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1.
Understanding the variation in a plant's water sources is critical to understanding hydrological processes in water-limited environments. Here, we measured the stable-isotope ratios(δ18 O) of xylem water of Caragana microphylla, precipitation,soil water from different depths, and groundwater to quantitatively analyze the proportion of water sources for the shrub.We found that the water sources of C. microphylla differed with the plant's ages and the seasons. The main water source for young shrubs was upper-soil water, and it showed significant changes with seasonal precipitation inputs. In summer,the proportion contributed by shallow water was significantly increased with increased precipitation inputs. Then, the contribution from shallow-soil water decreased with the decline in precipitation input in spring and autumn. However, the adult shrubs resorted to deep-soil layers and groundwater as the main water sources during the whole growing season and showed much less seasonal variation. We conclude that the main water source of the young shrubs was upper-soil water and was controlled by precipitation inputs. However, once the shrub gradually grew up and the roots reached sufficient depth, the main water sources change from the upper-soil layer recharged by precipitation to deep-soil water and groundwater, which were relatively stable and abundant in the desert ecosystem. These results also suggest that desert shrubs may be able to switch their main water sources to deep and reliable water sources as their age increases, and this adjustment to water availability carries significant importance for their acclimation to the desert habitat.  相似文献   

2.
An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.  相似文献   

3.
From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed: (1) vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. (2) Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE (p<0.001). While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE (p<0.001). Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. (3) There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC (p<0.001), indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.  相似文献   

4.
The ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration(T/ET) is a key parameter for quantifying water use efficiency of ecosystems and understanding the interaction between ecosystem carbon uptake and water cycling in the context of global change. The estimation of T/ET has been paid increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years globally. In this paper, we used the Priestly-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory Model(PT-JPL) driven by regional remote sensing data and gridded meteorological data, to simulate the T/ET in forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of East China(NSTEC) during 2001–2010, and to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal variation of T/ET, as well as the factors influencing the variation in T/ET. The results showed that:(1) The PT-JPL model is suitable for the simulation of evapotranspiration and its components of forest ecosystems in Eastern China, and has relatively good stability and reliability.(2) Spatial distribution of T/ET in forest ecosystems along NSTEC was heterogeneous, i.e., T/ET was higher in the north and lower in the south, with an averaged value of 0.69; and the inter-annual variation of T/ET showed a significantly increasing trend, with an increment of 0.007/yr(p0.01).(3) Seasonal and inter-annual variations of T/ET had different dominant factors. Temperature and EVI can explain around 90%(p0.01) of the seasonal variation in T/ET, while the inter-annual variation in T/ET was mainly controlled by EVI(53%, p0.05).  相似文献   

5.
The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.  相似文献   

6.
The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system(GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1), the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1), and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57(medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1) increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg·a~(–1) to 459 kg·a~(–1) under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

7.
Estuarine wetlands serve as a natural barrier to remove the land-generated pollut-ants and attenuate the pollutant load from the land to the sea. As one of the most important estuarine wetlands, the Yangtze estuarine wetlands have attracted particular interests in the biogeochemical studies of nutrients. The objectives of this study were to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes across the sediment-water interface; to calculate the total DIN fluxes in a year and different seasons; and to evaluate the DIN removing capability of the sediment in the tidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The spatial distribution of DIN fluxes shows complicated seasonal variations and spatial differences. The annual DIN fluxes range from -22.22 mmol N m-2 h-1 to 19.54 mmolN m-2 h-1, with an average of -1.48±1.34 mmol N m-2 h-1. The tidal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary behave as a source of water DIN in spring when DIN is released from sediment into overlying water, and the released amount of DIN is 1.33×104 tons of nitrogen (T N). In sum-mer, autumn and winter, the sediment absorbs the DIN from the overlying water, and the absorbed amounts of DIN are 4.36×104 T N, 6.81×104 T N and 2.24×104 T N, respectively. The average amount of DIN in overlying water of the Yangtze Estuary is 52.6×104 T N yr-1, and the perennial average amount of DIN absorbed from the overlying water by the sediment is 12.1×104 T N yr-1. The annual DIN elimination rate of the tidal wetlands was 23.0%.  相似文献   

8.
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions （δ18O and δD） of soil water and shallow groundwater of a riparian forest, an artificial shrub forest, and Gobi of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin are used to study the recharge water sources of those ecosystems. IsoSource software is used to determine the δ180 values for root water of Populous euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in the riparian forest ecosystem, Haloxylon ammodendron in the artificial shrub forest, and Reaumuria soongorica in the Gobi, as well as for local soil water and groundwater, and precipitation in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Our results showed that soil water and shallow groundwater of the riparian forest and the artificial shrub forest were recharged by river water which originated from precipitation in the upper reaches, and strong evaporation occurred in the artificial shrub forest. Soil water of the Gobi was not affected by Heihe River water due to this area being far away from the river channel. The main water sources of Populous euphratica were from 40-60-cm soil water and groundwater, and of Tamarix ramosissima were from 40-80-cm soil water in the riparian forest ecosystem. In the artificial forest, Haloxylon ammodendron used 200-cm saturated-layer soil water and shallow groundwater. The Reaumuria soongorica mainly used soil water from the 175-200-cm depth in the Gobi. Therefore, soil water and groundwater are the main water sources which maintain survival and growth of the plants in the extremely arid regions of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin.  相似文献   

9.
中国东北地区林地面积变化的动态模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System (DLS) model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000–2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and making out the planning for forestry production in the Northeast China region.  相似文献   

10.
Seasonal water-level fluctuations(WLF) play a dominate role in lacustrine ecosystems. River-lake interaction is a direct factor in changes of seasonal lake WLF, especially for those lakes naturally connected to upstream and downstream rivers. During the past decade, the modification of WLF in the Poyang Lake(the largest freshwater lake in China) has caused intensified flood and irrigation crises, reduced water availability, compromised water quality and extensive degradation of the lake ecosystem. There has been a conjecture as to whether the modification was caused by its interactions with Yangtze River. In this study, we investigated the variations of seasonal WLF in China’s Poyang Lake by comparing the water levels during the four distinct seasons(the dry season, the rising season, the flood season, and the retreating season) before and after 2003 when the Three Gorge Dam operated. The Water Surface Slope(WSS) was used as a representative parameter to measure the changes in river-lake interaction and its impacts on seasonal WLF. The results showed that the magnitude of seasonal WLF has changed considerably since 2003; the seasonal WLF of the Poyang Lake have been significantly altered by the fact that the water levels both rise and retreat earlier in the season and lowered water levels in general. The fluctuations of river-lake interactions, in particular the changes during the retreating season, are mainly responsible for these variations in magnitude of seasonal WLF. This study demonstrates that WSS is a representative parameter to denote river-lake interactions, and the results indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the decrease of the Poyang Lake caused by the lowered water levels of the Yangtze River, especially in the retreating season.  相似文献   

11.
Water vapour and CO2 fluxes were measured by the eddy-covariance technique above a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest with affiliated meteorological measurements in Changbai Mountain as part of China's FLUX projects since late August in 2002. Net water vapour exchange and environmental control over the forest were examined from September 1 to October 31 in 2002. To quantify the seasonal dynamics, the transition period was separated into leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages according to the development of leaf area. The results showed that (a) seasonal variation of water vapour exchange was mainly controlled by net radiation (Rn) which could account for 78.5%, 63.4% and 56.6% for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages, respectively, while other environmental factors' effects varied evidently; (b) magnitude of water vapour flux decreased remarkably during autumn and daily mean of water vapour exchange was 24.2 mg m-2 s-1 (100%), 14.8 mg m-2 s-1 (61.2%) and 10.3 mg m-2 s-1 (42.6%) for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stage, respectively; and (c) the budget of water vapour exchange during autumn was estimated to be 87.1 kg H2O m-2, with a mean of 1427.2 g H2O d-1 varying markedly from 3104.0 to 227.5 g H2O m-2 d-1.  相似文献   

12.
干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。  相似文献   

13.
本文比较了从北纬30?西太平洋至南纬30?东印度洋等热带海域与南大洋至东南极普里兹湾等南极海域的大气和表层海水N2O分压分布特征,表层海水pNO2饱和异常,分析引起异常差异性的主要影响因子。南极海域普里兹湾表层水中N2O分压（pN2O）平均为311.9 ± 7.6 nL/L (14.1 ± 0.4 nM),与大气中N2O混合比（318.5 nL/L）相比显略不饱和,融冰水的输入是导致不饱和的主要原因。海气N2O通量为-0.3 ± 0.8μmol m-2 d-1。而热带海域多数表层海水中N2O饱和度异常值都高于10%,在赤道海域发现最高值达54.7%,次高值为10°N的苏禄海为31%,计算出在赤道和苏禄海的海气通量分别为~12.4 μmol m-2 d-1和~4μmol m-2 d-1。表明高纬度的普里兹湾既不是大气中N2O源也不是汇,而低纬度热带海域表现为大气中N2O的源。造成热带与南极海域海洋N2O饱和度异常的影响因素,可能低纬度的热带海域由于海气间的气体交换较弱、上升流影响强,而高纬度的南极海域由于融冰分层和强偏西风影响;而海表面风速是影响N2O的海气交换N2O通量的重要因素。  相似文献   

14.
陈亿  尚可政  王式功  李艳  熊光洁 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4):1131-1137
利用2002-2010年朱日和气象站观测资料,结合同期归一化植被指数(NDVI),叶面积指数(LAI),植被净初级生产力(NPP)资料,分析了内蒙古半干旱区朱日和地区2002-2010年的沙尘天气特征。结果表明：朱日和地区临界起沙风速为9.4 m·s-1,2002-2010年沙尘天气频率和大于临界起沙风速频率呈波动变化,沙尘天气频率和大于临界起沙风速频率有很好相关性,超过18 m·s-1的强风极易导致沙尘天气的发生;定义标准化的沙尘天气频率（NfDO）为沙尘天气频率与大于临界起沙风速频率之比,当夏季降水量大于100 mm,夏季最大NDVI、最大LAI和最大NPP分别大于0.24、0.3 g·m-2·d-1和0.6 g·m-2·d-1（以碳计算）时,次年春季NfDO较低,沙尘天气不易发生;反之沙尘天气较易发生。对沙尘天气发生机制的分析发现,夏季有效的降水促进了植物生长,夏季降水量、最大NDVI、最大LAI和最大NPP增大,来年春天土壤不容易侵蚀,沙尘天气不易发生。  相似文献   

15.
塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水储量丰富,但因埋深和水质的限制,植物可有效利用的水资源十分有限。通过分析沙漠特有灌木塔克拉玛干沙拐枣(Calligonum taklimakanensis B.R.Pan & G.M.Shen）气体交换特性对地下水埋深和水质变化的响应,探讨了地下水对天然植物分布及生长的影响。结果显示,有天然植被分布的区域地下水埋深一般较浅,土壤水分供应充足;但受地下水矿化度、总硬度、总碱度、全盐含量及各离子含量比例的区域间差异影响,不同区域的塔克拉玛干沙拐枣气体交换特性各不相同。地下水总碱度大小是影响塔克拉玛干沙拐枣光合特性最主要的因素,总碱度增加时,净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）及潜在最大净光合速率（Pmax）、光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）分别从14.9±0.39 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1、6.79±0.21 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.192±0.013 mmol·m-2·s-1、21.4±1.1 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1、175.5±3.5 μmol·m-2·s-1、1 805±31.2 μmol·m-2·s-1降为11.7±0.5 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1、5.79±0.18 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.130±0.009 mmol·m-2·s-1、16.3±2.5 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1、78.1±15.8 μmol·m-2·s-1、1 564±55.6 μmol·m-2·s-1。研究结果还表明,较浅的地下水埋深是沙漠腹地天然生植物生存繁衍的必要条件,塔克拉玛干沙拐枣天然分布区的适宜地下水埋深应在1.5~2.5 m的范围内;塔克拉玛干沙拐枣也具有很强的盐碱耐受能力,在矿化度高达16 g·L-1的环境中依然能正常存活生长。  相似文献   

16.
盐生荒漠生态系统二氧化碳通量的年内、年际变异特征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
刘冉  李彦  王勤学  许皓  郑新军 《中国沙漠》2011,31(1):108-114
采用涡度相关法,并结合小气候观测,对荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量进行了连续3个生长季的观测（2004—2006年）,并据此分析了荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量及其主要成分GPP和Reco的季节和年际间变化特征。结果表明,在生长季尺度上,各个阶段二氧化碳吸收量的大小分别为:生长旺盛期>生长初期>生长末期,这可能与植物叶面积的大小以及光合有效辐射,大气温度等环境要素有关系。在年际尺度上,3个生长季同阶段的二氧化碳吸收量存在明显差异,生长季初期5月,2004年碳吸收最强,2006年次之,2005年最小。对于生长旺盛期,降水量最大的2004年碳吸收能力最强,正午最大值可以达到-0.12 mg·m-2·s-1,2005年次之,最大值达-0.06 mg·m-2·s-1,仅仅是2004年最大值的1/2,2006年最小,正午吸收的最大值为-0.02 mg·m-2·s-1,生长季末期,3个生长季的月均日变化非常相似,其在正午的最大吸收值也没有显著差异,正午最大吸收量为-0.01 mg·m-2·s-1左右,其他时段均在0值附近。即使在降水量相近的两个年份里（2005—2006年）,其NEE的最大值出现时间也不一致,2005年NEE的最大月累计量出现在8月和9月,而2006年则出现在6月和7月,这可能与年内降水量分布格局有关。3个生长季荒漠生态系统均表现为净二氧化碳吸收,其吸收量分别为:-236.18 g·m-2,-63.07 g·m-2和-91.97 g·m-2。年际差异的形成原因是降水差异造成的一年生草本植物数量变化,不利用降水的建群种应该对此没有贡献。  相似文献   

17.
民勤绿洲边缘荒漠植被滴灌恢复试验研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
应用滴灌技术对民勤绿洲边缘退化植被梭梭、白刺进行灌溉恢复试验研究。结果表明:(1)滴灌条件下,退化植被梭梭、白刺生长良好,可使梭梭新稍增长1.3~1.5倍,新梢数目增多1.1~1.2倍,新梢生物量增加1.5~1.8倍;使白刺冠幅增大1.9~2.8倍,叶片数增多1.6~2.2倍,叶生物量增大2.8~6.5倍。(2)滴灌植物梭梭、白刺光合生理作用强。相对免灌对照,梭梭在100 m3.hm-2和150 m3.hm-2的灌溉定额下光合速率(CO2)提高1.30 μmol.m-2.s-1和3.42 μmol.m-2.s-1,白刺在200 m3.hm-2和300 m3.hm-2的灌溉定额下光合速率提高0.76 μmol.m-2.s-1和1.35 μmol.m-2.s-1,滴灌植被光合速率随灌溉量的增加而增大。(3)灌溉林地土壤水分状况得到较大的改善,在0~250 cm土壤层次内,梭梭林地水分为3\^07%~3\^34％,相对对照林地提高了1.0~1.3百分点;白刺林地水分为2.76%~4.43％,相对对照提高了0.7~2.3百分点。  相似文献   

18.
Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.  相似文献   

19.
岳平  牛生杰  张强  刘秀兰 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1464-1468
利用2008年3月锡林浩特国家气候观象台通量观测系统获取的资料,对草原初春晴天和阴天地表能量和辐射平衡特征进行了对比。结果显示,初春典型晴天总辐射、反射辐射、向下和向上长波辐射的最大值分别为801 W·m-2、203 W·m-2、197 W·m-2和390 W·m-2;阴天总辐射与反射辐射明显减弱,峰值分别为595 W·m-2、147 W·m-2,向下、向上长波辐射最大值分别为290 W·m-2和182 W·m-2。晴天感热、潜热、土壤热通量和净辐射的日积分值分别是6.58 MJ·m-2·d-1、1.05 MJ·m-2·d-1、-0.25 MJ·m-2·d-1和5.89 MJ·m-2·d-1,阴天感热、潜热、土壤热通量和净辐射的日积分值分别是1.15 MJ·m-2·d-1、0.49 MJ·m-2·d-1、-0.08 MJ·m-2·d-1和1.65 MJ·m-2·d-1。典型晴天地表反照率早晚大,中午最小,最小值为 0.26;而阴天受云的影响,最小值仅为0.22,且日变化不明显。  相似文献   

20.
Estuarine wetlands serve as a natural barrier to remove the land-generated pollutants and attenuate the pollutant load from the land to the sea.As one of the most important estuarine wetlands,the Yangtze estuarine wetlands have attracted particular interests in the biogeochemical studies of nutrients.The objectives of this study were to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) fluxes across the sediment-water interface;to calculate the total DIN fluxes in a year and different seasons;and to evaluate the DIN removing capability of the sediment in the tidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary.The spatial distribution of DIN fluxes shows complicated seasonal variations and spatial differences.The annual DIN fluxes range from-22.22 mmol N m-2 h-1 to 19.54 mmol N m-2 h-1,with an average of-1.48±1.34 mmol N m-2 h-1.The tidal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary behave as a source of water DIN in spring when DIN is released from sediment into overlying water,and the released amount of DIN is 1.33×104 tons of nitrogen(T N).In summer,autumn and winter,the sediment absorbs the DIN from the overlying water,and the absorbed amounts of DIN are 4.36×104 T N,6.81×104 T N and 2.24×104 T N,respectively.The average amount of DIN in overlying water of the Yangtze Estuary is 52.6×104 T N yr-1,and the perennial average amount of DIN absorbed from the overlying water by the sediment is 12.1×104 T N yr-1.The annual DIN elimination rate of the tidal wetlands was 23.0%.  相似文献   

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