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1.
城市轨道交通是居民绿色出行、缓解大城市交通拥堵的重要交通方式。研究大城市地铁客流时间和空间的分布特征,有利于深入了解大城市公共交通的需求,进而制定合理的交通需求管理政策。本文以北京市地铁为例,计算了431万条智能交通卡数据的出行时间和OD矩阵(Origin-Destination Matrix),研究其客流的时间和空间分布特征。研究发现：①全天、早高峰和晚高峰的出行时间分布符合Gamma分布,总体上离城市中心越远,平均出行时间越长;②从市辖区尺度和环路尺度分析,乘客流向和流量均呈现对称性;③从街道尺度来看,居民地铁出行强度的空间不均等性很强。  相似文献   

2.
Accessibility is an important consideration in sustainable mobility policies, particularly for transit users. Measures suggested in the literature are based on coarse aggregate spatial resolution of traffic analysis zones that is sufficient for managing car travels only. To reflect a human door-to-door travel, transit accessibility demands an explicit view of the location of origin, transit stops and destination, as well as of the temporal fit between transit lines timetable and traveler’s needs. We thus estimate transit accessibility based on mode-specific travel times and corresponding paths, including walking and waiting, at the resolution of individual buildings and stops. Car accessibility is estimated at a high resolution too. A novel representation of transit network as a graph is proposed. This representation includes all modal components of a transit travel – walking, waiting at a stop, transit ride, transfers between lines, thus enabling unified view of a travel, regardless of mode. The use of modern high-performance graph database allows construction of high-resolution accessibility maps for an entire metropolitan area with its 100–200 K buildings. The application is tested and applied in a case study involving the evaluation of the 2011 bus line reform in the city of Tel Aviv. Specifically, we demonstrate that while the reform increased the average accessibility for the entire city the increase was not uniform with different areas of the city experiencing different absolute accessibility by transit and relative accessibility in comparison to car travel. The bus reform did in fact benefit travelers that experienced low relative accessibility, but the benefits are mainly accruing to longer trips. Our approach and computational methods can be employed for directly investigating the impacts of transportation infrastructure investments.  相似文献   

3.
The temporal dimensions of public transit accessibility have recently garnered an increasing amount of interest. However, the existing literature on transit accessibility is heavily based on oversimplified assumptions that transit services operate at deterministic speeds using predetermined timetables. These measurements may overestimate transit accessibility, especially for large metropolitan areas where inter- and intra-modal transfers are frequent. To handle travel time uncertainty, a multi-modal transit accessibility modeling approach is proposed to account for realistic variations in travel time and service reliability. The proposed approach is applied to the mapping of transit accessibility in Shenzhen (China), where transit services exhibit significant travel time variations over space and time. Compared to traditional transit accessibility measures, our method has been demonstrated to better capture intrinsic spatial and temporal accessibility variations with complex multi-modal transit networks. Normal distribution of inter-stop travel times and constant travel speed between GPS sampling points are assumed to simply the computation, which we consider to adjust in future studies to better quantify the dynamics of transit accessibility across space and time.  相似文献   

4.
残疾人流动性是衡量社会公平发展的重要方面。由于特殊的身体和社会经济状况,残疾人出行行为具有更为独特的特征,也更易受建成环境影响。论文基于武汉市轨道交通智能刷卡数据,整合多源空间大数据,探索武汉市残疾人轨道交通出行时空特征,并利用地理加权回归(GWR)模型进一步探究轨道交通站点周边建成环境对轨道交通残疾人客流量影响的空间异质性。研究发现：① 地铁出行的残疾人中有29.7%具有通勤出行的特征,出行频率工作日高于休息日,且均呈现早晚错峰出行的趋势;② 15~30 min即大约5~10 km的中短距离出行最多,活动范围集中于三环线以内的主城区,且以同区出行活动最为频繁,跨江出行较少;③ 在大部分的研究范围内,公交站点密度、路网密度、大型公园密度和站点开通时间对站点残疾人客流量均具有正向影响;④ 换乘站的日均残疾人客流量明显高于非换乘站;⑤ 与以往研究结论不同的是,土地利用混合度、站点无障碍设施对站点残疾人客流量的影响并不显著。研究可为“残疾人友好型”的轨道交通站点建成环境优化和新站点土地利用布局提供数据支撑,增强城市公共服务人本化。  相似文献   

5.

Results from behavioral investigations of urban travel indicate the importance of privacy as a personal construct that significantly affects the manner in which individuals traverse North American urban transportation networks. With an expectation of encountering social heterogeneity in travel, the privacy aspect becomes all the more important to the traveling public. It is hypothesized in this paper that social heterogeneity within urban travel corridors significantly reduces patronage of public transportation by residents of these corridors. A causal analysis of bus patronage in travel corridors of Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut results in the acceptance of the hypothesized relationship, and it points out a critical question that must be addressed if public transportation is to meet the desires of consumers of travel services.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

Datasets collecting the ever-changing position of moving individuals are usually big and possess high spatial and temporal resolution to reveal activity patterns of individuals in greater detail. Information about human mobility, such as ‘when, where and why people travel’, is contained in these datasets and is necessary for urban planning and public policy making. Nevertheless, how to segregate the users into groups with different movement and behaviours and generalise the patterns of groups are still challenging. To address this, this article develops a theoretical framework for uncovering space-time activity patterns from individual’s movement trajectory data and segregating users into subgroups according to these patterns. In this framework, individuals’ activities are modelled as their visits to spatio-temporal region of interests (ST-ROIs) by incorporating both the time and places the activities take place. An individual’s behaviour is defined as his/her profile of time allocation on the ST-ROIs she/he visited. A hierarchical approach is adopted to segregate individuals into subgroups based upon the similarity of these individuals’ profiles. The proposed framework is tested in the analysis of the behaviours of London foot patrol police officers based on their GPS trajectories provided by the Metropolitan Police.  相似文献   

7.
The proportion of individuals age sixty-five and over is growing at an astronomical rate in the United States, and some estimate that this demographic age group will double by the year 2025. Older adults and adults nearing retirement age tend to reside in suburban neighborhoods and rely heavily on personal vehicles. This study uses travel diary data on automobile trips to construct activity spaces to explore whether or not travel patterns across age groups result in differential access to particular goods and services in the Orlando Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Using an approach based on time geographic density estimation, this research identifies activity spaces across different age cohorts to identify differences in the automobility of different age groups. Results indicate that the geographic dispersion of activities with the Orlando MSA currently favors younger adults. Adults age fifty to sixty-four had the lowest accessibility scores compared to other age cohorts. If this preretirement group has poor access now, holding other effects constant, their access might only get worse as they get older and stop commuting. Transportation is an important consideration in planning for aging populations, and analyzing differences in how older adults travel compared to their younger counterparts can offer insight into the diverse needs of this group. Key Words: accessibility, aging populations, mobility, time geography, transportation.  相似文献   

8.
城市轨道交通和建成环境对居民步行行为的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
步行作为一种主要的交通方式和日常体力活动形式,其与公共交通使用和建成环境的关系是城市地理学和公共健康研究的热点。目前城市轨道交通对步行行为的影响研究相对不足,且在中国的实证研究中对于自选择问题的控制尚未引起足够重视。基于2014年西安市建成环境与居民出行行为微观调查数据,采用匹配对照的准实验研究设计,通过自选择效应的控制,本文探究并区分了城市轨道交通及建成环境对交通和休闲步行频率的影响。研究发现:① 出行态度和偏好等自选择因素对个人步行频率具有重要影响。② 控制了个人社会经济属性和自选择因素后,受访者对建成环境的感知极大地影响了步行频率。③ 客观建成环境变量对于步行频率的影响与发达国家的实证研究结果存在一定差异。无论交通步行还是休闲步行频率模型中,均未发现密度的显著影响。客观建成环境变量中周边购物及餐饮设施数量和常规公交站点数量对交通步行频率产生显著正效应,但对休闲步行并不产生显著影响。④ 地铁对交通步行频率具有显著的独立影响。本研究有助于进一步了解城市居民步行出行背后的影响因素,并为通过优化城市土地利用规划来引导城市居民绿色和健康出行的政策制定提供启示。  相似文献   

9.

The transportation requirements of an urban area are, in part, a function of its land use pattern. Reducing travel in an urban area by effective land use design appears to be a worthwhile public policy objective. The planning model derived in this article uses as its core the matrix version of the Lowry model developed by Garin. The model allocates basic employment to the zones of an urban area in order to minimize work and service trips. A hypothetical planning problem for Metropolitan Toronto illustrates use of the model.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Global positioning system (GPS) data generated from taxi trips is a valuable source of information that offers an insight into travel behaviours of urban populations with high spatio-temporal resolution. However, in its raw form, GPS taxi data does not offer information on the purpose (or intended activity) of travel. In this context, to enhance the utility of taxi GPS data sets, we propose a two-layer framework to identify the related activities of each taxi trip automatically and estimate the return trips and successive activities after the trip, by using geographic point-of-interest (POI) data and a combination of spatio-temporal clustering, Bayesian inference and Monte Carlo simulation. Two million taxi trips in New York, the United States of America, and ten million taxi trips in Shenzhen, China, are used as inputs for the two-layer framework. To validate each layer of the framework, we collect 6,003 trip diaries in New York and 712 questionnaire surveys in Shenzhen. The results show that the first layer of the framework performs better than comparable methods published in the literature, while the second layer has high accuracy when inferring return trips.  相似文献   

11.
Sustainability of urban transportation and residents' daily mobility is increasingly important for the future of urban regions. In this paper, we present a novel methodology combining mapped survey responses (gathered using public participation GIS) and sophisticated multimodal routing analysis to understand patterns of suburban residents' daily mobility. Our particular focus is on residents' mode choices and their optimality in terms of travel time. We also examine the carbon-intensity of potential mode choice mismatches where a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen for a particular trip. This paper shows how the combination of the two data sources create new possibilities for analysing daily mobility by enabling the comparison of self-reported, geographically referenced mobility patterns and modelled, objectively “optimal” patterns. Our case study results from a rapidly growing metropolitan area, Greater Helsinki in Finland, indicate that people have rather sustainable daily mobility practices. Their daily trips are typically short (median 1.8 km), and non-motorised travel modes are the most popular. Also the share of car travel is significant. While public transport clearly has the lowest modal share, it is frequently used on longer trips to destinations where public transport connections are good (particularly the city centre). In 44% of trips, the respondents choose the fastest travel mode. When a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen, it most often produces less CO2 emissions than the fastest mode. However, particularly on shopping trips – the most commonly reported type of trip – car driving dominates as the fastest means of transportation. When a slower mode is chosen on a shopping trip, it is typically more carbon-intensive than the fastest mode would have been in that case. The methodology presented here can be used to support local decision making, particularly when daily services and transport infrastructure are planned or reorganised.  相似文献   

12.
人类活动轨迹的分类、模式和应用研究综述   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
各种传感器的应用与发展,如车载GPS、手机、公交卡、银行卡等,记录了人类的活动轨迹。这些海量的人类活动轨迹数据中蕴含着人类行为的时空分布模式。通过对这些轨迹的研究可以挖掘个体轨迹模式,理解人类动力学特征,进而为对轨迹预测、城市规划、交通监测等提供支持。因此,研究各类传感器记录的人类活动轨迹数据成为当前的研究热点。本文对人类活动轨迹的获取与表达方式进行剖析,并将人类的活动轨迹按照采样方式和驱动因素的不同分为基于时间间隔采样、基于位置采样和基于事件触发采样等3类轨迹数据。由于各类轨迹数据均由起始点、锚点和一般节点等构成,因而将轨迹模式挖掘的研究按照锚点、出行范围、形状模式、OD流模式、时间模式等进行组织,研究成果揭示人类活动轨迹在时间、空间的从聚模式、周期性等特点。在此基础上,将人类活动轨迹在城市研究中的应用,按照用户轨迹预测、城市动态景观、城市交通模拟与监控、城市功能单元识别以及城市中其他方面的研究应用进行系统综述,认为人类活动模式挖掘是城市规划、城市交通、公共安全等方面应用的基础。  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Analyses of criminals' travel patterns can provide significant suggestions to improve crime management. This study extends the investigation of criminals' travel behavior from journey-to-crime to journey-after-crime. Moreover, new methods are developed to examine the spatial patterns of location pairs when restricted by the underlying geographical process. The methods are employed to investigate criminals' journey-after-auto-theft in the city of Buffalo, New York. The analyses reveal that auto thieves' trips from vehicle-theft locations to the corresponding vehicle-recovery locations are local in nature. The travel distances are significantly shorter than the randomly simulated trips; the travel directions are biased from the random directions as well.  相似文献   

14.
1IntroductionThedeclinesofpositridersltiphavebecomegeneralizedtrendsaroundtheworld.TheresultSleadtorapidgroaningovenunentalsubsidiesandgreatdeficitsontheaccountofhallSitoperators.Inonerecentsurveyof147transitagencies,threeoutoftenagenciesreportedthatinthepastthreeyears.riderslilpontheirSystemhaddecreased.Illanothersurveyofmorethan200~itagenciesintheUnitedStates.44%ofallmanagerssaidridership--PAncularlytheproblemofdecliningridershjp--isoneofthemostimportantcurrentissuesfortheiragenCy.Evenfi…  相似文献   

15.
利用公交刷卡数据分析北京职住关系和通勤出行   总被引：38，自引：5，他引：33  
龙瀛  张宇  崔承印 《地理学报》2012,67(10):1339-1352
基于位置服务(Location Based Service, LBS) 技术为研究城市系统的时空动态规律提供了新的视角, 已往多基于移动通讯(GSM)、全球定位系统(GPS)、社会化网络(SNS) 和无线宽带热点(Wi-Fi) 数据开展研究, 但少有研究利用公交IC 卡刷卡数据进行城市系统分析。普遍存在的LBS数据虽然具有丰富的时间和空间信息, 但缺乏社会维度信息, 使其应用范围受到一定限制。本文基于2008 年北京市连续一周的公交IC 卡(Smart Card Data, SCD) 刷卡数据, 结合2005 年居民出行调查、地块级别的土地利用图, 识别公交持卡人的居住地、就业地和通勤出行, 并将识别结果在公交站点和交通分析小区(TAZ) 尺度上汇总:① 将识别的通勤出行分别从通勤时间和距离角度, 与居民出行调查数据和其他已有北京相关研究进行对比, 显示较好的吻合性;② 对来自3 大典型居住区和去往6 大典型办公区的通勤出行进行可视化并对比分析;③ 对全市基于公交的通勤出行进行可视化, 并识别主要交通流方向。本研究初步提出了从传统的居民出行调查和城市GIS 数据建立规则, 用于SCD数据挖掘的方法, 具有较好的可靠性。  相似文献   

16.
Most analyses of accessibility by public transit have focused on travel time and not considered the cost of transit fares. It is difficult to include fares in shortest-path algorithms because fares are often path-dependent. When fare policies allow discounted transfers, for example, the fare for a given journey segment depends on characteristics of previous journey segments. Existing methods to characterize tradeoffs between travel time and monetary cost objectives do not scale well to complex networks, or they rely on approximations. Additionally, they often require assumed values of time, which may be problematic for evaluating the equity of service provision. We propose a new method that allows us to find Pareto sets of paths, jointly minimizing fare and travel time. Using a case study in greater Boston, Massachusetts, USA, we test the algorithm’s performance as part of an interactive web application for computing accessibility metrics. Potential extensions for journey planning and route choice models are also discussed.  相似文献   

17.
Understanding the stability of urban flows is critical for urban transportation, urban planning and public health. However, few studies have measured the stability of aggregate human convergence or divergence patterns. We propose a spatiotemporal model for assessing the stability of human convergence and divergence patterns. A mobile phone location data set obtained from Shenzhen, China, was used to assess the stability of daily human convergence and divergence patterns at three different spatial scales, i.e. points (cell phone towers), lines (bus lines) and areas (traffic analysis zones [TAZs]). Our analysis results demonstrated that the proposed model can identify points and bus lines with time-dependent variations in stability, which is useful for delineating TAZs for transportation planning, or adjusting bus timetables and routes to meet the needs of bus riders. Comparisons of the results obtained from the proposed model and the widely used entropy measure indicated that the proposed model is suitable for assessing the differences in stability for various types of spatial analysis units, e.g. cell phone towers. Therefore, the proposed model is a useful alternative approach of measuring spatiotemporal stability of aggregate human convergence and divergence patterns, which can be derived from the space–time trajectories of moving objects.  相似文献   

18.
仝德  周心灿  龚咏喜 《地理科学进展》2021,40(12):2035-2047
共享汽车是城市交通发展的新潮流,论文基于2018年上海市共享汽车运营大数据和城市POI数据,研究共享汽车用户出行的空间、时间和频次特征,并对用户开展出行模式的K均值聚类分析,以期挖掘典型出行规律,为共享汽车运营优化提供依据。研究表明：① 工作日与休息日共享汽车使用行为差异显著,工作日共享汽车出行较集中于中心城区的混合功能区,早晚通勤高峰使用量大;休息日共享汽车出行空间布局较分散,使用量更高、平均单次使用时长更短且仅存在傍晚一个使用高峰。② 上海市共享汽车出行行为可分为工作日通勤的中高频模式,工作日夜间活动的高频模式,工作日偶尔用车晚餐及返家、偶尔用车远距离通勤和夜间长距离返家的低频模式,休息日日间休闲的高频模式、休息日傍晚离家休闲的中长途低频模式、休息日傍晚在休闲地之间穿梭的远距离低频模式、休息日日间加班的低频模式等10种模式。③ 中高频用户主要使用共享汽车实现远距离通勤和周末中长距离休闲活动,空间区域主要集中在中心城区和副中心区域;低频用户使用共享汽车多为夜间、长距离、休息日加班等公共交通难以满足需求、出租车成本过高的情景,空间分布也比较分散。可通过对用户提供差别化用车方案、优化车辆空间调度等方式推进超大城市共享汽车市场发展。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The opportunities available at a demand location are usually measured as the costs of reaching a specified critical number of facilities from that location. This method does not however, account for multistop trips nor for differences in the diversity of supply at the level of individual facilities. In this paper we introduce an alternative measurement method that overcomes these shortcomings. In this method the probability of successfully visiting a specific facility is assumed to be a function of the diversity of supply provided. Trip routes are constructed that have an acceptable probability of success. Then, the expected costs of travelling the optimum route are determined as an indicator of spatial opportunities. The proposed method has been implemented in a GIS environment, using typical GIS data and GIS tools for spatial analysis and display. The results of a case study indicate that the new method, compared to current methods, may lead to different evaluations of the level of opportunities at demand locations.  相似文献   

20.
基于多交通模式的长春市公园绿地空间可达性研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
城市公园绿地资源空间配置的有效性和公平性对城市规划建设和居民生活具有重要意义。基于百度地图路径规划API及腾讯宜出行大数据,采用集成多种交通模式（步行、公交、驾车）的引力模型与双变量空间自相关分析等方法,综合测度长春市中心城区公园绿地的空间可达性及其供需匹配特征。研究发现：① 长春市中心城区的公园绿地空间可达性随出行方式和时间观测阈值的变化而改变,各社区可达性水平空间差异显著,可达性较好的社区多分布于城市公园、河流及轨道交通沿线;低可达性社区主要位于城市东北、西南向外围边缘区域。② 从不同交通模式来看,驾车出行的可达性水平要显著高于步行和公交,其出行克服时间成本的能力较强,但驾车可达性的空间差异也高于公交和步行;随时间阈值的增大,不同交通模式可达性的空间分布表现出显著差异。③ 基于供需平衡视角的空间可达性特征显示,中心城区二环、三环区域公园绿地供需匹配较好,供需失衡的区域主要集中在一环内核心区及城市边缘开发区,核心区存在“低供给-高需求”的聚集现象,边缘城区存在“高供给-低需求”聚集现象。  相似文献   

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