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1.
自2000年以来,中国草原牧区实施的一系列草原建设和保护工程引起了草地利用方式和农牧民传统生产模式的改变。农牧户作为生产经营活动的直接参与者和草原生态保护政策的实施主体,其认知态度与行为选择将直接影响政策实施效果,对草原生态环境有着直接影响。以黑河上游肃南县干旱区草原为例,选取了自由放牧区、半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区三个不同类型牧区,采用参与式农户评估方法(PRA),分析了农牧民对草原生态保护政策的认知情况和实施效果及其在当前政策背景下倾向性的草原放牧措施。结果表明:(1)相对宽松的草地资源约束使自由放牧区内农牧民的草原保护政策认知水平较高,58.1%的农牧户对季节性休牧和补贴数额有较高的认同度,但存在超载放牧现象。(2)半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区农牧民对草原保护政策的认知水平偏低,同时,舍饲养殖导致的生产成本上升使该趋势进一步加剧,71.7%的农牧户响应禁牧政策的积极性不高且认为禁牧补贴数额不合理。建议从增加非农就业机会、完善农村金融服务体系、细化草原补奖标准和调整草地资源约束的角度因地制宜采取配套措施,实现保护生态和农牧民增收双目标。  相似文献   

2.
生态补偿方式对农户可持续生计影响分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对长汀县2000年以来的生态补偿措施进行分类,总结出各生态补偿方式的具体形式和补偿客体;并基于可持续生计分析框架,系统阐述了各生态补偿方式对农户生计资本、生计策略和生计结果的影响.结果表明,现金补偿部分缓解了因封山育林等措施对农户生计造成的不利影响;实物补偿增强了主要参与农户的物质资本,并确定了以农业为主的生计策略和相对稳定的纯收入;政策补偿主要使主要参与农户获得具有稳定产权的山地资源;技术补偿和产业补偿的作用相对较弱.最后,为增强今后各类农户可持续生计,提出技术补偿、政策补偿和产业补偿方式方面的具体对策.  相似文献   

3.
土地利用通过改变陆地表面形态和土地利用强度对全球的粮食安全和生态安全产生了重要影响, 在满足 人类物质需求和保证生态多功能方面进行有效权衡是全球科学家关注的问题。中国处在快速的经济发展转变过程 中, 研究中国的土地利用变化对于全球粮食安全和生态安全变化将产生巨大的影响。本文从中国不同经济发展阶 段的农户特征出发, 率先提出了中国农户土地利用的四个阶段, 分析了四个阶段的土地利用特征及其对于粮食生 产和生态安全的影响。在中国目前的经济发展水平下, 中国农户存在“物质生存型”、“物质生产和利润优化型”、“利 润最大化”和“景观效用最大化”四个阶段。在“物质生存型”阶段, 农户土地利用满足家庭物质消费需求, 土地利用 集约化程度低, 粮食安全水平低, 农地的多功能得到发挥; 在第二个阶段, 农户土地利用处于“物质生产和利润优化 阶段”, 农户土地利用集约度化程度提高, 农地的生产功能不断得到强化, 农地的其他功能不断弱化, 此时的粮食生 产接近粮食的技术生产水平, 却是中国目前粮食安全的保障; 在农户土地利用的“利润最大化”阶段, 农户土地利用 转型以效益为核心, 耕地粮食水平与耕地的技术生产水平差异巨大, 但是耕地的生产潜力最大, 通过土地产权制度 创新, 可以实现耕地生产能力, 耕地的生产功能强化, 而耕地的其他功能弱化; 在农户土地利用的“景观效用最大 化”阶段, 农户土地利用目标以发挥农地的多功能为主, 而弱化了其生产功能。由于中国经济发展水平的差异存在 的长期性, 农户的四种类型将长期存在, 根据农户土地利用阶段性特征, 进行农户土地利用预期转型特征, 制定既 可以保障国家粮食安全, 又可以保障全球生态安全的政策。  相似文献   

4.
水资源过度利用引起的土地退化日益威胁着绿洲地区的经济社会可持续发展.为恢复绿洲生态环境,压缩农业用水势在必行.然而压缩用水后如何保障农民收入成为实现可持续发展的关键问题之一.应用Bio-economic模型,定量模拟了压缩农业用水后农户对土地利用和农业结构调整、推广节水技术、增加非农就业机会等政策措施的行为响应.结果显示,压缩农业用水后农民收入将下降到压缩前的53%;调整农业结构、推广闸管灌等节水灌溉技术和增加非农就业机会,可以在不同程度上缓解压缩农业用水造成的农民收入损失.不同区域农户响应行为有所差异,应因地制宜地采取配套措施.劳动力相对紧张、人均收入较高的泉山区,可提供一次性补贴鼓励闸管灌的采用;人多地少、集约化程度较高的坝区,应在加强推广闸管灌技术的同时,增加非农就业机会;生态脆弱的湖区,政策重点应放在劳动力转移上.上述措施最终只能使农民收入恢复到压缩用水前的75%,因此应该考虑给农民提供生态补偿,并积极探索增加农民收入的新途径.  相似文献   

5.
农户参与意愿是影响生态补偿的重要因素,为了探索农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素及其重要程度,寻找提高生态补偿实施绩效的对策措施,以宁夏盐池县为例进行研究。盐池县地处我国北方农牧交错生态脆弱带,承担着区域重要生态系统服务功能,在此背景下选取8个典型乡镇、26个行政村调研,基于279份农户调查数据,构建结构方程模型,分析盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素。结果表明:(1) 农户家庭特征正向影响生态补偿参与意愿,它还通过自然资本拥有量、环境感知及政策认知,继而间接影响生态补偿参与意愿。(2) 自然资本拥有量对生态补偿参与意愿产生直接显著的负向影响。(3) 环境感知直接影响农户生态补偿参与意愿,且影响效应最小。(4) 政策认知直接正向影响农户生态补偿参与意愿,且影响效应最大。最后,基于影响盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的关键因素,提出了完善生态补偿机制的对策建议。  相似文献   

6.
通过对滇池流域湖滨生态带建设的资料收集及实地调查研究,分析了滇池流域社会经济和生态环境现状,探索出滇池湖滨生态带建设管理的3种模式:政府管理、企业管理以及政府-企业共同管理,并比较了3种模式的优劣势。建议根据不同类型生态带建设的实际情况采取相应的管理模式,对滇池流域生态补偿政策及各类型区生态补偿现状进行了分析,总结出适合滇池湿地生态补偿的机制与政策。  相似文献   

7.
尹珂  肖轶 《地理科学》2015,(9):1123-1129
针对农户开发利用消落带耕地对三峡库区的环境影响,从意愿角度对重庆市涪陵区、丰都区247户农户进行实地调研,采用多项Logistic回归模型分析法,定量分析农户对生态休耕经济补偿需求的影响因素,为构建三峡库区环境保护经济补偿机制提供建议。研究结果表明:1农户的经济补偿需求意愿存在较大差异;2生态休耕比较效益、家庭人口数、家庭年人均纯收入、生态休耕意愿指数、经济补偿期望值对农户生态休耕经济补偿需求影响显著。研究结论:三峡库区消落带的受访农户对生态休耕经济补偿的需求意愿较强,构建适当的经济补偿机制满足该地区农户的补偿诉求势在必行。  相似文献   

8.
尹珂  肖轶 《地理科学》2015,35(9):1123-1129
针对农户开发利用消落带耕地对三峡库区的环境影响,从意愿角度对重庆市涪陵区、丰都区247户农户进行实地调研,采用多项Logistic回归模型分析法,定量分析农户对生态休耕经济补偿需求的影响因素,为构建三峡库区环境保护经济补偿机制提供建议。研究结果表明:① 农户的经济补偿需求意愿存在较大差异;② 生态休耕比较效益、家庭人口数、家庭年人均纯收入、生态休耕意愿指数、经济补偿期望值对农户生态休耕经济补偿需求影响显著。研究结论:三峡库区消落带的受访农户对生态休耕经济补偿的需求意愿较强,构建适当的经济补偿机制满足该地区农户的补偿诉求势在必行。  相似文献   

9.
当前,生态修复和生态补偿的相关理论在发达国家较为盛行,也有许多值得借鉴的模式。本文以日本为研究对象,重点研究了在推行生态修复和生态补偿过程中的经验教训。基于长时间在日本佐渡岛上的实地调研和深度访谈,从微观的视角分析在各级政府积极推进朱鹮生息环境修复的背景下,以农户为主体的区域居民的意识和行为,揭示了区域环境整治和农户农业经营之间的矛盾。通过深入比较传统农业经营和环境友好型农业经营在经济效益上的差异,阐明了农户反对朱鹮野化放飞和生态修复的必然性。从而提出为了尽快扭转发展中国家区域间、群体间生态效益及相关经济效益分配不公平的局面,利用经济、社会政策以及法律手段,寻求切合区域实际、各具特色的生态补偿方式的重要性。  相似文献   

10.
北方生态脆弱区农户兼业对耕地利用的影响(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
当前我国农户兼业现象十分普遍。本文基于在内蒙古太仆寺旗的农户调查数据,采用单因素方差分析法,对生态脆弱区农户兼业及其对耕地利用的影响进行了研究。结果表明:当前研究区农业劳动力非农就业和农户兼业现象十分突出,而兼业程度不同的农户,其经营土地的方式差异明显。非农就业户通过将其土地转给其他农户而脱离了农业耕作,这同时满足了其他农户扩大土地经营面积的愿望。种植结构差异不大,均体现为劳动生产率高的作物具有优势;对于有耕地利用行为的纯农业户、I兼型农户和II兼型农户,随着兼业程度的增加,物质投入增加,说明农户兼业使其资金约束减小,增加了资金投入能力,但是在劳动力约束下,兼业农户的劳动力投入减少,且务农劳动力"妇女化"、"老龄化"和"文化低"等现象突出;作物单产和土地净收益纯农业户大于兼业农户,说明劳动投入对土地产出更为重要。文章最后认为建立农业劳动力非农就业与耕地利用相互协调的机制,是解决生态脆弱区生态安全与农业生产之间矛盾的重要途径。  相似文献   

11.
Because it offers an effective means to alleviate current ecological problems and a way to coordinate sustainable economic and social development with protection of the environment, eco-compensation has become a subject of interest to scholars and governments all over the world. A great many studies have been carried out and eco-compensation schemes have been put into practice; there have been many fruitful results. Based on a review of related research and practices, this paper attempts first to discuss domestic and international eco-compensation research and practices in terms of the meaning of eco-compensation and its components (stakeholders, compensation criteria, compensation modes, compensation approaches, compensation funds, and compensation effects). Next, taking into consideration the above discussion, the paper looks at the differences between Chinese and international eco-compensation measures. Finally, existing problems with eco-compensation research and practices in China are summarized and some suggestions are put forward.  相似文献   

12.
指出生态补偿标准的关键或实质是空间选择与分配问题,并根据国内生态补偿项目运行的独特环境,围绕补偿效益这一内在目标,分析生态补偿空间选择与分配的重要性;论述与比较了国际与国内的相关研究动向;结合一个生态公益林补偿配置的研究框架,指出了政府主导型生态补偿空间优化配置的解决方向.  相似文献   

13.
At the end of the 1990s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the “Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas” has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by (i) adhering to the combination of vertical compensation (oriented) and horizontal compensation (auxiliary) on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale; (ii) defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects; (iii) gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and (iv) cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.  相似文献   

14.
Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems.  相似文献   

15.
对生态补偿的基本语义进行解析,提出了一种以损失性境遇与补偿关系域为基本元素的分析模式。强调生态补偿的研究与实践必须物质与价值层面并举,且以前者为指归。生态补偿在自然科学方面的深层机理与准则还有待深入研究,才能指导生态补偿在经济、法律等其他层面的正确认识与实践。指出生态效益价值计量与生态补偿没有实质性的联系;“生态效益补偿”是一个容易引起误解的观念或概念。补偿标准基本的考量在成本、包括机会成本一面,不在效益一面;既实现生产者剩余又实现消费者剩余,是合珲补偿的基本前撂。  相似文献   

16.
生态补偿研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在中国经济迅速发展的同时,资源环境消耗不断加剧,生态环境问题日益突出,生态补偿成为改善环境的重要途径。采用文献回顾法、归纳法对国内外生态补偿的定义和理论依据、补偿原则、补偿主体客体、补偿途径、补偿标准等方面进行了总结分析,得出生态补偿的理论研究重心由宏观讨论转向微观研究,生态补偿标准测算侧重外部效益的定量核算,生态补偿途径由政府主导向市场化转变。并提出中国可借鉴的方面,即对生态补偿的概念进行科学界定,加强对征收标准的研究,建立多种资金收集渠道并有效配置资金,建立完善的生态补偿相关法律制度。同时从生态补偿标准、资金配置、补偿项目等方面做出展望。  相似文献   

17.
In China, the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity. The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion, and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively. However, in recent years, the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious. Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources. Based on statistical and questionnaire data, this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the South- to-North Water Diversion. The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year, respectively. However, the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers. Meanwhile, the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age, education level, average revenue per month, knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity. This study began with a theoretical analysis, then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study. This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation.  相似文献   

18.
Ecological compensation plays an important role in promoting ecological protection. Identifying factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation has become a focus of ecological economics. The Qianxi traditional chestnut agricultural heritage system is a typical agroforestry system in China and adapts the local environment well. However, local farmers concentrate on chestnut monocultures, driven by short-term profits. The local ecological environment is very fragile. We surveyed 100 local rural households. Based on face-to-face interviews and questionnaires and model assessment, we analyzed factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation in the Qianxi chestnut agroforestry system of Hebei. We found that many factors influence farmer willingness to accept, including education level, household income, environmental awareness, environmental protection practices and knowledge of ecological compensation. This research provides helps clarify the mechanism of farmer participation in eco-compensation and provides a basis for further development of compensation standards that benefit the local environment.  相似文献   

19.
通过对生态补偿内涵的深入分析,首先把生态补偿的概念区分为人际补偿和人地补偿2个相互联系的方面,并指出其研究意义;其次,利用1986-2005年福建经济与环境统计数据,通过EKC曲线模型分析福建省环境质量的变化趋势,得出现阶段福建省总体环境状况仍处在污染继续加重的结论,并对其原因做了简要分析;最后,基于实证研究所得结论,运用人际补偿和人地补偿的概念框架,参照国际上发达国家的经验,对福建省环保投入的合理数额、生态补偿机制的规范和创新等问题进行了探讨。提出人地补偿必须注重时空合理配置和其效率有赖于入际补偿机制创新等观点。  相似文献   

20.
梁流涛  祝孔超 《地理研究》2019,38(8):1932-1948
从虚拟耕地流动的视角构建区际农业生态补偿框架,并在此框架下开展区际农业生态补偿支付/受偿区域划分和补偿标准测算的研究。结果表明:① 区际农业生态补偿的基本原理是:利用虚拟耕地净流量(输入量与输出量的差额)指标划分区际农业生态补偿的支付/受偿区域。对于净流量为负的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动占用了其他区域的耕地资源,应该支付相应的生态补偿。对于净流量为正的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动被其他区域占用了耕地资源,应得到生态补偿。区际农业生态补偿额度应包含对农业生态环境保护和改善的投资成本以及占用农业资源使其牺牲的发展机会成本等方面,并由管理平台统一收缴和分发。② 2004年以后虚拟耕地流动格局基本上保持稳定,只有个别省市(甘肃和云南)由净流入转变为净流出,在空间上表现为“北耕南流”的格局。③ 受偿区域(15个省市)主要分布在东北地区、华北地区和西北地区;支付区域(16个省市)主要分布在东部沿海地区和西南地区。④ 研究期内年均总受偿额度为1472.58亿元,处于高受偿省份(黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河南)年均受偿额度都在150亿元以上。研究期内年均总支付额度为543.10亿元,其中,处于高支付区域的省份(浙江、广东、北京、福建)年均支付额度都在40亿元以上。  相似文献   

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