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1.
In the former coloured rural reserves of Namaqualand, land is held under an evolving form of communal tenure. This study, using in-depth interviews with both women farmers and non-farmers in Namaqualand, explores women's attitudes towards land and their experience of agriculture. It finds that women gain access to land for residential and production purposes mainly through dependent relationships with husbands, fathers and sons, and that unmarried women find it virtually impossible to obtain land rights in their own name. In the event of divorce or widowhood, women are vulnerable to loss of land rights and other resources. Women were found to engage in a range of agricultural activities, both on land allocated for their own use and on land controlled by male relatives, while a few better-off women engage in independent livestock farming. While the South African government's land reform programme has extended the area of communal land and attempted to secure the rights of existing land holders, this has largely benefited existing male farmers and appears to offer little to women farmers. Women's attitudes to the patriarchal system of land holding were found to be largely conservative. Few are willing to challenge the highly gendered nature of land rights within families, and women generally feel excluded from public processes around land. Nonetheless, women in the study expressed a demand for more secure access to land and an interest in agriculture as part of wider livelihood strategies. 相似文献
2.
Land reform and the new elite: Exclusion of the poor from communal land in Namaqualand, South Africa
The reserves and homelands across South Africa share a common history of policy interventions resulting in sedentarization, villagization and formalization of communal land use. In Namaqualand, such interventions culminated in the 1980s with attempts by the state and local vested interests to privatize the commons in the three largest Namaqualand reserves, including Leliefontein. This proposed privatization, although ostensibly aimed at averting land degradation and modernizing agricultural production, was as much about the apartheid state's broader strategy of co-option, and served to further long standing processes of class formation in the coloured communal areas of Namaqualand. In the post-apartheid period land reform has expanded the communal land-base in Namaqualand by over 25%. In spite of this, the management of the new commons in Leliefontein has many of the characteristics of land management policies imposed during apartheid. As a result, the new commons have effectively been arrogated by the same category of people who would have benefited under past privatization initiatives.This paper examines how the interests of a local elite have gained exclusive access to the new commonage farms. This has come about despite the government's commonage policy which privileges access by poorer, disadvantaged communal farmers. This case study uncovers the dynamic complexity of community driven land reform especially in relation to the roles of rural elites and their relationship to government institutions. 相似文献
3.
A synthesis of sociological and biological perspectives on sustainable land use in Namaqualand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A transdisciplinary synthesis, grouped into four main themes, of the key papers in this Special Issue on Namaqualand is provided. Perspectives on current environmental, economic and social issues in the region are interpreted in the context of the past and are used to inform future trajectories of change and development needs within the region. Firstly, in terms of the climatic and biophysical environment, Namaqualand's rich biodiversity is not uniformly distributed and is explained in terms of the spatially heterogeneous geological, pedological and topographical gradients that characterize the region. Spatial and temporal variation in rainfall over long time frames would also have promoted speciation within isolated, poorly-dispersed, leaf succulent populations. Future climate models propose a decrease in rainfall across the region with an associated reduction in livestock production. The second theme provides an historical perspective on changing land use practices in Namaqualand over the last 2000 years. It suggests that they have frequently been influenced by events originating far from the region such as colonial expansion, apartheid legislation and globalization. Local people, particularly marginalised communal farmers have had to adapt to these outside influences within an increasingly confined landscape that has progressively eroded their mobility and restricted their ability to utilise the spatial and temporal variability inherent in semi-arid environments. The third theme shows how livelihood diversification has been one of the key ways in which local people from communal areas have adapted to change. While farming makes up a relatively small part of the income of most households it enhances the resilience of livelihoods in the region. The fourth theme is concerned with land reform, conservation and restoration in Namaqualand. While a significant amount of land has been transferred to previously-marginalised groups, equitable access to these resources is lacking. An exclusively commercial orientation within the extension and development programmes of the Department of Agriculture further hampers the effectiveness of land reform as a tool for reducing levels of poverty in the majority of households in the region. Conservation initiatives could enhance livelihood options in Namaqualand but are viewed by some as being in competition with the state's land reform programme and are too recent to reflect significant regional benefits at this stage. While restoration is possible in severely degraded lands, the costs and operational difficulties in these event-driven, semi-arid systems are emphasised. Finally, this synthesis suggests that the important exogenous drivers of change in the 21st century are likely to be climate, biodiversity conservation initiatives, land redistribution and continued processes of de-agrarianisation as a result of macro-economic change. A focus on building institutions, encouraging livestock mobility within a significantly expanded commons and supporting livelihood diversification are some of the approaches necessary to address the development needs of Namaqualand. 相似文献
4.
Collective forest tenure reform and water rights system reform are two types of resource system reform initiated by the Chinese government since the implementation of the reform and opening policy of the 1980s. Forest tenure reform has been completed and water rights system reform is ongoing. This study analyzes key points and problems with collective forest tenure reform and summarizes four typical successful reform measures and lessons that will have implications for the developing water rights system: the collective forest-cutting quota system, collective forest tenure compensation, collective forest tenure confirmation, and collective forest tenure trading center. A flexible water permission index, compensation measures in water rights trade, water rights approval, and various forms of water rights trading platforms are proposed as reform measures. This study fills a gap in comparative studies between two important resource system reforms in China and provides a reference for further reform and development of water rights systems locally and abroad. 相似文献
5.
Rikke Folving Ginzburg Thomas Theis Nielsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2018,118(1):36-55
A series of policies on land tenure have been implemented in Vietnam following the doi moi restructuring. This study assesses the impacts of these policies, the extent to which they have had intended effects and coping strategies adopted by farmers. Data were collected in five upland villages in Nghe An Province, North Central Vietnam. The intended effects of the land allocation policies were poverty alleviation, intensification of agriculture, agricultural modernization and forest protection. The policies implemented to achieve these goals include changes in land allocation, purportedly to increase land tenure security. However, the policies have been implemented in a very uneven manner and the effects differ widely due to differences in the local contexts in which they have been implemented. In general, farmers perceive the impacts of policies as adverse and have attempted to cope with their impact in a variety of ways. The paper argues that land allocation policies have: (1) decreased the amount of land available, (2) not improved land tenure security and (3) had a limited impact on farming practices. The differences between the five villages are great, demonstrating the very different results produced by national policies depending on the specific implementation modality and the local context. 相似文献
6.
Contested Space,Contested Livelihoods: A Review of Mongolia's Pastureland Management and Land‐Tenure Reform 
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下载免费PDF全文 Holly R. Barcus 《Geographical review》2018,108(1):138-157
In the early 2000s, the discovery of significant minerals wealth in the Gobi Desert marked the beginning of Mongolia's economic boom. Rapid GDP growth however challenges long‐held assumptions about place and land rights, leading to contested and sometimes contradictory outcomes, which are embedded in evolving perceptions and realities of land‐tenure rights, development rights, and local livelihood sustainability. Framed within the debates surrounding natural resources development and the contradictions in scale and user rights, this essay identifies three distinct periods of land‐tenure debate in Mongolia. In each period, pastureland management debates are influenced by different narratives, including those of development economists, scholars, NGOs, and local voices. This essay draws on an extensive review of policy documents and contemporary literature to consider the multiscalar implications of rapid national growth on internal population redistribution, land‐use rights, and the underlying importance of place. 相似文献
7.
Forest cover change in highland pine-oak forests of Michoacan, Mexico is due to a process of conversion of natural forests to avocado orchards. Privately-owned avocado orchards are found on land that was common forest before the 1992 Reform of the Mexican Constitution. We ask how forest cover change was facilitated by policy changes that affected land tenure rules and existing community forestry programs. We use a comparative case study of four communities, an analysis of forest cover change, and interviews and household surveys. Results show that 33.1% of forest cover was lost over a 16-year-period across the region. However, two forestry case study communities lost 7.2% and 15.1% of forest cover, while two adjacent non-forestry communities lost 86.5% and 92.4%, respectively. Interview data show that the Reform of Article 27 combined with the 1992 Forestry Law led to collapse of local governance, illegal division of common forests, and illegal logging in the two non-forestry communities. 相似文献
8.
Social science research on nature conservation ascribes enclosures and the consequent evictions and dispossession of local people to unequal power relations. It reveals that the monopoly of power by the state configures new relations between local people and their natural resources, and legitimizes land grabbing. In this paper we build on this literature by engaging two questions. The first question relates to how land tenure regimes enable green grabbing and also configure the participation of local people in nature conservation enterprises. Knowing how land tenure regimes structure the involvement of local people in nature conservation is a necessary step toward an inquiry into the relationship between local people and protected areas. In the second question we ask how historical land tenure allocations enable current configurations of power relations in conservation areas. We use the case study of Mapungubwe on the Botswana‐South Africa‐Zimbabwe borderlands to demonstrate that historical land tenure allocations facilitate land alienation and the marginalization of local people in TFCAs. 相似文献
9.
Pétur Waldorff 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2016,37(3):363-377
This article investigates how an existing two‐tiered land tenure system creates a hybrid space that blurs, and essentially questions and problematizes the boundaries of the formal/informal divide as presented within Angolan political and legal discourses. It showcases how urban formality and informality exist alongside each other in Luanda and how people take recourse to both formal and informal channels in attempts to secure housing, land tenure and livelihoods in the city. Through case studies, the article describes how small‐scale farmers in Luanda's northern municipality of Cacuaco lost their lands to urban development in 2009–10 and the ensuing circumstances in which formal rights and informal land tenure became intermeshed and ambiguous. As the case studies illustrate, a gap exists between the legal code and practice on the ground. This gap is represented in how Angola's postconflict land strategy, with its forced evictions and demolitions of houses and neighbourhoods, often with little or no compensation, is at odds with the Angolan Land Law, which states that land may only be expropriated by the state or local authorities for specific public use and must be justly compensated. 相似文献
10.
Finding common ground: relational concepts of land tenure and economy in the oil palm frontier of Papua New Guinea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the oil palm frontier regions of West New Britain and Oro provinces, Papua New Guinea, customary land tenure arrangements are changing in response to the growing demand for land for agricultural development. This paper examines one aspect of these changes, namely the gifting and selling of customary land for oil palm development to people who have no customary birthrights to the land. By analysing how access rights are maintained over the relatively long cultivation cycle of oil palm (approximately 25 years), and in the context of the rapidly changing socio-economic and demographic environments of the oil palm frontiers, the paper demonstrates that while land transactions seemingly entail the commodification of land, land rights and security of land tenure remain embedded in social relationships. For customary landowners, the moral basis of land rights is contingent on 'outsiders' maintaining particular kinds of social and economic relationships with their customary landowning 'hosts'. In exploring how these social relationships are constituted through the performance of particular kinds of exchange relationships, the paper provides insights into relational concepts of land rights and how these are able to persist in Papua New Guinea's oil palm frontier regions where resource struggles are often intense and where large migrant populations are seeking land for agricultural development. 相似文献
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12.
区域土地利用转型与土地整理 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24
目前,我国城市土地利用结构远未达到优化的水平,农业土地利用的规模不经济等土地利用问题都可通过土地整理加以解决,我国未来土地管理的任务会更多的在"土地整理"方面。我国土地整理的根本任务是形成合理、高效、集约的土地利用结构,增加有效耕地面积,提高土地利用效率,适应社会经济发展对土地的需求。我国地域辽阔,社会经济发展程度存在明显的区域差异,正是因为社会经济发展程度的这种区域差异,它将导致在同一时段内含有不同的土地利用转型阶段。大多数区域的土地利用形态都要经历一些发展阶段,即经过一段时期的持续变化后,直至与其它类型之间达到一个新的平衡。因此,有关部门在制定有关土地整理的目标、模式及政策的过程中,也要充分考虑待整理区所处的土地利用转型阶段,因为在通常情况下这些阶段是区域发展进程中必须要经历的。然而,通过实施土地整理,调整用地结构,可加快社会经济的发展,促使区域土地利用转型阶段的转变,同时它也会向土地整理提出新的更高层次的要求,以实现土地资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
13.
From pastoralism to tourism: The historical impact of changing land use practices in Namaqualand 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
We use the concept of ecological revolutions to explain the environmental history of Namaqualand, from the advent of pastoralism 2000 years BP, to colonial settlement in the 18th century and finally to the recent trend of de-agrarianization from the middle of the 20th century. Early traveller's records and census data are used to assess changes in the human population of the region and how this affected wildlife and agricultural practices. Pre-colonial indigenous hunter-gatherer (Bushmen) and pastoralist (Khoekhoen) populations in Namaqualand consisted of probably no more than a few thousand individuals. Over the next three centuries, the general population rose steadily to more than 65,000 people but has fallen in recent years. Wildlife appears not to have been abundant in Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes and large springbok ‘treks’ were probably a rare event. The number of domestic livestock in Namaqualand peaked in 1957 largely as a result of an increase in the number of sheep which have fallen steadily since this time. Crop production was absent from Namaqualand's pre-colonial landscapes but increased to cover nearly 30,000 ha in the early 1970s. The area under cultivation has declined by nearly two thirds since this time largely as a result of the large-scale abandonment of wheat farming in marginal environments. We touch on differences between the communal areas and private farms, particularly in terms of their human populations and agricultural impact on the land. Repeat landscape photographs support our main findings which suggest that both rocky, upland habitats and rivers have not been transformed substantially by land use practices in Namaqualand. Instead, sandy pediments have borne the brunt of human impacts in the region. Finally, we highlight the beginning of a new ecological revolution in Namaqualand due to changes in the global and national political economy. 相似文献
14.
基于产权视角的快速城镇化地区农村土地流转模式及其效益研究——以湖北省熊口镇为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
快速城镇化地区面临建设用地扩张和耕地资源保护的矛盾,农村土地流转已成为农业规模化、产业化和集约化发展、解决当前快速城镇化地区用地矛盾的重要举措。但由于土地权属不清、土地功能发生转变、流转各方利益冲突与保障措施等问题未能得到有效解决,土地流转推进受到阻碍。本文运用产权理论,以快速城镇化地区湖北省潜江市熊口镇为研究对象,通过访谈、问卷调查等方式研究不同土地流转模式中土地性质、运作机制、产权关系、流转收益变化等,并运用主成分分析法对问卷进行统计分析,定量评价土地流转各方满意度及满意要素需求。研究表明:熊口镇现存的4 种土地流转模式中,“农户+政府+企业”模式由于流转规模大、推进速度快、各方收益得到保障等而成为比较容易接受的流转模式;满意度评价中,涉及农户流转满意要素重要性远远高于政府与企业的满意要素,但其满意度均比较低;在总共15 个要素中,农户对土地流转的整体评价、企业对土地流转中风险控制、土地流转对地方经济带动等因素获得满意度最高。最后对推进农村土地流转制度建设提出了建议。 相似文献
15.
E. A. Young 《The Australian geographer》1988,19(1):105-116
Northern Australian development has been based primarily on land ownership and the commercial exploitation of resources. Aborigines, lacking legally recognised tenure to land, have largely been excluded from this process. Their priorities for development have rarely been considered. Aboriginal land rights legislation theoretically transforms this situation. But, because of external pressures, Aboriginal land owners have to a large extent continued to follow the conventional development path through the establishment of enterprises. Factors such as physical isolation, lack of management expertise and the demands for reciprocity in Aboriginal society have inhibited the success of such enterprises. This paper, focusing primarily on Aboriginal pastoral operations, discusses these issues and illustrates some alternative forms of land and resource use which suggest that Aboriginal development priorities have a stronger social orientation. 相似文献
16.
The imposition of exclusive statutory real property rights in or near pastoralists’ areas and their migration corridors permanently excludes and extinguishes pastoralist rights to mobility and access to required resources. Seasonal interactions with non-pastoralist land use actors often occur during pastoralist migrations between rangelands and highlands or dry season grazing areas. In an embedded case study in Northern Kenya, in which interviews based on semi-structured questionnaires were held with pastoralists and non-pastoralists, we investigated how non-pastoralist land use actors manage encounters with migrating pastoralists within the context of the Land Administration system. We found that the majority of non-pastoralist land use actors encounter migrating pastoralists during distinct periods. Most never allow herders access to privately owned land. A small proportion allow access and make temporary verbal or written access agreements containing provisions on grazing fees, grazing regulations and rules to protect private property. The majority of non-pastoralists are unwilling to have access arrangements formalized. We argue that land rights adjudication should identify and confer all existing land rights to all users to avoid obstruction or renegotiation for access, and recommend the inclusion of pastoralists’ access rights as real property rights in the Land Administration system. 相似文献
17.
中国城市土地有偿使用的回顾与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
董黎明 《云南地理环境研究》1992,4(2):16-29
作者首先对中国城市土地使用的各个阶段作了历史回顾。50年代初,中国土地使用是有偿的;1954年开始则施行行政划拨、无偿使用;80年代,在改革开放的形势下,我国沿海的部份城市率先进行了土地有偿使用的改革和实践,建立各级土地管理机构,修改及制订有关法规。文章着重阐述了自80年代开始的部份城市土地有偿使用改革的内容、办法、难点和问题。同时,对我国土地有偿使用改革的发展趋势进行了评述,认为,土地使用的两种体制将继续并存。为提高土地有偿使用的科学性,作者还详细介绍了一种土地经济评价方法——多因素叠加法。 相似文献
18.
新时期乡村振兴战略与农村宅基地制度改革 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
乡村振兴战略是新时代破解“三农”问题、实现乡村现代化的重大举措,其基本路径方向是坚持乡村分化差异性原则下实现城乡融合发展,基本驱动力是城乡一体化的制度体系创建和农村土地制度改革。理论上,乡村振兴是城乡人口自由流动与择业、乡村资源与空间高效利用、村镇居业空间格局优化、社会企业资本持续投入的动态过程;宅基地制度改革能够有效促进人口、土地、产业、资金等城乡要素的快速流动与整合重组,可成为乡村振兴的有力抓手。宅基地制度改革应实现四大目标,即保障农民居住权、管控宅基地规模、赋予农民财产权益、放活宅基地使用权,当前的试点探索仍显不足。因此,乡村振兴导向下的宅基地制度改革需要在使用权自由流转、宅基地用途转换、资格权空间置换、资格认定与有偿使用有效衔接等方面实现更大突破,有力助推城乡融合发展。 相似文献
19.
产权视角下中国快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩 ——以珠江三角洲东莞市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
伴随全球化的蔓延，快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩已成为地区发展转型研究中的国际性话题。改革开放以来，珠江三角洲在外来资本和廉价劳动力的双重推动下实现了农村城镇化发展，随之出现了大量的“城乡一体化（Desakota）”混杂空间。然而，2008年的金融危机对城市发展造成了巨大冲击，地区产权结构的不同导致了更新政策的差异，城市中出现增长与收缩并存的新空间现象。基于此，文章从区域农村城镇化的特殊条件出发，结合城乡二元土地产权结构的制度背景，探索珠江三角洲“Desakota”形成的内在因素，并提出理解城镇增长与收缩的分析框架。后危机时代，城市国有土地和集体土地与国家产业政策的匹配程度存在巨大差异，为不同地区带来了截然不同的发展机会。实证分析部分以东莞市为例，通过夜间灯光数据探索城市增长与收缩的空间分布特征，同时结合典型地区的案例分析，从产权视角切入分析地区出现差异化发展的机制。土地是决定地区发展方向的本质性因素，城市中产权明确且结构单一的国有土地有利于更新置换并实现再增长，而产权零散、用地混杂的集体土地往往因改造成本高而难以推动更新发展，地区出现“穿孔式”收缩。 相似文献
20.
In this article, we consider the stalled implementation of two state policies among recipients of land reform in Costa Rica: the transfer of authority over forests on state agrarian reform lands over to the Ministry of the Environment, and the Rural Development Institute’s requirement to issue land title to the recipients of its land reform projects. To date, neither of these policies is even partially implemented, resulting in both forests and marginalized landholders existing in a state of dual tenure limbo. In this article we draw on document analysis, interviews with policymakers, and interviews with recipients of land reform to determine why these policies have not been implemented. In addition, we assess the potential consequences for forest conservation that this situation has produced by mapping the extent and characteristics of forests that occupy this state of uncertainty. 相似文献