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随着对地卫星遥感技术的发展,微波遥感监测为径流模拟提供了新途径。目前,基于被动微波遥感亮度温度的河道径流模拟方法亟待深入探索。本文基于M/C信号法,利用新一代高精度被动微波亮温数据集在中国典型流域进行河道径流模拟,探讨该方法的适用性,分析断面河宽、平均流量、控制面积、植被覆盖度、高程、土地覆盖/利用类型、气候类型等地形地貌和水文气象因素对模拟效果的影响。结果表明:在中国七大流域61个典型站点中,决定系数R2 ≥ 0.5的站点占比超过59.0%,41.0%的站点纳什效率系数ENS ≥ 0.5;位于西南诸河流域的站点模拟效果最佳,尤其在青藏高原地区;高程、平均流量、气候类型以及断面河宽是影响模拟效果的主要因素;站点位于高原山地气候下的小型河流一般模拟效果更佳,本文方法相对更适用。研究成果可为河道径流模拟提供研究思路,为微波遥感的水文应用提供切实指导。 相似文献
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采用无侧限抗压强度试验和直剪试验,从单轴抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的角度探求了淤泥固化土重塑时导致的强度折减和重塑后土的强度恢复特性,并分析了重塑前养护龄期（T前）、重塑后养护龄期（T后）、水泥掺灰比（ac）的影响。试验结果表明,重塑时机的选择对淤泥固化土的强度折减程度有显著的影响：T前越长,破碎过程带来的强度折减越严重,且大致满足ac越大、强度折减越严重的规律。从强度恢复特性来看：小水泥掺灰比的固化淤泥土经过T后,其强度恢复较好;大掺灰比的重塑土其强度则较难恢复至固化土的水平,T前越长,强度恢复越不利。从而得出了大掺灰比固化土宜早重塑,小掺灰比的重塑时间可适当延长的规律。 相似文献
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河道取水、水库蓄水、跨流域调水等水资源开发方式改变着河流自然水文情势,保留适宜的河道内生态需水能够维持河流所需的自净扩散能力,维系河势稳定,保护和维持河湖生态系统结构和功能的完整性。本文采用Qp法、田纳特法(Tennant Method)、逐月频率计算法、逐月最小生态径流计算方法、最小月平均实测径流法5种方法对资水河道内生态需水量进行计算分析和比较。结果表明逐月频率计算法结果较为合理,设定资水逐月河道内生态需水量,确定年生态需水量应为112.1×10~8m~3。为政府部门提供了更具操作性的分时段水量控制参考标准。 相似文献
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选取淮河两个主要暴雨中心的11个中小流域为研究对象,分析流域地貌结构因子(流域高程曲线特征值等)对其水文响应特征(多年平均径流系数、流量历时曲线斜率值)的影响.研究发现,流域高程曲线积分值及其斜率对径流特征影响最大.多年平均径流系数、流量历时曲线高流量阶段的斜率值(Sfh)与高程曲线斜率成正比,确定性系数达到0.77和0.67;而流量历时曲线低流量阶段的斜率值(Sfl)与高程曲线积分值也成正相关,确定性系数达0.65.这表明:在地形起伏较大的流域,其蓄水能力较弱,容易造成暴雨洪水过程的陡涨陡落,且多年平均降雨径流系数较大;反之在较为平坦的流域,其径流响应相对缓慢,表现出较强的流域调蓄能力. 相似文献
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以2008—2016年格尔木河流域实测径流量数据为基础,构建SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2算法进行参数率定、验证及不确定性分析,并设置不同的气候情景(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP6.0),预测流域2022—2050年的径流变化趋势,分析了研究区未来降水、气温的变化趋势并探究了这些气候要素对格尔木河流域径流的影响。结果表明：(1)SWAT模型在格尔木河流域径流过程的模拟中具有较好的适用性,率定期R2和ENS分别为0.84和0.73,验证期R2和ENS分别为0.74和0.70;(2)径流预测不确定性较小;(3)未来流域降水呈现增加趋势而气温降低;(4)未来时段流域径流增加显著,且降水是控制流域径流的主要因素。 相似文献
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人类活动和气候变化严重改变了黄河水文情势和生态径流,分析未来气候变化对河流生态的影响对流域水资源管理和长期规划意义重大。本文对第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的13个全球气候模式数据进行偏差订正,驱动水文模型进行径流模拟,应用流量历时曲线方法分析SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5情景下2026年至21世纪末年、季节尺度的花园口生态径流变化。结果表明:订正能明显降低降水、气温模拟偏差;人类活动严重影响了1986-2010年花园口生态径流;2026-2100年年均气温和年降水量增加趋势显著,低排放情景增速慢,高排放情景增速快;气候变化可在一定程度上缓解水库调控、水土保持等人类活动对生态径流的负面影响,SSP5-8.5情景缓解程度最高,冬季缓解程度最高,夏、秋季最低。 相似文献
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基于Clayton copula和Kendall分布函数分析广东西江马口站和北江三水站枯水流量的联合分布及其风险概率。根据两站流量之间的时空关联与变异,以1959-2010年西江马口站历年连续7日平均最小流量和对应期间的北江三水站枯水流量为样本,分别计算1959-1985年和1986-2010年两个时段(分别称为样本A和样本B)的西江北江枯水流量联合分布的"或"重现期、"且"重现期和二次重现期及其最可能的设计分位数。结果表明:①样本B中马口站的枯水流量设计值小于样本A相应重现期设计值,三水站则显著增大;②1985年后西江和北江枯水流量同频率遭遇的可能性较前期明显减小;③二次重现期所对应的累积频率代表了特定设计频率情况下西江和北江枯水流量遭遇的风险率;④由更严谨的二次重现期计算的马口站枯水流量最大可能设计值Q7d,T=20a、Q7d,T=10a和Q7d,T=2a设计值或更适合分别作为西江三角洲供水规划、生态需水和调水压咸设计参考值。 相似文献
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S. Shaeri Karimi M. Yasi S. Eslamian 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(3):549-558
Environmental flow assessment and maintenance are relatively new practices, especially in developing countries. This paper describes the desktop assessment of environmental flows in a river with insufficient data on ecological features and values. In this study, the potential environmental flows in a typical river reach of the Shahr Chai River in Iran were investigated using a newly developed hydrological method (flow duration curve (FDC) shifting) and Global Environmental Flow Calculator software. This approach uses monthly flow data to develop an environmental FDC and to generate flow requirements corresponding to different features of the river ecosystem. Results were compared with those from four alternative hydrological methods: the desktop reserve model (DRM), Tennant, low-flow index, and flow duration curve analysis (FDCA). Comparisons of these methods indicated that to maintain the basic function of the river ecosystem, the river flows should be managed within an acceptable environmental level. The predictions from the Tennant method and the low-flow index (7-day low flow with a 10-year return period), and from the FDCA (for flows exceeding 90?% of occurrence) are not as reliable as those from the FDC shifting technique and DRM. Comparative results indicate that a minimum flow rate of 1.2?m3/s (equivalent to 23?% of the natural mean annual runoff, or flow with 80?% occurrence depicted from the FDC) is required for the Shahr Chai River to run toward the internationally recognized Urmia Lake in Iran. 相似文献
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在完善与整合现有河流生态系统结构功能概念及模型的基础上,提出河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型。水文情势、水力条件和地貌景观格局是对河流生态系统结构与功能具有关键影响的3大生境要素,结构功能模型的核心是建立以3大生境要素为构架的生命支持系统与河流生命系统之间的相互作用和相互制约关系,同时考虑由于人类活动引起生境要素变化对于河流生态系统的影响。河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型由以下4种模型组成:河流四维连续体模型、水文情势-河流生态过程耦合模型、水力条件-生物生活史特征适宜模型以及地貌景观空间异质性-生物群落多样性关联模型,这4种模型的一体化整合,基本概括了河流生态系统结构功能的整体特征。 相似文献
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The continued urbanization of coastal watersheds can influence the quality of water that enters rivers and estuaries. Intelligent
management of aquatic resources will require the capability to quantitatively assess and evaluate the impacts of alterations
in surface waters that result from changes in patterns of land use. An aquatic ecosystem model was developed and linked to
an empirical landscape model to estimate ecological risks posed by nutrients and potentially toxic trace elements (copper
[Cu], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As]) in the Patuxent River, Maryland. The empirical landscape model translated reductions in
croplands within the Patuxent River watershed into corresponding changes in nitrate estimated to enter the river. Trace element
concentrations were increased in relation to urbanization associated with the loss of agricultural lands in the watershed.
The aquatic ecosystem model used the altered inputs of nutrients and trace elements to estimate changes in the annual production
dynamics of selected producer and consumer populations within the Patuxent River. The models were implemented for four mainstem
locations that defined a transect from the upper freshwater portion of the river to downstream estuarine locations. Ecological
impacts were estimated for 4 hypothetical changes in land use that consisted of 10%, 7.5%, 5%, and 2.5% watershed coverage
by cropland. Impacts were estimated as the probability (risk) of different magnitudes of increases or decreases in total annual
production of populations representative of freshwater and estuarine food webs in the Patuxent River. 相似文献
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Yang Yang Zhonghua Wang Xuelian Wang Changsen Zhao Chunbin Zhang Tianli Pan 《地球科学进展》2020,35(5):513-522
With the socio-economic development, water demand has increased, resulting in river environment flow often not being met. As an important indicator of river ecosystem, environment flow plays a key role in maintaining the sustainability of the ecosystem. This study fully considered the biological needs of river ecosystems, used food web models (Ecopath) to identify key species of fish, determined the ecological flow velocity, combined the river sections, and used the Adapted Ecological Hydraulic Radius Method (AEHRA) to calculate the environment flow. Based on the calculation results of the environment flow, the River2D model was used to simulate the river flow, and the environment flow satisfaction rate of the river was calculated. The calculation results show that the environment flow of each river in the flood season can be satisfied, and the environment flow of most rivers in the non-flood season cannot be satisfied, and the satisfaction rate is extremely low, which causes the ecosystem health to be destroyed. Therefore, ecological regulation of rivers during non-flood seasons should be strengthened to meet river environment flow. The new method for calculating the environment flow of the river provided in this paper can provide a method for aquatic ecological restoration, and the research results can provide important scientific basis for the aquatic ecological restoration and management of rivers in Jinan. 相似文献
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确定河流生态流量既是保护河流生态系统的根本举措,又是开展梯级水库生态调度的重要依据。基于逐月最小生态流量法、RVA法、DC法和逐月频率法,分别计算了清江水布垭和隔河岩水库坝址的生态流量过程,并采用Tennant法对结果进行合理性分析。结果表明:RVA法优于逐月最小生态流量法和DC法,计算得到的最小生态流量在一般用水期和产卵育肥期的评价结果分别为“好”、“中”等级;逐月频率法第3种情景计算的适宜生态流量,其评价结果均为“最佳”等级。研究成果为清江流域保护和梯级水库生态调度提供技术参考。 相似文献
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内陆河流域生态-水文本体的构建方法及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大于10×104 km2的大尺度流域建模面临诸多挑战, 在过程理解、数学表达、尺度转化、生态与水文过程的耦合机制等方面尚存在瓶颈. 基于本体的建模方法, 依据本体表示的多级过程, 将已有模型拆分成组件, 用户根据需求添加组件得到定制模型, 通过语义重组与技术创新, 为大尺度流域模型集成提供新的思路. 以黑河流域生态水文研究为范例, 在解释生态水文本体内涵、分析现有本体构建方法的基础上, 提出“基于知识的生态-水文本体构建方法”, 通过荒漠生态系统生态-水文本体的构建, 证明了该方法的有效性与可行性. 相似文献
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阿坝州壤塘县宗科乡石吾陇沟于2014年历经20年一遇强降雨,暴发了较大规模泥石流,泥石流峰值流量35.38m^3/s,冲出约6000m^3固体物堆积于沟口,造成沟口宗科河堵塞约三分之二。本文在对石吾陇沟的发育特征进行分析和对运动特征参数进行计算的基础上,对吾陇沟在不同频率泥石流规模下的堵河特征进行研究。首先利用已有经验公式对石吾陇沟在不同频率下堵河程度进行判断,其次结合流体动力学软件CFX对石吾陇沟堵河情况进行模拟分析。经验公式和数值模拟结果均表明,20年一遇泥石流会造成主河严重堵塞,与2014年实际情况基本一致;50年一遇泥石流会造成主河堵断。此研究结果可为石吾陇沟泥石流治理提供依据。 相似文献
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针对长江三角洲地区高度城镇化对水系剧烈影响的事实,以该区太湖平原苏州市为例,选取河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数作为水系变化指标,运用GIS分析近50年来河网的时空变化规律,在此基础上,研究水系变化对于城镇化及降水变化的定量响应,分析高度城镇化下水系的发展趋势。结果表明:①近50年来研究区水系呈衰减趋势,河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数分别下降5.6%、19%、1.2%和3%;区内水系禀赋差异大。②近50年来水系衰减的主要影响因素为城镇化,气候变化对其影响相对较弱;在水系变化中,城镇化的贡献率在67%以上。③随着城镇化率增加,研究区河网密度、分形维数、支流发育系数呈现先增长后衰减的"倒U型"曲线特征;苏州的高度城镇化与其水系表现出"先松弛,后紧密"的关系,二者的发展目前处于曲线右侧;未来将过渡到"高水平适应阶段"。本研究的结果丰富了城镇化与水系发展关系研究,可为其他地区水系系统的健康、绿色发展和保护提供参考。 相似文献
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Based on data obtained from field investigations, this paper aims to analyze the influence of the river overflow on the desert
riparian vegetation and discuss the function of the river overflow on the vegetation restoration at the lower Tarim River.
The results show that (1) there are only 17 species, 13 genera and 9 families in the study areas before river overflow, while
there are 34 species, 26 genera and 12 families after the overflowing in which 18 species emerged newly; (2) judging by the
biodiversity indices, the species diversity and species richness in the river overflowed area increase more significantly
than those in the un-overflow area; (3) judging by the importance of different species after years of river overflowing, the
annual herbs germinate quickly at first, while the perennial herbs with deep roots or root clones become dominant in the plant
community; (4) after several times of river overflowing, some arbors and shrubs such as Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima germinate easily and can dominate gradually in the plant community. The results indicate that the river overflowing restores
the severely degraded ecosystem in the lower Tarim River and the function is connected with restoration of eco-hydrological
processes in the study areas. The results suggest that experimental overflowing has initiated a process of restoring ecosystem
function within the riparian forest. 相似文献