deposition velocity of 4.7cms?1 can be calculated for Avdat dust.  相似文献   

3.
Aeolian processes and ephemeral water influx from the Variscan Iberian Massif to the mid‐Cretaceous outer back‐erg margin system in eastern Iberia led to deposition and erosion of aeolian dunes and the formation of desert pavements. Remains of aeolian dunes encased in ephemeral fluvial deposits (aeolian pods) demonstrate intense erosion of windblown deposits by sudden water fluxes. The alternating activity of wind and water led to a variety of facies associations such as deflation lags, desert pavements, aeolian dunes, pebbles scattered throughout dune strata, aeolian sandsheets, aeolian deposits with bimodal grain‐size distributions, mud playa, ephemeral floodplain, pebble‐sand and cobble‐sand bedload stream, pebble–cobble‐sand sheet flood, sand bedload stream, debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow deposits. Sediment in this desert system underwent transport by wind and water and reworking in a variety of sub‐environments. The nearby Variscan Iberian Massif supplied quartzite pebbles as part of mass flows. Pebbles and cobbles were concentrated in deflation lags, eroded and polished by wind‐driven sands (facets and ventifacts) and incorporated by rolling into the toesets of aeolian dunes. The back‐erg depositional system comprises an outer back‐erg close to the Variscan highlands, and an inner back‐erg close to the central‐erg area. The inner back‐erg developed on a structural high and is characterized by mud playa deposits interbedded with aeolian and ephemeral channel deposits. In the inner back‐erg area ephemeral wadis, desiccated after occasional floods, were mud cracked and overrun episodically by aeolian dunes. Subsequent floods eroded the aeolian dunes and mud‐cracked surfaces, resulting in largely structureless sandstones with boulder‐size mudstone intraclasts. Floods spread over the margins of ephemeral channels and eroded surrounding aeolian dunes. The remaining dunes were colonized occasionally by plants and their roots penetrated into the flooded aeolian sands. Upon desiccation, deflation resulted in lags of coarser‐grained sediments. A renewed windblown supply led to aeolian sandsheet accumulation in topographic wadi depressions. Synsedimentary tectonics caused the outer back‐erg system to experience enhanced generation of accommodation space allowing the accumulation of aeolian dune sands. Ephemeral water flow to the outer back‐erg area supplied pebbles, eroded aeolian dunes, and produced hyperconcentrated flow deposits. Fluidization and liquefaction generated gravel pockets and recumbent folds. Dune damming after sporadic rains (the case of the Namib Desert), monsoonal water discharge (Thar Desert) and meltwater fluxes from glaciated mountains (Taklamakan Desert) are three potential, non‐exclusive analogues for the ephemeral water influx and the generation of hyperconcentrated flows in the Cretaceous desert margin system. An increase in relief driven by the Aptian anti‐clockwise rotation of Iberia, led to an altitude sufficient for the development of orographic rains and snowfall which fed (melt)water fluxes to the desert margin system. Quartzite conglomerates and sands, dominantly consisting of quartz and well‐preserved feldspar grains which are also observed in older Cretaceous strata, indicate an arid climate and the mechanical weathering of Precambrian and Palaeozoic metamorphic sediments and felsic igneous rocks. Unroofing of much of the cover of sedimentary rocks in the Variscan Iberian Massif must therefore have taken place in pre‐Cretaceous times.  相似文献   

4.
和田玉籽料以其洁白温润博得了越来越多人的喜爱,加之其有限的资源和丰厚的利润,市场上出现的和田玉籽料仿制品也越来越多。介绍了和田玉的分类及外部特征,分析了仿和田玉籽料的两种常用方法——滚料磨圆和染色处理做假皮,从其外形、颜色、硬度、密度和光泽等特征及仪器测试方面,讨论研究了和田玉籽料与其仿制品之间的差异,以达到鉴定和田玉籽料真伪的目的。  相似文献   

5.
Soils in similar geomorphic settings in hyperarid deserts (< 50 mm yr−1) should have similar characteristics because a negative moisture balance controls their development. However, Reg soils in the hyperarid southern Negev and Namib deserts are distinctly different. Soils developed on stable alluvial surfaces with only direct input of rainfall and dust depend heavily on rainfall characteristics. Annual rainfall amount can be similar (15-30 mm), but storm duration can drastically alter Reg soil properties in deserts. The cooler fall/winter and dry hot summers of the southern Negev Desert with a predominance brief (≤ 1 day) rainstorms result in gypsic-saline soils without any calcic soil horizon. Although the Namib Desert receives only 50-60% of the southern Negev annual rainfall, its rainstorm duration is commonly 2-4 days. This improves leaching of the top soil under even lower annual rainfall amount and results in weeks-long grass cover. The long-term cumulative effect of these rare rain-grass relationships produces a calcic-gypsic-saline soil. The development of these different kinds of desert soils highlights the importance of daily to seasonal rainfall characteristics in influencing soil-moisture regime in deserts, and has important implications for the use of key desert soil properties as proxies in paleoclimatology.  相似文献   

6.
Grain size analyses of three hilltop, primary eolian loess sequences in the Negev desert, southern Israel, show a bimodal grain-size distribution at 50-60 μm and 3-8 μm. Using analyses of mineralogy and OSL ages we demonstrate that the coarse mode is composed mostly of quartz grains and its relative magnitude increases regionally with time, suggesting an enhancement of a time-transgressive proximal dust source compared to a distal, Saharan fine-grain dust. The only proximal dust source for large amount of coarse silt quartz grains is the sands that advanced into Sinai and the Negev concurrently with the loess accretion during the late Pleistocene as a result of the exposure of the Mediterranean shelf. We therefore propose that the coarse silt quartz grains were formed through eolian abrasion within the margins of an advancing sand sea. This relationship between desert sand seas as a source for proximal coarse dust and desert margin loess deposits can be applicable to other worldwide deserts such as Northern Africa, China and Australia.  相似文献   

7.
大溪砾岩为一套厚层碳酸盐质砾岩,具有砾石含量高,砾石分选、磨圆较好的特点。据砾石统计、薄片分析、古生物鉴定、古流分析及重矿物组合表明,大溪砾岩中砾石主要来自龙门山区的泥盆系—三叠系,填隙物中的石英碎屑可能主要来自杂岩体。大溪砾岩的砾石成分有向上趋于复杂的特点。  相似文献   

8.
A long dust history established using geological archives from dust provenance areas is necessary to understand the role of atmospheric dust in the global climate system better. Core sediments from a closed-basin groundwater-recharged lake in arid Central Asia were investigated using a multi-proxy approach (e.g. 14C AMS dating, pollen, and grain size) to trace the dust history since ~ 15 cal ka BP. Pollen analysis showed that before 7.9 cal ka BP, the vegetation was of desert type. After 7.9 cal ka BP, vegetation density increased, probably due to slightly increased moisture. The Chenopodiaceae-dominated desert expanded rapidly at 4.2–3.8 cal ka BP. Grain-size analysis was conducted for samples of lake deposits, modern aeolian dust, and dust trapped in snow, and the data showed that there was strong aeolian dust deposition at 11.8–11.1, 10.6–8, 6.1–4.9, and after 3.3 cal ka BP. This timing corresponds well with periods of increased terrestrial dust fluxes recorded by Greenland ice cores. Our study may document changes in the location and intensity of the Siberia High. These changes may play a more important role in the history of dust emission in arid Central Asia than previously thought.  相似文献   

9.
Human-driven dynamics of land cover types in the Tarim Basin are able to affect potential dust source regions and provide particles for dust storms. Analyses about dynamics of potential dust source regions are useful for understanding the effects of human activities on the fragile ecosystem in the extremely arid zone and also provide scientific evidence for the rational land development in the future. This paper therefore selected the Tarim Basin, NW China, as a representative study area to reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover and their impacts on potential dust source regions. The results showed that farmland, desert and forest increased by 28.63, 0.64 and 29.27%, while grassland decreased by 10.29% during 1990–2010. The largest reclamation, grassland loss and desertification were 639.17 × 103, 2350.42 × 103 and 1605.86 × 103 ha during 1995–2000. The relationship between reclamation and grassland loss was a positive correlation, while a highly positive correlation was 0.993 between the desertification and grassland loss at different stages. The most serious dust source region was the desertification during 1990–2010 (1614.58 thousand ha), and the serious region was stable desert (40,631.21 thousand ha). The area of the medium and low dust source region was 499.08 × 103 and 2667.27 × 103 ha. Dramatic reclamation resulted in the desertification by destroying natural vegetation and breaking the balance of water allocation in various regions.  相似文献   

10.
云南晋宁梅树村下寒武统砾屑磷块岩的扫描电镜研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
杨杰东  王宗哲 《沉积学报》1989,7(2):125-128
通过扫描电镜观察.发现云南梅树村中谊村段砾屑磷块岩中的磷质砾屑主要由磷质鲕球、磷质微球和磷质雏晶堆积体组成.磷质微晶是磷酸盐的基本晶体.磷质雏晶是在扫描电镜下所能观察到的最小的磷酸盐颗粒,但它们晶形不完全.砾屑磷块岩的形成过程可以分为三个阶段:磷质鲕球、微晶和雏晶形成阶段,磷质砾屑形成阶段,和砾屑磷块岩形成阶段.磷质砾屑的形成环境为浅水近岸,水动力条件不稳定,沉积速率和通量不高.  相似文献   

11.
Loessial colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons are common deposits in the Negev Desert Highlands. In an attempt to monitor the amounts and distributional pattern of loess, monthly dust measurements were carried out during 2004 to 2006 in 10 cm diameter traps located at 18 stations along four slopes, north‐facing, south‐facing, east‐facing and west‐facing in a second‐order drainage basin near Sede Boqer, Negev Desert Highlands, Israel. Annual total dust depositions ranged between 110 g and 178 g m?2 with an average of 151·1 g m?2. The average annual dust deposition in the catchment was 23·5% higher than the average amount recorded at the hilltops (122·4 g m?2) and may be a consequence of sheltering opportunities in the hilly topography. When analysed according to season and aspect, significantly higher monthly amounts were received during the wet rainy season of December to March (17·0 g m?2), in comparison with the rest of the year (8·1 g m?2). As for the aspect, while no significant differences characterized north‐facing and south‐facing slopes, east‐facing slopes received significantly higher amounts (by 43·3%) than west‐facing slopes, pointing to preferential dust deposition at the leeward slope. Concurring with the classical model that anticipates higher dust deposition at the leeside slope, but in disagreement with some reports published in the literature, the findings of this study were also supported by a field survey that showed preferential loess accumulation at the eastern and north‐eastern aspects. These findings may shed light on distributional patterns of colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons in the Negev, on soil‐forming processes and on past cycles of dust deposition.  相似文献   

12.
The chronostratigraphy of mostly Holocene sediments in the Northern Negev desert of Israel was studied through amino acid epimerization analysis (alloisoleucine/isoleucine ratio, A/I) of individual land snail shells and 14C analysis of bulk samples of land snail shells contained within the sediments. Analysis of 31 deposits shows a very strong correlation between A/I and 14C age. A/I analyses indicate that age mixtures occur within all colluvial and in some fluvial deposits. Consequently, radiocarbon dates of bulk samples, which give an average age, overestimate the time of deposition. Sedimentation rates were generally rapid in both fluvial and colluvial deposits. Colluviation shows a maximum in the early Holocene and decreases progressively thereafter, in accordance with the change in average rainfall. Accumulation of fluvial sediments shows a distinct mid-Holocene maximum and apparently relates to the interaction between variation in rainfall, extent of bedrock exposure, and vegetation density. Late Holocene fluvial deposition may relate to agricultural activity. The understanding of the chronology of sedimentation is dependent on an integrated approach employing amino acid epimerization analysis to study age variation within a layer and 14C analyses for establishment of an absolute chronology.  相似文献   

13.
Composition and fabric of different moraines in the glaciated areas of Central Caucasus were studied to elucidate sedimentary environments and geomorphological processes. Methods used included particle-size distribution, pebble and mineral counts, shape analysis of pebbles, and till fabric analysis. Samples were taken from superglacial and basal debris, marginal moraine ridges and till horizons, and quantitative parameters were established for different glacial environments and till accumulation processes. Considerable differences in composition and fabric of superglacial and basal debris were caused by their specific transport conditions. Most marginal moraines consist of material similar to basal debris and only the topmost parts of some ridges have a noticeable incorporation of superglacial debris. These results point to considerable erosion of mountain valleys by temperate glaciers. Previous geomorphological investigations have emphasized the importance of superglacial debris in the formation of marginal moraines by alpine glaciers, but this viewpoint is not supported by the studies performed.  相似文献   

14.
Impact between windblown quartz grains as a source of desert dust is consistent with laboratory abrasion experiments and has received some field confirmation in the Negev. The suggestion is that an important process on Mars now gains support from laboratory studies; even though their geochemical interpretation is controversial, they show that dust generation by impact is tenable even for quartz. A simple mechanism for small dust production from sand seas is proposed; internal stresses can be mobilized by impact energy. A speculative mechanism (the andesite scenario) is proposed for fine particle production by particle impact on Mars. The internal stress range in terrestrial sand grains may vary, depending on the nature of the source rock, and this may influence particle production by impact processes.  相似文献   

15.
Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation   总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24  
H. TSOAR  K. PYE 《Sedimentology》1987,34(1):139-153
Although contemporary dust storms are frequent in arid and semi-arid areas, desert loess deposits are poorly developed. Much of the World's loess occurs in mid-latitude areas which experienced glaciation during the Pleistocene. Ocean core evidence indicates that dust transport from sub-tropical deserts increased during cold stages of the Pleistocene, but loess formed only on certain desert margins, for reasons which have not been fully explained. This paper re-examines the mechanisms of dust transport and deposition, and the circumstances leading to the accumulation of thick loess. Typical loess is composed mainly of medium silt grains which are transported in short-term suspension a few metres above the ground. Significant thicknesses of loess form only when dust is trapped within a limited area, often relatively close to the source. Dust particles finer than 20 μm are transported mainly in long-term suspension over a greater height range and may be widely dispersed. The availability of silt and the frequency, magnitude and direction of dust-transporting winds are important factors governing the potential for loess formation, but the existence of a suitable dust trap is particularly important. Traps may be formed by topographic obstacles, areas of moist ground, or vegetated surfaces. Vegetation adjacent to glacial outwash plains and braided meltwater streams trapped dust in mid-latitudes during the Pleistocene. Dust blown during glacial periods from certain deserts, notably in Sinai, Soviet Central Asia and China, accumulated as loess in neighbouring semi-arid regions. On the margins of other deserts loess formation was inhibited partly by the absence of vegetation traps. During most of the Holocene net dust deposition rates in all desert-marginal areas have been too low for significant loess accumulation. This is mainly due to a reduction in silt availability and a tendency towards landscape stability. Reported dust storm frequencies during the past 50 years over-estimate the longer-term Holocene dust flux due to the effects of human activities. Much modern dust owes its origin to erosion of cultivated soils in semi-arid areas and is finer than typical loess.  相似文献   

16.
The impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation and soil were investigated at seven representative sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Plant cover of grass and chaparral (with shrubs to 4 m tall) have been stripped by the two- and four-wheel vehicles in use. Impacts on loamy soils include increased surface strength (as much as 275 bars), increased bulk density (averaging 18%) to depths of 90 cm or more, reduction of soil moisture by an average 43% to 30 cm depths, greatly reduced infiltration, extension of the diurnal temperature range by as much as 12°C, and reduction of organic carbon by an average 33% in exposed soils. Very sandy soils respond similarly to vehicular use except that moisture is increased and surface strength of beach sand is decreased. These physical and chemical impacts reduce the land's capability of restoring its vegetative cover, which in turn adversely affects animal populations. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. Measured soil and substrate losses from vehicular use zones range from 7 to 1180 kg/m2. The estimated erosion rate of the Chabot Park site exceeds the rate of erosion considered a serious problem by a factor 30, it exceeds United States Soil Conservation Service tolerance values by a factor of 46, and it exceeds average San Francisco Bay area erosion rates by a factor of 17. The resulting soil losses are effectively permanent. Neither the increased sediment yield nor the increased runoff is accomodated on the sites of use, and both are causing adverse effects to neighboring properties.  相似文献   

17.
A history of repeated faulting, within an area, can be obtained from unconformity analysis or sediment-vector sequences (not treated in the present paper) or from studies of gravel tongues. The latter may include sheared pebbles, pocked pebbles, half-rounds, and second-cycle (or multi-cycle) pebbles. Sheared pebbles (and larger fragments) were cut by faulting after deposition, hence represent two episodes of deformation. Pocked pebbles (scarred pebbles) were ground against each other, after deposition, by a second episode. Sheared and pocked pebbles typically develop where sand matrix is not abundant; single pebbles “floating” in sandstone rarely show these features. Quartz sand schist is a fine-grained equivalent of the sheared-pebble gravel or conglomerate. Half-rounds represent transportation of sheared pebbles, after shearing; where half-rounds have been sheared, at least three episodes of deformation are indicated.A second-cycle conglomerate is one in which individual pebbles (or larger pieces) are themselves conglomerates. They likewise indicate at least two episodes of deformation.In some areas, details of displacement can be obtained best from unconformity analysis; in other areas, the special pebble types listed here may provide such details. In a few places, both types of information may be available, thus giving a fuller picture than could be obtained in other ways.The best example of a thick stratigraphic sequence containing these special pebble types (representing repeated deformation), described in the present paper, is located near Bucaramanga, Colombia. A second example from northern New Mexico is described less fully. Brief references to other occurrences, in Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and Alabama, are made. It is concluded that, although these pebble types may not be abundant at any one locality, they nevertheless occur at many places, and therefore can provide important information about deformational history.  相似文献   

18.
Sedimentary and meteorological characteristics of easterly dust storms causing severe damage in the Negev in November 1958 are analysed. Though the heavy storm originated in weather conditions outside of the affected area, the intense dustiness was of a more local nature. The sedimentological character of the dust indicates that the largest portion was of local origin, picked up by the turbulent current in the loess area of the northern Negev on its passage westward. Total quantity of sediment transported in the Beersheba Basin is estimated to be 10–20 million tons. The analysis of climatic data and of sedimentary characteristics of several other dust samples indicates that though severe dust storms can produce dramatic effects in transporting and deposition of aeolian dust, the rare occurrence of easterly dust storms does not make it likely that they were responsible for the import of aeolian sediments found in the northern Negev.  相似文献   

19.
白瑾 《地球学报》1987,9(2):201-213
分布在五台山区的早前寒武纪五台群和滹沱群,遭受了多期变形和变质,小型构造发育。层理配置反映变形性质和程度;片理(劈理)为早世代挤压-剪切褶皱的轴面片理,又成为晚世代弯滑褶皱的滑动面;线理(压扁拉长的砾石、杏仁体和矿物集合体)垂直于早世代褶皱枢纽,为a线理;这一运动学特征在显微组构中亦有反映。本区发现了“折射变位”、“非共面反射变位”和“共面反射变位”等褶皱枢纽变位轨迹。上述构造形迹可为运动学分析提供依据,可对造山带的重要性质获得广泛的理解。  相似文献   

20.
The present study combined remote sensing with geographical information system (GIS) technology to interpret Landsat TM images from 1996 to 2000 and establish a land cover database for the Hexi Corridor of China’s Gansu Province. The areas of sand and dust emission and trends in their change were extracted by analyzing the database, with the following results: In 2000, the source area for sand and dust storms totaled nearly 170,000 km2, accounting for 75.1% of the study region. The emission area decreases from as much as 70,000 km2 in winter and spring to around 58,000 km2 in summer and autumn, accounting for 41.1 and 34.1% of the source area, respectively. During the 4 years of the study period, the emission area decreased by nearly 57 km2 in winter and spring (a 0.1% change); however, the vulnerability of the land surface to wind erosion increased in ca. 190 km2 and decreased in ca. 102 km2. Although the area of dust emission decreased from 1996 to 2000, the area vulnerable to wind erosion increased by ca. 87 km2, and the increased number of sand and dust storm days in the region between 2000 and 2003 appears to be correlated with this increase.  相似文献   

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