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1.
水体中富营养化水平与磷元素的赋存形态密切相关。目前围绕引起富营养化关键因子之一的磷形态的垂向分布特征、各磷形态间的迁移转化行为及其影响因素取得了比较明确的研究进展。为进一步揭示不同磷形态在沉积物-水体系中迁移转化行为随时空的变化特征,本文采用磷钼蓝分光光度法对沱江流域简阳段间隙水中可溶性活性磷(SRP)、可溶性非活性磷(SUP)及总溶解性磷(TDP)进行测定;采用SMT法和改进的沉积物无机磷形态连续提取法对沉积物中总无机磷(TIP)、总磷(TP)、难提取磷(Res-P)、可交换态磷(Exc-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)进行提取,磷钼蓝分光光度法进行测定,以揭示沉积物-水体系中磷的赋存形态垂向分布行为特征,并将实验数据与十年前该地区磷的赋存形态结果进行对比,探讨磷赋存形态的变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明:间隙水中SRP、SUP和TDP的含量分别为0.004～0.36mg/L、0.080～3.19mg/L和0.056～3.28mg/L;沉积物中TP、TIP、Res-P、Exc-P、Al-P、Ca-P含量分别为1235.40～1646.94mg/kg、860.00～1318.59mg/kg、130.31～537.13mg/kg、1.35～14.10mg/kg、0.007～0.12mg/kg、743.13～1109.91mg/kg,Fe-P未检出。对比十年前后沉积物-水体系中磷赋存形态的变化可知,由于受到外源磷输入的影响,间隙水中SRP、SUP以及TDP含量虽然在-10cm以上变化不明显,但在-10cm以下明显增大,且导致沉积物中TP、TIP含量增加;偏碱性的沉积环境导致Al-P的释放,其含量明显减小;Exc-P含量的减小与其转化为稳定的Ca-P或Res-P形态有关。研究认为:随着时空的变化,沱江简阳段沉积物呈现外源磷输入和内源磷释放的综合污染。总体而言,由于输入的磷形态大部分以稳定的Ca-P和Res-P形态存在于沉积物中,使得表层间隙水中生物可直接利用的磷含量总体变化不大,该地区富营养化程度不会加重。维持沉积环境的弱碱性,有利于Al-P、Exc-P等向Ca-P的有效转换,抑制河流富营养化。 相似文献
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以三峡库区消落区表层沉积物为研究对象,通过对干湿交替沉积物中磷的赋存形式、吸附等温曲线的分析,揭示了干湿交替过程中沉积物磷的分布规律、吸附特征以及磷的源汇变化。结果表明:上覆水总磷变化呈现11月总磷<5月总磷<8月总磷。消落区覆水到出露沉积物最大磷吸附量、土壤最大缓冲能力在增加,磷零吸持平衡浓度、易解吸磷在降低,表明沉积物在夏季出露落干的过程中,固磷能力增强,释磷能力减弱;消落区土壤首次覆水过程中土壤磷呈现出由源到汇的转变。成库初期,覆水时沉积物主要表现为磷的积累,次年水库开闸放水排沙时,消落区表层富磷沉积物被冲刷排出。 相似文献
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Lake Changshou is a eutrophic reservoir of the Longxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. In this study, we sampled the sediment of the lacustrine wetland to determine phosphorous (P) fractions, their distribution, and retention along the water level, with the overall aim to evaluate biogeochemical P migration. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the water-level zone varied from 106.60 to 1178.86 mg/kg, with highest levels in the shallow-water area. With increasing sediment depth, TP levels decreased. The different wetland zones (land area, area with fluctuating water levels, shallow-water area, and deep-water area) were dominated by different P fractions. Based on our results, the hot spot of P accumulation in the littoral zone is the shallow-water area, possibly because of the significant hydrological changes. 相似文献
6.
Spatial variations and distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in bottom sediments from a typical north-temperate lake,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Dekun Hou Jiang He Changwei Lü Shengwang Dong Jinghua Wang Zhilei Xie Fujin Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(7):3063-3079
Concentrations and vertical distributions of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their different forms in sediments obtained from nine locations of Lake Dalinouer in September 2008 were analyzed. The results demonstrated that TP in surface sediments ranged from 0.493 to 0.904 g/kg, and inorganic phosphorus was the main fraction of total phosphorus, ranging from 335 to 738 mg/kg. Simultaneously, the autogenetic calcium phosphorus (ACa-P) was the main fraction of inorganic phosphorus, ranging from 145.4 to 543.2 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of different phosphorus forms in different sediment cores was distinguishing, and most of them tended to increase toward the surface sediment, indicated that the phosphorus concentration was related to the humanity with a certain extent. The relationships between TP and occluded phosphorus and ACa-P were significant. Nitrogen in the sediment was composed mainly of organic nitrogen, accounting for grater than 80 % of TN. NO3 ?-N was the dominate fraction of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediment, ranging between 51 and 346 mg/kg (151.1 ± 104.4 mg/kg), and accounting for between 2.2 and 17.7 % of total sediment nitrogen (6.2 ± 5.6 %). The ratio of organic carbon and TN in sediment was in range of 6.0–25.8 and presented a tendency of lake centre >lake sides, indicating that nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from lake sides came mainly from terrestrial source and nitrogen was mainly autogenetic in lake centre. Ratio of N:P in all sampling sites was below 14, indicated that N was the limiting nutrient for algal growth in this lake. 相似文献
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Adsorption of phosphate (PO4-P) by sediments of nine sites taken from the Yangtze Estuarine and coastal tidal flats were studied in a laboratory. The results indicate that the process of phosphorus adsorption onto sediments mainly occurred within 0-10 h, and then reached a dynamic equilibrium. This experimental finding has shown maximum adsorption rates (ad-R) occurred within 0-0.5 h, ranging from 10.40-56.40 mg/kg h with regional differences. The adsorption rates were obviously related to concentrations of fine particles (<63 µm) in the sediments. Adsorption isotherm curves were fitted to the modified Langmuir equation. Adsorption capacities (ad-C) varied from 26.32 to 204.08 mg/kg, and showed good affinities for Fe3+ and TOC concentrations. The adsorption efficiency (ad-E) of phosphate on sediments ranged from 21.55 to 248.30 L/kg, showing a close correlation with TOC concentrations. A correlation between environmental factors and phosphate adsorption is presented in this experiment. Phosphate adsorption is susceptible to changes in pH, temperature and salinity conditions. 相似文献
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由于三峡水库水位消落区具有特殊的水文特征和发达的农业耕作管理,该地区成为库区磷释放的一个敏感地带.对消落区土壤磷释放特征的研究对保护水库水质有着重要的意义.模拟三峡水环境的磷浓度,对消落区中典型土壤类型进行淹水模拟实验,研究发现,在0.1～1.6 mg/L的水体磷浓度范围内,土壤磷释放特征呈现出3种模式,即释放型、吸附型和释放/吸附型.水土界面的磷行为主要取决于土壤EPC0与水体中磷浓度的关系.当土壤EPC0高于初始磷浓度时则以释放为主;低于初始浓度则以吸附为主.借助土壤磷素水平与EPC0的相关关系,以Olsen-P为评价指标,可确定三种模式的阈值.当土壤Olsen-P含量高于123 mg/kg时,土壤为释放型,这类土壤的分布区是磷污染源区;当土壤Olsen-P含量低于14.4 mg/kg时,土壤为吸附型,这类土壤分布区不易成为磷释放源;当土壤的Olsen-P含量介于二者之间时,土壤属于释放/吸附型,这类土壤存在源-汇之间的动态转化. 相似文献
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Phosphorus fractions in sediment profiles and their potential contributions to eutrophication in Dianchi Lake 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Dianchi Lake is a eutrophic lake in southwestern China. Sediment and the bottom water samples were taken from six sites in
the east, west, south, north and center of the lake, respectively, in December 2002. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations
in sediments were high and reached a maximum value of 6.66 g/kg. There was a soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration
gradient at the sediment–water interface. In the present study, sediment P was divided into loosely adsorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), metal oxides bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P), and organic P (Org-P). At three of
the six sites selected, the concentrations of different P forms in sediments followed the order: NaOH-P, Org-P>HCl-P>BD-P>NH4Cl-P in the profile, and in the southern lake the order was HCl-P>NaOH-P, Org-P>BD-P>NH4Cl-P in the top 15 cm layers of the sediments. The sediment profiles showed that different forms of P had an increasing trend
upward toward the sediment surface. There is a considerable potential for release from the sediment into the overlying water
and sediment P could be the dominant factor determining the trophic status of the lake if the external load is reduced.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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Phosphorus fractions and bioavailability in relation to particle size characteristics in sediments from Lake Hongfeng, Southwest China 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Yuanrong Zhu Runyu Zhang Fengchang Wu Xiaoxia Qu Fazhi Xie Zhiyou Fu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(4):1041-1052
Information on the chemical composition of phosphorus (P) fractions in sediments is fundamental to understanding P bioavailability and eutrophication in lake ecosystems. Phosphorus fractions and its bioavailability in sediments cores of Lake Hongfeng, southwest China, were investigated using a chemical sequential extraction scheme. Relationships between P fractions, P bioavailability and particle sizes were discussed. P fractions concentrations were ranked in the order: Residual-P > NaOH–rP > NaOH–NRP > HCl–P > BD–P > NH4Cl–P, and all of them decreased with increasing sediment depth. Statistical analysis showed that concentrations of bioavailable P (BAP) which includes the NH4Cl–P, BD–P, NaOH–rP and NaOH–NRP fractions ranged from 404.68 to 1,591.99 mg/kg and accounted for 26.8–71.8 % of the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the top 5 cm sediments, whereas in the whole sediment cores, their concentrations ranged from 239.70 to 1,591.99 mg/kg and accounted for 26.8–76.0 % of TP. The results suggested that the sediments were a large potential source of P for algae blooms in Lake Hongfeng. Phosphorus fractions and their potential bioavailability were influenced by the sediment particle sizes, especially the bioavailability of the NH4Cl–P fraction, which was strongly affected by the presence of fine particle sizes in the sediments. 相似文献
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Arsenic associations in sediments from shallow aquifers of northwestern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Understanding the mechanism of arsenic mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management
in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Aquifer geochemistry was
characterized at three field sites (SH, HF, TYS) in Hangjinhouqi County of northwestern Hetao Basin. The results of bulk geochemistry
analysis of sediment samples indicated that total As concentrations have a range of 6.8–58.5 mg/kg, with a median of 14.4 mg/kg.
The highest As concentrations were found at 15–25 m depth. In the meanwhile, the range of As concentration in the sediments
from background borehole is 3–21.8 mg/kg, with a median value of 9 mg/kg. The As sediments concentrations with depth from
the SH borehole were correlated with the contents of Fe, Sb, B, V, total C and total S. Generally, the abundance of elements
varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments. Distinct lithology profile and different
geochemical characteristics of aquifer sediments indicate the sediments are associated with different sources and diverse
sedimentary environments. Up to one third of arsenic in the sediments could be extracted by ammonium oxalate, suggesting that
Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. Sequential extraction results indicate that arsenic occurs as
strongly adsorbed on and/or co-precipitated with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides in sediments accounting for 35 and 20%, respectively,
of the total contents of arsenic. The release of As into groundwater may occur by desorption from the mineral surface driven
by reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide minerals. Furthermore, small proportions of As associated with iron sulfides occur
in the reductive sediments. 相似文献
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数字滤波法在三峡库区香溪河流域基流分割中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
三峡水库蓄水后,库区来流水质水量变化备受关注。基流分割在降雨-产流模型,水资源配置,点源和非点源污染解析中有重要意义。本文探讨了数字滤波原理,并以三峡库区香溪河流域为研究对象,利用数字滤波法对流域径流总量进行基流分割,分析滤波方程的参数和次数对基流分割结果的影响。结果表明滤波参数β越大,次数越多,分割得到的基流越小。同时将数字滤波法与平滑最小值法基流分割结果进行对比研究,以最小平滑值法为基准,结合香溪河流域特征,数字滤波法中滤波参数β取值0.925时,采用正-反-正三次滤波的基流分割结果最为恰当。 相似文献
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三峡库区香溪河段典型滑坡变形特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从坡形采集入手,对三峡库区香溪河段蓄水后发生变形的滑坡进行归纳统计。统计表明,近水库岸坡为凸形的滑坡更容易发生变形。对香溪河段典型滑坡进行了长期地表位移监测,获得八字门滑坡和白家包滑坡的变形曲线为台阶状,耿家坪滑坡的变形曲线为脉动形。近库水微地貌为凸岸,滑体物质为老滑坡堆积物的滑坡变形曲线为台阶状,变形具积累性;近库水微地貌为凹岸,滑体物质为崩塌堆积物的滑坡变形曲线为脉动形,变形具“弹性”。 相似文献
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定量评价三峡蓄水后长江中游流域水文情势的时空变化,为长江中游生态保护和区域水资源管理提供科学依据。采用变化范围法分析了长江干流5个水文站的流量、含沙量日均数据,定量评估了三峡工程蓄水后,长江中游水沙变化度最大的江段和水文指标类别,及其对应的生态影响。研究结果表明三峡蓄水后,下游河道含沙量的变化度远大于流量,除城陵矶站外,含沙量较蓄水前有了大幅度下降,宜昌站的含沙量下降幅度达到了一个数量级,洞庭湖对长江干流含沙量有明显的调蓄作用。流量的变化度随着与大坝距离的增加而减小,且在7~11月流量下降幅度明显。这些水文节律的变化将影响下游鱼类产卵栖息地以及滞洪区水生生物与周边植被的生长。 相似文献
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南四湖及主要入湖河流沉积物中磷的赋存形态研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
应用沉积物磷形态SMT提取方法,分析了南四湖及主要入湖河流丰水季节表层沉积物、独山湖及微山湖区沉积岩芯中磷的含量及形态组成变化,研究了磷的埋藏演化过程与人为污染特征.结果表明,老运河表层沉积物中磷的含量最高,为13068.3 mg/kg,以OP及NaOH-P为主,其富集系数分别为6.5和9.0,主要是与来自济宁市的废水污染有关.其余表层沉积物以HCl-P为主;受人为污染的影响,NaOH-P、OP产生一定程度的富集,其富集系数分别为1.0.3.7、1.3～6.0;部分沉积物中高含量的有机质加重了OP的富集.独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯中以HCl-P和OP为主;20世纪60年代末期以来,随着湖泊生产力的提高及早期成岩过程中有机质的矿化分解,独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯中TOC含量自下而上呈指数增加,这也导致了沉积物中OP的增加;独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯6～0 cm和5～0 cm较高的OP及NaOH-P含量,指示了20世纪80年代中期以来磷的人为污染过程. 相似文献
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The Three Gorges are considered to be critical to understand the formation of Yangtze River. Recent research results suggest that the Yangtze Three Gorges was created during the Quaternary but the exact time is debatable. Fe–Ti oxide minerals are seldom used to study sediment provenance, expecially using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). In this study, the provenance of Quaternary sediments in Yichang area, which is located to the east of the Yangtze Three Gorges, was investigated by using SEM and EDS to research Fe–Ti oxides. The Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite and Emeishan basalt outcrop are located to the west of the Three Gorges. Further, the materials from them are observed in the Quaternary sediments of Yichang area. Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite are observed in the Yunchi and Shanxiyao Formations, which were formed before 0.75 Ma B.P., whereas Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite, Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite, and Emeishan basalt are observed in the riverbed and fifth-terrace sediments of the Yangtze River, which were formed after 0.73 Ma B.P.. Thus, we can infer that the Three Gorges formed after the deposition of the Shanxi Formation and before the fifth-terrace; i.e., 0.75–0.73 Ma B.P.. 相似文献
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T. M. Mutia M. Z. Virani W. N. Moturi B. Muyela W. J. Mavura J. O. Lalah 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(4):1121-1130
Following recent concerns of chemical pollution around Lake Naivasha, especially originating from recent agricultural activities in the catchment, samples of water, sediments, and fish Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from the Hippo Point, Kasarani, Mouth of Malewa River, Mouth of Karati River, Crescent Island, Sher Karuturi Discharge outlet and Oserian Bay for analysis of Cu, Cd and Pb by FAAS. The mean heavy metal levels ranged from 5.12?C58.11 (Pb), 1.06?C1.73 (Cd), and <0.03?C2.29 (Cu) mg/kg wet weight in C. carpio muscle, <100?C179.83 (Pb), <10.00?C10.06 (Cd) and <30.00?C32.33 (Cu) ??g/L in surface water, and 17.11?C53.07 (Pb), 1.18?C5.58 (Cd) and 3.00?C8.48 (Cu) mg/kg dry weight in sediment and showed a wide variation within and between samples with relatively high concentrations in sediments and fish muscle tissues. The results indicate that Lake Naivasha, in some parts, is polluted with these heavy metals of which relatively higher concentrations are found at the discharge outlets near Sher Karuturi and Oserian Bay. This indicates possible contribution from surrounding horticultural/floricultural activities and the Mouths of the Rivers Malewa and Karati which flow from it??s upper catchment. 相似文献
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S. L. Wang C. Y. Lin X. Z. Cao X. Zhong 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(1):31-40
The Nansi Lake has been seriously affected by long-term intensive industrial and urban activities. The objectives of this study were to determine the content, distribution, and ecological risk of arsenic and investigate the geochemical relationships between arsenic forms and sediment mineral phases of the Nansi Lake. Twenty samples of surface sediments were collected and analyzed for arsenic contents and chemical forms. Results indicated that total content of arsenic in the sediment samples averaged 13.45?mg/kg and ranged from 8.27 to 21.75?mg/kg. The arsenic was mostly associated with iron oxides (67.3%), followed by the association with the residual fraction (19.2%). In addition, total content of arsenic was positively correlated with the organic matter and iron contents in the sediment. The molar ratios of iron oxide bound arsenic content to iron content are lower than the maximal molar ratios of arsenic to iron for natural hematite, magnetite, and goethite. The total content of arsenic in the sediment samples was usually higher than threshold effect concentration of 9.79?mg/kg, but lower than probable effect concentration of 33.0?mg/kg for arsenic in freshwater sediments. Adverse effects or toxicity to the aquatic organisms, caused by arsenic in the sediments of the Nansi Lake, will likely occur at these levels of arsenic contamination. 相似文献
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Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the Three Gorges reservoir area in China has been increasingly recognized as a threat to aquatic environment in recent years due to the serious eutrophication problem. Adsorbed NPS pollution is one of the major forms of NPS pollution in mountainous regions, the essential of the adsorbed NPS pollution is soil loss. Thus, simple, highly sensitive and continuous methods are required to simulate and quantify sediments yield at watershed scales. It is imperative to construct an integrated model to estimate the sediment yield and adsorbed NPS pollution load. According to the characteristics of climate, hydrology, topography, geology, geomorphology and land use types in Three Gorges reservoir area, a GIS-based dynamic-integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was presented in view of impacts of the rainfall intensity, sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and land management, where the temporally dynamic-continuous model of annual sediment yield was established by modifying the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the spatially integrated-distributed model of annual adsorbed NPS load was then developed via the correlation between sediment yield and adsorbed NPS load. Furthermore, a case study of the Jialing River basin in China was applied to validate the integrated model, the dynamic-distributed coupling among GIS technology, sediment yield model, and adsorbed NPS load model was achieved successfully. The simulation results demonstrate the following: (1) runoff and sediment are influenced greatly by rainfall intensity, SDR and vegetation cover; rainfall and land management show high sensitivities to the integrated model; the average annual adsorbed TN and TP pollution loads from 2006 to 2010 decreased by 76 and 74 % compared with the previous treatment (1990), respectively. (2) Spatio-temporal variations of adsorbed NPS nitrogen and phosphorus load are mainly related to different land use types and the background level of nutriments in topsoil; different land use types have different contribution rates; the largest contribution rates of adsorbed total nitrogen (TN, 58.9 %) and total phosphorus (TP, 53 %) loads are both from the dryland cropland. (3) The identification of critical source areas can help to implement the prevention and control measures aiming at the reduction of water environmental pollution. These results will provide useful and valuable information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures for the control of sediment pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area. The application of this model in the catchment shows that the integrated model may be used as a major tool to assess sediment yield risks and adsorbed NPS pollution load at mountainous watersheds. 相似文献