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1.
豆乍山岩体和香草坪岩体成岩时代相近,空间关系密切,为苗儿山中段豆乍山地区产铀与非产铀岩体。文章选择豆乍山和香草坪新鲜花岗岩中黑云母为研究对象,结合诸广、贵东地区产铀与非产铀岩体中黑云母的电子探针数据开展综合分析,并在此基础上进行了黑云母中包裹副矿物种类的对比研究。结果表明:产铀岩体黑云母基本以铁叶云母为主,非产铀岩体黑云母为铁质黑云母,且前者具有相对富铝、铁、锰,贫镁、钛特征;产铀豆乍山岩体黑云母中副矿物为锆石-磷钇矿-独居石-钛铁矿-金红石-方钍石-晶质铀矿,非产铀香草坪岩体黑云母中副矿物为锆石-磷灰石-褐帘石-独居石,缺少钍石和晶质铀矿。不同亚种黑云母具有不同的成岩成矿环境,与各矿化类型往往具有直接对应关系,铁叶云母的出现有可能可以作为产铀与非产铀岩体(铀成矿潜力)的间接判别标志,对于后期找矿具有较大指导意义。 相似文献
2.
粤北产铀与不产铀花岗岩中铀矿物特征的电子探针研究及其找矿意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
晶质铀矿的含量、形貌、成分、铀矿物类型、与铀矿物共存的矿物组合等特征可以作为产铀与不产铀岩体的判别标志,为花岗岩型铀矿找矿工作提供了一种新的技术手段。长江岩体和九峰岩体是粤北地区典型的产铀与不产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针测试了九峰岩体的铀矿物并与长江岩体进行对比研究。结果表明九峰岩体的铀矿物主要为晶质铀矿,其化学年龄可分为两组,分别为~160 Ma、~105 Ma,与长江岩体的两组晶质铀矿年龄基本一致;其中第一组年龄代表岩体的成岩年龄,第二组年龄与粤北地区~105 Ma的基性岩脉侵入时代相对应;但九峰岩体缺少长江岩体中~74 Ma的成矿年龄。相比于长江岩体,九峰岩体的铀矿物受到后期热液事件的影响较小,U没有发生明显的活化、转移,因而未能富集成矿,没有形成具有工业价值的铀矿床。 相似文献
3.
相山铀矿田为中国最大的火山岩型铀矿田,其中北部花岗斑岩型铀矿床资源储量占总储量的36.65％.虽然前人对相山矿田北部花岗斑岩进行了系统研究,但是关于花岗斑岩中矿物化学研究较为薄弱.本次研究运用电子探针技术对相山北部花岗斑岩中黑云母及绿泥石进行了矿物化学分析,并探讨了成岩成矿意义.结果表明:(1)相山北部产铀花岗斑岩黑云母为铁质黑云母.花岗斑岩岩浆结晶温度为721～753℃,平均737℃,氧逸度lgf(O2)为?14.8～ ?15.7,形成压力为112～147 MPa,侵位结晶深度为4.1～5.4 km.岩石成因类型为A型花岗岩,形成于板内拉张构造环境,物质来源于上地壳部分熔融;(2)相山北部绿泥石为蠕绿泥石,属于富铁绿泥石,形成于还原环境.绿泥石形成温度为230～271℃,平均值为258℃,属于中温热液作用范围;(3)花岗斑岩中铀的载体主要为黑云母包体中含铀副矿物.矿前期,热液流体交代黑云母形成绿泥石,使得黑云母内含铀副矿物中的铀活化转移为分散吸附状态的铀,被绿泥石等矿物吸附于矿物晶格表面或矿物裂隙,为成矿期热液提供了铀源. 相似文献
4.
赣南富城岩体黑云母及其蚀变产物绿泥石的矿物化学研究——对铀成矿的指示意义 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
富城花岗岩体位于赣南会昌盆地东侧,该岩体西部与橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩接触,河草坑铀矿田就产于该花岗岩体的内外接触带中。在矿区外围花岗岩中发育大面积的蚀变带,其中的黑云母普遍蚀变为绿泥石。为了深入探讨蚀变与铀矿化的关系,文章运用电子探针技术对该蚀变带的黑云母及其蚀变产物绿泥石进行了矿物化学研究。结果表明,黑云母大部分属铁叶云母,估算出富城花岗岩岩浆的氧逸度lg(f O2)值约为-15.0~-14.3,氧逸度较低,源岩为还原性较强的岩石,有利于铀预富集于源区中;富城产铀花岗岩中黑云母的w(F)高达1.41%~2.01%,表明花岗质岩浆富F,而富F岩浆中U溶解度高,可能是富城岩体富铀的重要原因之一。黑云母被绿泥石交代后呈黑云母假象,绿泥石矿物化学分析结果表明,绿泥石以鲕绿泥石和蠕绿泥石为主,属于富铁的绿泥石,主要形成于还原环境;绿泥石的形成温度介于246~307℃之间,平均276℃。全岩U、Th含量分析结果表明,上部"红化"蚀变层中的w(U)(3.5×10-6~9.4×10-6,平均6.6×10-6)明显低于下部"绿色"蚀变层(7.7×10-6~23.1×10-6,平均13.9×10-6),而"红化"蚀变层与"绿色"蚀变层的Th含量相似,w(Th)平均值分别为35.7×10-6和36.5×10-6。矿前期的带状面型"绿色"蚀变层活化了矿物晶格中的结构铀,后期高氧逸度的流体萃取"绿色"蚀变层中已经活化了的铀而形成含铀热液,经迁移在还原带附近沉淀成矿。Th的价态(正四价)难以随这种氧化还原条件的改变而改变,因此未参与流体成矿过程。 相似文献
5.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2020,(2)
为了解赣中金滩岩体黑云母花岗岩和二云母花岗岩的岩石成因及其差异,探讨二云母花岗岩中铀的富集机制,利用电子探针对两类岩石中的黑云母进行了分析,并进行了岩相学和矿物化学研究。结果显示,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母为镁质黑云母和铁质黑云母,二云母花岗岩中的黑云母为铁质黑云母。黑云母花岗岩的结晶温度为660～722℃(平均692℃),二云母花岗岩的结晶温度为630～691℃(平均669℃);二云母花岗岩相对黑云母花岗岩具有更低的氧逸度条件,但二者都具有相当高的氟含量。综合黑云母化学成分和岩石地球化学特征,认为二云母花岗岩的源区富铀特征是导致铀富集并形成富铀花岗岩的物质前提,低温、低氧逸度和高F含量等物理化学条件是促使U富集的有利因素。 相似文献
6.
贵东复式岩体印支期产铀和非产铀花岗岩地球化学特征对比研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
鲁溪黑云母花岗岩体和下庄二云母花岗岩体为粤北贵东复式岩体的重要组成部分.两岩体形成于相同构造背景,空间上紧密共生,时间上近乎同时生成,但鲁溪黑云母花岗岩不成矿,下庄二云母花岗岩赋存着大量铀矿床.对鲁溪黑云母岩体和下庄二云母进行系统的岩石学、矿物学、主量元素和微量元素分析,其结果表明,鲁溪黑云母花岗岩和下庄二云母花岗岩具有相似的地球化学特征,为同一母岩浆先后结晶分异的产物.岩浆不同演化阶段温度、氧逸度等物理化学条件的变化造成两岩体的铀含量和铀的赋存状态差异,致使鲁溪黑云母花岗岩的铀含量低,且铀主要以惰性铀存在,不利于成矿,而下庄二云母花岗岩的铀含量高,铀多以活性铀的形式存在,利于后期热液成矿.因此鲁溪岩体不成矿,而下庄岩体赋存着大量的铀矿床. 相似文献
7.
8.
桂东北苗儿山花岗岩黑云母矿物学特征对比及铀成矿意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
香草坪岩体和豆乍山岩体同为苗儿山矿田中部的印支期花岗岩,它们空间关系密切,但香草坪岩体为非产铀花岗岩,而豆乍山岩体为产铀花岗岩,矿化特征显著差异。通过黑云母的矿物学特征对比,豆乍山产铀花岗岩黑云母蚀变程度强,化学成分富铝、铁,贫镁、钛,挥发性组分F质量分数较高,并且花岗岩成岩温度和氧逸度较低,有利于铀在花岗岩体富集和富铀矿物的析出,从而为晚期铀成矿提供成矿物质。这就是豆乍山岩体周边有大量铀矿床,而香草坪岩体不成矿,同为印支期花岗岩铀成矿能力却不同的主要原因。 相似文献
9.
黄沙铀矿区位于南岭成矿带中段龙源坝岩体中南部,区内成矿地质条件优越,铀资源找矿潜力大。本文在矿物原位分析技术(EPMA与LA-ICP-MS)的基础上,讨论了黑云母和绿泥石的矿物化学特征对成岩成矿作用过程的约束。结果显示,矿区印支期中粗粒黑云母花岗岩中黑云母为铁质黑云母,指示岩浆演化程度较高,氧逸度和结晶温度较高。黑云母是花岗质熔体中Rb、Ba、Nb、Ta、Sc、V、Co、Ni、Cr元素的主要载体,副矿物(独居石、锆石、磷钇矿等)是Th、Sr、Hf、Zr、Y的主要载体,U主要赋存于晶质铀矿和含铀副矿物中。绿泥石分黑云母假象绿泥石和脉状绿泥石两类,形成于中温、相对酸性、相对氧化性的环境下。黑云母假象绿泥石形成于成矿前期的面状蚀变,以相对富铁为特征,经历了溶解、沉淀过程,伴随晶质铀矿和含铀副矿物中铀的活化与再分配。脉状绿泥石形成于成矿期的热液蚀变,以相对富镁为特征,经历了溶解、迁移与沉淀过程,富U流体流经还原性介质时,流体中的U~(6+)被还原沉淀形成沥青铀矿。 相似文献
10.
贵东岩体黑云母成分特征及其对铀成矿的制约 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鲁溪岩体和下庄岩体为粤北贵东复式岩体的重要组成部分,两岩体构造背景相同,空间上紧密共生,时间上近乎同时生成,但鲁溪岩体不成矿,而下庄岩体赋存着大量铀矿床。这种差异的原因探究对深刻揭示花岗岩型铀矿床成矿机制具有重要的意义。对鲁溪岩体和下庄岩体中黑云母的电子探针、穆斯鲍尔谱和ICP-MS分析表明,两岩体黑云母的主量元素具有富铁贫挥发分的特点;微量元素特征类似,具明显的负铕异常;相对于鲁溪岩体,下庄岩体的演化程度和挥发性组分F含量较高,而温度和氧逸度较低。从鲁溪岩体到下庄岩体,由于演化程度升高,F含量增高,温度和氧逸度降低,使铀在花岗岩中的丰度升高,赋存方式由不利于成矿的类质同像替换演变为有利于成矿的晶质铀矿形式存在,这是鲁溪岩体不成矿而下庄岩体有大量铀矿床的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
12.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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14.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
15.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
16.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
17.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
18.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
19.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献
20.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献