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1.
基于土地利用/覆被变化表征的现代绿洲演变过程——以天山北坡三工河流域为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文以天山北坡三工河流域为例,利用1958年、1968年和1978年3期航片、1987年彩红外航片、1998年Landsat TM、2004年SPOT 5和2014年Landsat OLI影像,构建绿洲及其外围荒漠7期土地利用/土地覆被数据集,综合分析1950s屯垦戍边以来现代绿洲演变和外围荒漠植物群落变化。结果表明：①1950年以来,屯垦戍边使位于三工河冲洪积扇中下部的老绿洲不断向冲积平原扩张,老绿洲外围以柽柳和梭梭为建群种的土质荒漠景观不断转变为新绿洲,绿洲面积增加了4倍多。其中1958-1968年和2000s以来是绿洲变化最为显著的两个阶段,这两个阶段分别对应了农业用地和建设用地增幅最大的时期。② 三工河流域的现代绿洲演变过程中存在“地方管辖区”和“兵团农场区”两种基本管理模式,也正是这两种模式相互渗透、相互交叉融合,共同推动了现代绿洲演变。③三工河流域1950s-2004年现代绿洲演变具有干旱区绿洲演变的普遍特征,但2004年以后的演变仅适用于有较大规模跨流域调水或新增水源的绿洲演变情形。现代绿洲的扩张以荒漠植被的砍伐和破坏为代价,导致绿洲外围植物群落结构发生了显著的变化,这使得绿洲外围荒漠生态系统的保护愈加困难 相似文献
2.
近55 a来黑河流域绿洲演变特征的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
以航空照片（1956年）、Landsat MSS影像（1975年）、TM和ETM+影像（1990、2000、2005、2010年）为基础数据源,提取了黑河流域近55 a来的绿洲演变信息,并对绿洲演变的驱动力做了初步分析。研究结果表明:①研究区绿洲在1956—1975年间呈萎缩状态,1975—2010年间均呈扩张状态,并在2010年达到8 137.89 km2,整个绿洲扩张期间,2000年前的增长较平稳,2000年后增长较快;②绿洲内部的土地利用类型以耕地和林地所占比例最大,合占绿洲总面积的90%左右,1975年后耕地成为绿洲中比重最大的土地类型,约占60%;③研究时段内耕地和城镇居民地的变化相对平稳,多为单向转入,而林地、水域的变化相对剧烈,双向转换频繁;④关于绿洲演变驱动力的初步研究表明,自然和人为因素的共同作用影响了水资源的时空分布变化,并决定了绿洲演变的方向和特征,但是其机制还需在今后开展更深入的研究。 相似文献
3.
再论罗布泊"大耳朵"地区的干涸时间 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在收集前人考察成果及各类遥感影像基础上,通过实地调查,对罗布泊"大耳朵"地区干涸时间获得若干新认识。经过对1958年航片重新解译,认为根据1958年航测资料估绘,于1963年出版的罗布泊1:100 000地形图在"大耳朵"地区标注地物属性不正确,1958年干涸的环状盐壳地貌已经形成,未被洪水淹没。盐沙包137Cs分析结果表明,高约1 m盐沙包自上世纪50年代以来含137Cs堆积层仅表层9 cm,证明1958年"大耳朵"未被洪水淹没。"大耳朵"地区干盐湖盐壳粉砂含量高达10%-30%,如此大量风尘堆积的存在,也说明其形成不可能在4~5年内完成。土壤下层湖积淤泥14C测定结果表明在剖面F01处全新世早、中期均为水淹没并植物茂盛,最上层位于深105 cm处淤泥距今3 000余年。罗布泊"大耳朵"地区除"耳心"在20世纪30年代还有水覆盖外,其余广大盐壳区主要是在全新世晚期,由西向东逐渐干涸,完成由淡水湖-半咸水湖-咸水湖-盐湖-干盐湖的转变。 相似文献
4.
Most studies conducted on the desert oasis effect have focused on the summer season, while the winter has received less attention. This study aimed to determine existence of the oasis climatic effect in winter season and investigate influence of different vegetation types on its intensity and dynamics. Measurements were conducted during five consecutive years (2004–2009) at the peak of winter in a manmade oasis located in hyper-dry Arava Valley, Israel. Results obtained demonstrate that all types of vegetation had a cooling effect (up to 2 °C) limited to a few mid-day hours. In contrast, from nighttime throughout morning all vegetation types were up to 2 °C warmer than the surrounding desert. This effect was more pronounced with subtropical vegetation in comparison to local desert trees. The effect was most significant in calm, stable weather conditions characterized by low nighttime temperatures, while during unstable weather it was negligible. Influence of tree canopies on incoming and outgoing radiation is a major factor determining the influence of vegetation on local climate conditions in winter season. Since one characteristic of arid climates is extremely low nighttime temperatures during winter, warming created by the oasis has implications for human comfort and energy consumption in the desert environment. 相似文献
5.
Short-term episodic cycles of wet and dry patterns of climate are common in southern California. Wet intervals, like the one in 1978-83, are often characterized by more than double the average annual precipitation. The impact of these episodic climatic fluctuations on landforms and surficial processes has not been well documented for areas inland of the coast. The response to these cycles may be significant in the evolution of hillslopes and fluvial landforms, and may have significant implications for geologic hazards in this rapidly developing region.Using aerial photographs and field investigations we found little response to the 1978–1983 wet interval on upland hillslopes, but documented significant response on alluvial fans and in channels in desert piedmont areas. These observations may lend support to the Langbein-Schumm (1958) model relating sediment yield to precipitation. A variety of techniques, including dendrogeomorphology, studies of the weathering of clasts, soil stratigraphy, and aerial photo mapping were used to discern at least six units on alluvial fans ranging from Late Pleistocene to present. Terraces along active fan channels and the San Felipe River record a geomorphic record of the most recent wet intervals (ca. 1940 and 1980) as a significant depositional event. Geomorphic responses to the wet interval along the San Felipe River were complex, varying locally according to controls on sediment storage and downstream transfer through a recently integrated drainage system. Additional complex responses to the wet period were experienced in selected sites where antecedence and response times may be measured in months or even years. 相似文献
6.
干旱区典型山地绿洲荒漠系统中绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化对生态系统服务价值的影响 总被引：26，自引：7，他引：19
研究土地利用/覆盖变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。对处于干旱区典型MODS（Mountain-Oasis-Desert System）系统中的新疆南部且末绿洲1989年Landsat TM 影像及2004年的CBERS遥感影像进行处理,分析且末绿洲15 a来的土地利用/覆盖变化。在此基础上,采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法,评估且末绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,1989-2004年,且末绿洲减少的土地面积有林地、戈壁沙地和盐碱地,增加的土地面积有水域、建筑用地和耕地。林地减少了41.73％,耕地增加了58.04％。1989年且末绿洲生态系统服务价值总额为184 349.88万元,2004年为176 970.72万元,15 a间,生态系统服务价值损失了7 379.16万元。林地面积的减少是生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。 相似文献
7.
1975-2010年石羊河流域绿洲时空演变研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
应用RS和GIS技术,以石羊河流域绿洲为研究对象,对1975 2010年流域绿洲的时空动态变化进行了监测,并结合气候变化、地表径流量和人类活动等资料探讨了绿洲变化的原因.结果表明:近35年来,石羊河流域绿洲整体规模呈波动变化的趋势,1975、1990、2000年和2010年,流域绿洲总面积分别为7 563.06、7 730.62、7 131.56 km2和7 459.43 km2.通过分析绿洲与荒漠面积之间的转化发现绿洲主要经历了“绿洲化-荒漠化-再绿洲化”的过程,绿洲面积缩小了103.63 km2.绿洲内部耕地、城镇居民地和水域面积增加,而林地和草地面积缩小.绿洲的变化受自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,但人口数量的增加、经济的发展以及地表径流的变化对绿洲演变的影响更为显著. 相似文献
8.
中国西北干旱区有大面积的戈壁地貌,但对其形成过程的研究不多。阿尔金山北缘的沉积物记录着临近戈壁地貌的发育过程。选择甘肃敦煌南湖绿洲附近的山水沟剖面作为研究对象,在独立的光释光测年基础上,通过对比分析粒度特征、磁化率和有机碳同位素值变化,探讨5 ka BP以来阿尔金山北缘戈壁沉积动力过程及其环境控制因素。结果表明：戈壁发育进程具有波动性,戈壁沉积动力在百（千）年时间尺度上受到环境因素制约,在2.67～3.57 ka BP和1.65～1.95 ka BP干热气候条件下,沉积物搬运动力较弱,戈壁发育受限;在4.27～4.84 ka BP时期水量较大,戈壁发育范围较广,属于扩张阶段。这一结果初步揭示了戈壁地貌演化与气候环境变化的联系。 相似文献
9.
JULIAN A. DOWDESWELL 《Polar research》1986,4(1):25-32
Landsat multispectral scanner images and 1:50, 000 scale aerial photographs are used to measure marginal fluctuations in 22 outlet glaciers of the Nordaustlandet ice caps, Svalbard, for all or parts of the period 1969 to 1981. Little was previously known about the behaviour of these glacier termini. Digital analysis of Landsat computer compatible tapes yielded measurement errors of less than ±150m, whereas data extracted from aerial photographs had an accuracy of ±25 m. Of the 22 glacier termini examined using aerial photographs, 15 were retreating, four were static and three were advancing. Retreat was usually in the order of hundreds of metres during the period of observation. For any outlet glacier, retreat was probably a result of either (1) glacier response to climatic wanning since the early part of the 20th century, or (2) stagnation and thinning during the quiescent period between surges. Short term iceberg calving events may also be responsible for retreat in a few cases. All observed outlet glaciers of Austfonna were static or retreating between 1969 and 1981, but analysis of Landsat imagery and aerial photographs showed that five outlet glaciers from Vestfonna and one from Vegafonna were advancing for all or part of that period. Bodleybreen advanced by a mean of 440 and a maximum of 580m a−1 between 1976 and 1981. Bodleybreen, Søre Rijpbreen, and Palanderbreen are identified as surging, based on increases or changes in the pattern of surface crevassing. The ice streams Aldousbreen, Frazerbreen, and Idunbreen also advanced between 1976 and 1981, but surface crevasse patterns remained largely unaltered and surging is not inferred. 相似文献
10.
三工河流域绿洲土地利用对土壤特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Understanding the effect of human activities on the soil environment is fundamental to understanding global change and sustainable development. In the process of transformation of tropical rain forests and semiarid grasslands to farmlands, land degradation usually occurs. But the transformation of arid desert landscape to oasis is found to have quite different consequences. Taking an alluvial plain oasis in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains as a case study, we investigate oasis soil properties related to different land-use systems during the transformation of arid desert to oases. Selected land-use systems con- sisted of an annual crop field less than 3 years old, annual crop field 3-6 years old, annual crop field more than 6 years old, perennial crop field less than 4 years old, perennial crop field of 4-6 years old, perennial crop field more than 6 years old, abandoned farmland more than 3 years old, woodland field more than 6 years old, ecological forestation field, natural shrubbery field, desert grass land, and saline or alkaline field. Different land-use systems affect significantly the distribution of sand, silt and clay. Sand content in oasis soil tends to decrease with cultivation years but silt and clay contents tend to be increased in the oasis soils. Soil fertility is higher in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Oasis soil nutrients also tend to increase with cultivation years. Soils have a significantly lower salinity in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Soil organic matter and nutrients of the annual and perennial crop systems in the oasis tend to increase with cultivation time with the oasis soil acting as a carbon sink. These results show that soils are not degraded and the soil quality is gradually improved under rational land use and scientific management patterns, including uniform exploitation of land resources, effective irrigation systems, sound drainage systems, balanced ferti 相似文献
11.
利用1972-2015年Landsat MSS/TM/OLI以及CBERS遥感影像数据,得到近40 a新疆土地利用时空数据,综合分析新疆土地利用及其绿洲的动态变化与动因。结果表明：新疆土地不断开垦、耕地面积不断扩大,已达到了相当的数量规模;土地的开垦与撂荒成为新疆乃至我国西北干旱地区土地利用变化最重要的特征,耕地撂荒与土地开垦的比率逐期下降,土地利用效率不断提高;城镇居民建设用地持续扩大;近40 a里,绿洲面积逐步扩大,面积占比由8.18%上升到9.93%;人工绿洲面积及占比也逐步增大,目前一半以上的绿洲面积为人工绿洲。气候的暖湿变化,以及政策、人口、社会经济、科技等要素成为新疆土地利用变化的动因。本文还提出了在关注各类土地数量变化的同时进一步开展土地开发的质量变化与评估研究。 相似文献
12.
绿洲-荒漠生态脆弱带的研究 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：20
在分析了绿洲－荒漠生态脆弱带的性质、特点等以后，按照其毗邻绿洲的不同，探讨性地将它分为三类：（1）河岸林绿洲－荒漠脆弱带；（2）冲洪积扇绿洲－荒漠脆弱带；（3）湖沼和湖滨三角洲绿洲－荒漠脆弱带。由于其本身所具有的脆弱性，加上人类活动的强烈干扰，该区出现了以土地荒漠化为主的多种生态环境问题。针对这些问题，作者提出了若干治理建议。 相似文献
13.
新疆于田景观特征变化的遥感分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以4期Landsat遥感影像为基础,结合两期土地利用图及历年实地考察资料,分析了1977—2002年间新疆于田的景观变化特征。研究发现,于田平原与荒漠区环境退化严重,荒漠增加而交错带减少,高生态级别的高覆盖度草地锐减;绿洲在稳定增长,以绿洲为中心的核心区生态环境质量却明显退化,但天然绿洲整体变化不明显,波动小且变化恢复较快;生态的主要退化期为20世纪70—80年代,此后趋于好转,1999年以后好转明显;人工绿洲的开发只是明显影响了绿洲近缘景观,对远缘影响较弱。 相似文献
14.
民国时期和田河流域洛浦垦区垦荒、撂荒地的空间分布格局——基于历史资料的信息可视化重建 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本研究以现存民国和田地区洛浦垦区多种地图为基础,充分利用该区档案史料记载的历史地理信息,梳理复原民国时期洛浦垦区的行政区划沿革,以及该区垦荒地、撂荒地的时空变化序列,重建相应的空间格局示意图,为揭示该区民国时期耕地变化的人文因素与自然物理动因因果关联提供空间分析的基础.结果表明：民国洛浦垦区垦荒为外延式开发,垦荒地点主要分布于绿洲主垦区的西北、东北至东部的绿洲荒漠过渡带.垦荒与撂荒斑块叠加度高,证明撂荒地主要为新垦地,垦荒与撂荒强度具有较明显正相关关联.撂荒诱因是人类驱动与自然生物物理效应复合作用. 相似文献
15.
干旱区绿洲扩张主要发生在荒漠绿洲交错区（边缘区），绿洲空间变化对地表主要水文过程有直接影响。为了更好地了解这一变化机制，以绿洲与沙漠、荒漠、石质裸山交错分布的张掖绿洲边缘区为对象，采用F显著性检查和Mann-Kandell趋势分析对1987年以来绿洲与不同生态系统之间转化特点与趋势进行了研究，同时分析了绿洲扩张与主要水文过程关系。结果表明：1987—2017年来荒漠绿洲交错区不同生态系统空间变化主要发生在绿洲与沙漠和荒漠3种生态系统之间。转化以绿洲扩张为主要特点，累积扩张了1 696.86 hm2，平均每年56.56 hm2。其中，沙漠和荒漠分别转化了31.73 hm2·a-1和24.83 hm2·a-1。黑河中游干流用水量在研究时段内无显著性突变，多年平均为7.68×108 m3，对绿洲面积扩张无显著性影响。但是地下水埋深在1998年发生显著性突变，突变周期发生在1997—2000年。总体来看，绿洲面积每增加520 hm2，地下水埋深下降1 m。地下水位埋深对绿洲扩张有显著性影响，是绿洲扩张最敏感的水文过程要素。 相似文献
16.
A. J. Tatem H. G. Lewis P. M. Atkinson M. S. Nixon 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):647-672
Land cover class composition of remotely sensed image pixels can be estimated using soft classification techniques increasingly available in many GIS packages. However, their output provides no indication of how such classes are distributed spatially within the instantaneous field of view represented by the pixel. Techniques that attempt to provide an improved spatial representation of land cover have been developed, but not tested on the difficult task of mapping from real satellite imagery. The authors investigated the use of a Hopfield neural network technique to map the spatial distributions of classes reliably using information of pixel composition determined from soft classification previously. The approach involved designing the energy function to produce a ‘best guess’ prediction of the spatial distribution of class components in each pixel. In previous studies, the authors described the application of the technique to target identification, pattern prediction and land cover mapping at the sub-pixel scale, but only for simulated imagery. We now show how the approach can be applied to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) agriculture imagery to derive accurate estimates of land cover and reduce the uncertainty inherent in such imagery. The technique was applied to Landsat TM imagery of small-scale agriculture in Greece and largescale agriculture near Leicester, UK. The resultant maps provided an accurate and improved representation of the land covers studied, with RMS errors for the Landsat imagery of the order of 0.1 in the new fine resolution map recorded. The results showed that the neural network represents a simple efficient tool for mapping land cover from operational satellite sensor imagery and can deliver requisite results and improvements over traditional techniques for the GIS analysis of practical remotely sensed imagery at the sub pixel scale. 相似文献
17.
Geomorphic differences between slopes backing two distinct desert piedmont types provide a proxy indicator for the kind of landform developed at the corresponding mountain base. Here, the term ‘bedrock pediment’ describes subaerial bedrock platforms that emanate from a mountain base while ‘alluvial slope’ describes suballuvial bedrock platforms that extend from the mountain. Mountain slopes backing bedrock pediments have been demonstrated to be mantled by larger clast sizes than corresponding slopes backing alluvial slopes in the Phoenix region, Arizona, USA. The present research focuses on using the disparate particle sizes between slopes backing bedrock pediments and alluvial slopes as an indicator for the piedmont form developed at the mountain base, and uses high-resolution remotely sensed digital data as a medium for quantitative landform assessments. A gravel + bedrock versus soil index developed from airborne midinfrared multispectral imagery acquired by the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) indicates the presence of slopes mantled with larger particle sizes versus slopes mantled with smaller particle sizes and greater soil coverage. Two test areas confirm the applicability of this method and further demonstrate the usefulness of high-resolution midinfrared multispectral imagery as a geomorphic tool in arid regions. 相似文献
18.
The spatial distribution patterns of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Northern Xinjiang, China 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, is characterized by a predominant coverage of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts, which serve an indispensable role in sand fixation. Two findings of biological soil crusts have been disclosed from previous field observations: first, distribution of biological soil crusts is selective upon locations; second, species composition varies significantly for the biological soil crusts that are at different developing stages. In this study, a strategy was developed to investigate the spatial distribution of biological soil crusts by coupling remote sensing data and field measurements. A crust index for the Landsat ETM+ data has been developed and applied to detect the lichen-dominated biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The results indicated the South of the desert encompassed the most abundant biological soil crusts. Besides, biological soil crusts were distributed in uniform density in the South of the desert whereas their distribution patterns become patchier in the rest of the desert. Finally, statistics from the classification revealed that biological soil crusts covered 28.7% of the land in the whole study area. However, it is worth mentioning that the crusts coverage may be underestimated given the fact that detection of crusts from the Landsat ETM+ imagery is viable only if crusts constitute more than 33% of the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the Landsat ETM+ sensor. 相似文献
19.
我国绿洲化及其研究的若干问题初探 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
绿洲化是干旱区由于人与自然因素共同作用所导致的由荒漠向绿洲转变的过程。我国干旱区绿洲化面积从20世纪50年代后期的2.5万km2扩大到10.4万km2,绿洲化主要是改变了水循环,也就可以改善局部或更大范围的生态环境,提高生产力。可以说,绿洲化是一个将自然生态系统通过人类活动提升至人工生态系统的过程。但绿洲低水平、无序的开发也可以使绿洲稳定性下降和绿洲退化,在降低或丧失绿洲土地生产力的同时,还引发一系列生态环境问题,如河道断流、湖泊萎缩、植被退化、土壤侵蚀等。因此,需要开展系统的研究,在全面认知人类活动与气候变化作用下水、土、气、生过程及其相互作用的基础上,揭示绿洲化特征及其时空格局演化、过程、驱动机制,为建立绿洲化的调控与管理模式提供科学依据。 相似文献
20.
荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局耦合关系的研究--以新疆三工河流域为例 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：6
以三工河流域为例,讨论了荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局的耦合关系.结果表明:(1)荒漠绿洲景观格局最明显的特征是植被变化,其通过地貌、水资源利用、河流廊道或排碱渠等景观要素的变化对植被产生影响;随着景观格局的变化,流域内的植丛高度、盖度及生物量均表现出较大变异性.(2)以河流廊道为核心,通常荒漠绿洲景观格局呈带状分布且由内向外,随水热条件的改变,植被类型由乔灌木林依次向灌丛草甸、盐化草甸、荒漠化草甸和荒漠层次结构过渡.(3)人类活动影响强烈的景观要素,其缀块多样性、破碎度、分离度和缀块密度等指数的值较高,而人类活动影响较小的,其优势度和均匀度较高.(4)各景观要素的稳定性不同,通常自然缀块的稳定性高于人工缀块,其排序为:荒漠>砾石地、沙地>城镇工矿用地>水体>灌溉水田>牧草地>菜地>林地>农村居民点>盐碱地>荒草地>水浇地>果园. 相似文献