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交通网络与城市结构研究——理论框架与中美两国实证案例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
本文从城市体系和城市内部两个尺度上总结交通网络与城市结构之间的关联.通过中美两国城市的实证案例,从交通网络和交通流的视角,提出了一个城市体系结构和城市内部结构研究的理论框架.其中城市的有序性是其共同理论的出发点,包括城市规模体系和城市内部人口密度空间分布的有序性,其在很大程度上决定了人类居行的空间分布模式.可采用交通网络位置决定区位优劣,从而影响城市兴衰(城际尺度)、地价高低、人口疏密(市域尺度)和出行模式等加以理论解释.城市体系分布的有序性、城市内部结构的规律性、城市间以及城市内交通网络的拓扑特征,共同影响了微观层面个体的时空间移动以及群体层面的交通流分布,从而为链接微观与宏观两个尺度的地理环境影响奠定了基础. 相似文献
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京津冀全球城市区域边界研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
于涛方 《地理与地理信息科学》2005,21(4):45-50
全球城市区域的边界界定对象包括整体空间范围边界界定和内部结构边界界定两方面。该文对京津翼全球城市区域及其周边地区209个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征及空间组合特征等,进而确定不同层次京津冀全球城市区域的整体范围边界和内部结构边界。 相似文献
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抚顺煤田区域的工业化与城市形态及结构演化研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
通过研究抚顺煤田区域由煤炭资源开发而导致的工业化和城市形态形成过程，首先讨论资源型城市形成的自然基础及经济活动的作用，进而揭示了煤炭城市形态形成的阶段性规律；其次，分析了资源型城市内部的资源开发区域与工商业区域的分化及其独特的形态与内部结构；第三，发现抚顺市存在着明显的二元城市形态与内部结构，采煤区域的多级直线型结构与工商业区域的多核心组合式结构共存；第四，提出了抚顺煤田区域工业化与城市形态及结构演化的基本模式，并评价了经典的弗雷德曼（Friedmann.J）区域发展模式。 相似文献
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历史时期昆明市城区拓展及结构演变研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为云南省政治、经济、文化中心,昆明市是云南地区的重要都市。考察历史时期昆明市区的时空演化过程及伴随这一过程的城市内部结构变化,对昆明市历史时期城市发展作地域上的客观复原,无疑是可为城市可持续发展提供参考及借鉴。 相似文献
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试论中国城市产业结构的调查 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
孙樱 《云南地理环境研究》1995,7(2):73-79
本文根据三次产业结构发展阶段的规律，探讨了建国以来中国城市产业结构演化的过程，并分析现阶段城市三次产业的发展特点，从而认为，城郊农业不容忽视；第二产业仍是城市发展的第一推动力；第三产为虽然发展迅速，但在总体水平、内部结构上还有待进一步提高。 相似文献
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城市是社会生产发展的产物,社会劳动分工的结果。它的形成、发展受社会经济规律所制约。因此城市的发展特点、分布规律、内部结构以及城市间、城乡间的关系皆反映着社会生产力的水平和生产关系的性质。 相似文献
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城市内部土地覆盖结构对城市生态服务功能和人居环境质量产生重要影响。中国与美国不同发展阶段城市不透水地表和绿地时空分布格局存在显著差异。本文基于Landsat TM/MSS影像获取1978、1990、2000、2010 年城市内部土地覆盖和不透水地表分类信息,监测并比较中国和美国六个特大城市扩展时空动态、土地覆盖结构差异及城市不同功能区特征。研究表明,在过去30 多年以来,中国城市以相对紧凑形态发展,美国城市较为离散;美国三大城市植被所占的比例是中国的2.21 倍;中国城市内部结构土地利用功能类型更加复杂,不透水地表密度更高,而美国城市CBD和居住区功能相对独立,特别居住区以镶嵌式低不透水地表和高绿地比例结构为主。 相似文献
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各种聚落的位置及内部结构通常受到环境因素,特别是用地形状的很大影响。农村小聚落的分布格局常表现出各种地貌因素的作用。地貌条件还影响到城市内部的具体建筑、城市整体形状、城市化的总体特征(集中与分散)和城市分布格局。中爪哇的聚落分布便反映了该地区平原和丘陵的总格局。 相似文献
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20世纪50-70年代的围湖垦殖与江汉平原湖泊湿地演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用相关资料并借助RS/GIS方法对20世纪50-70年代的大规模围垦情况进行了初步分析。结果表明:20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代0.1km2以上的湖泊总量分别是1309个、611个、612个、838个,湖泊总面积分别是8503.7km2、5467.5km2、2934.3km2、2977.3km2。湖泊数量和面积减少与围湖垦殖关系密切,江汉湖区平均面积变化率为65.0%,围垦具有明显的区域差异特征。围湖垦殖与江汉平原湿地演化关系密切,围湖垦殖降低了江汉平原湿地演化的可持续性。 相似文献
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20年代以来西方国家商业空间学理论研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
根据城市商业空间学的理论研究对象可将商业空间学理论分为商业空间结构理论和商业空间选择理论。文中试从该理论的 3大理论流派入手对西方商业空间学的理论研究进展进行分析。 相似文献
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在放射性核素137Cs和210Pb精确计年的基础上,建立了长江中游网湖近代沉积物年代序列。通过对沉积物中TOC、TN、TP、孢粉、重金属元素、粒度等指标的测定,结合相关文献资料,分析了百年来网湖沉积物中营养元素的分布特征,物源变化以及主控因子。结果表明:百年来网湖沉积物中TN和TOC含量显著相关,呈不断上升趋势,存在2个明显的演化阶段,主控因子为流域人类活动强度,气候波动对其有影响,但影响不大。TP的变化与TN和TOC明显不同,波动较大,规律不明显,主要受人类活动强度以及径流侵蚀输移入湖物质变化两大因子控制。 相似文献
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The dendrochronological study of shrubs is a new field, particularly with respect to desert areas. Using a dendrochronological perspective, we studied the radial growth and the climatic response model of the common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Maxim) in three sampling sites in the Badain Jaran Desert of northwestern China. The results showed that the radial growth of the common beancaper was primarily affected by precipitation during the pre-growing and growing seasons, especially during July. Variation in wet/drought periods over the last 160 years in the study area was analyzed using a radial growth climatic response model and data on regional chronology. Using decadal time scales, three wet periods were identified in the Badain Jaran Desert: the 1840s to early 1850s, the early 1890s to the 1900s and the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Similarly, transitions from dry to wet periods over the last 160 years occurred in the late 1850s, mid-1870s, early 1880s, early 1900s, mid-1920s, early 1950s, early and late 1970s and early 1990s. These results are helpful for understanding regional climate change and the desertification process in arid desert regions. 相似文献
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1947- 2000 年上海中心城区居住空间结构演变 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于1947-2000 年9 个时相的上海土地利用遥感调查GIS 数据集, 从土地利用层面对 50 多年来上海中心城区居住空间结构演变进行实证研究。首先分析居住用地扩展与构成的数 量变化特征, 然后采用地理形态分析法划分各时期居住区类型, 并分别从街区与城市两个尺 度对居住区演变进行分析: 在街区尺度下, 以聚类特征表研究居住区的类型变化以及内部土 地利用构成变化; 在城市区域尺度下, 分析不同时期居住区的空间格局变化以及工业用地、 市政商服用地对居住区空间格局演进的影响。研究发现上海中心城区居住空间结构由简单的 组团加圈层结构向复杂的扇形、圈层和组团综合模式演变。其中以1988 年土地有偿使用制度 改革为界, 前期以外围住宅新村圈层扩展与和内部居住区不断被非居住用地侵入形成用地混 合居住区为特征, 后期以外围商品住宅指状扩展和内部旧城更新相结合为特征。 相似文献
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Florida Bay is a highly dynamic estuary that exhibits wide natural fluctuations in salinity due to changes in the balance of precipitation, evaporation and freshwater runoff from the mainland. Rapid and large-scale modification of freshwater flow and construction of transportation conduits throughout the Florida Keys during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries reshaped water circulation and salinity patterns across the ecosystem. In order to determine long-term patterns in salinity variation across the Florida Bay estuary, we used a diatom-based salinity transfer function to infer salinity within 3.27 ppt root mean square error of prediction from diatom assemblages from four ~130 year old sediment records. Sites were distributed along a gradient of exposure to anthropogenic shifts in the watershed and salinity. Precipitation was found to be the primary driver influencing salinity fluctuations over the entire record, but watershed modifications on the mainland and in the Florida Keys during the late-1800s and 1900s were the most likely cause of significant shifts in baseline salinity. The timing of these shifts in the salinity baseline varies across the Bay: that of the northeastern coring location coincides with the construction of the Florida Overseas Railway (AD 1906–1916), while that of the east-central coring location coincides with the drainage of Lake Okeechobee (AD 1881–1894). Subsequent decreases occurring after the 1960s (east-central region) and early 1980s (southwestern region) correspond to increases in freshwater delivered through water control structures in the 1950s–1970s and again in the 1980s. Concomitant increases in salinity in the northeastern and south-central regions of the Bay in the mid-1960s correspond to an extensive drought period and the occurrence of three major hurricanes, while the drop in the early 1970s could not be related to any natural event. This paper provides information about major factors influencing salinity conditions in Florida Bay in the past and quantitative estimates of the pre- and post-South Florida watershed modification salinity levels in different regions of the Bay. This information should be useful for environmental managers in setting restoration goals for the marine ecosystems in South Florida, especially for Florida Bay. 相似文献
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Coastal ecosystems around the world are constantly changing in response to interacting shifts in climate and land and water use by expanding human populations. The development of agricultural and urban areas in South Florida significantly modified its hydrologic regime and influenced rates of environmental change in wetlands and adjacent estuaries. This study describes changes in diatom species composition through time from four sediment cores collected across Florida Bay, for the purposes of detecting periods of major shifts in assemblage structure and identifying major drivers of those changes. We examined the magnitude of diatom assemblage change in consecutive 2-cm samples of the 210Pb-dated cores, producing a record of the past ~130 years. Average assemblage dissimilarity among successive core samples was ~30%, while larger inter-sample and persistent differences suggest perturbations or directional shifts. The earliest significant compositional changes occurred in the late 1800s at Russell Bank, Bob Allen Bank and Ninemile Bank in the central and southwestern Bay, and in the early 1900s at Trout Cove in the northeast. These changes coincided with the initial westward redirection of water from Lake Okeechobee between 1881 and 1894, construction of several canals between 1910 and 1915, and building the Florida Overseas Railroad between 1906 and 1916. Later significant assemblage restructurings occurred in the northeastern and central Bay in the late 1950s, early 1960s and early 1970s, and in the southwestern Bay in the 1980s. These changes coincide with climate cycles driving increased hurricane frequency in the 1960s, followed by a prolonged dry period in the 1970s to late 1980s that exacerbated the effects of drainage operations in the Everglades interior. Changes in the diatom assemblage structure at Trout Cove and Ninemile Bank in the 1980s correspond to documented eutrophication and a large seagrass die-off. A gradual decrease in the abundance of freshwater to brackish water taxa in the cores over ~130 years implies that freshwater deliveries to Florida Bay were much greater prior to major developments on the mainland. Salinity, which was quantitatively reconstructed at these sites, had the greatest effect on diatom communities in Florida Bay, but other factors—often short-lived, natural and anthropogenic in nature—also played important roles in that process. Studying the changes in subfossil diatom communities over time revealed important environmental information that would have been undetected if reconstructing only one water quality variable. 相似文献
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河西地区近40a来气候变化与风沙活动 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
利用1951- 1990年14站的年平均气温、降水和大风日数资料,对近40 a来河西地区气候特征作了初步分析。结果表明, 50年代最暖, 60年代最冷, 70年代后气温开始回升但低于50年代的水平。河西地区40 a来是变冷的,全区年平均温度40 a下降了0.21℃,西部下降了0.27℃,东部下降了0.13℃。全区50年代雨量较多, 60年代是近40 a来的最干旱期, 70年代为最湿润期, 80年代又趋于干旱,总体上降水略有增加。最干旱期与最冷期对应,最多雨期并非最高温期,在温度开始回升时降水量最大,雨量与温度的变化并不同步,降水滞后于温度。40 a来河西西部大风日数是增加的,东部是减少的。高温少雨大风日数少,低温少雨大风日数较多,温度开始回升降水达到最大时,大风日数最多。春季大风日数最多,夏季次之,秋冬相差不大。 相似文献
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"The paper discusses the distribution of population within 11 north-western and central European countries from the mid-1950s to the late 1980s. While concentration into major metropolitan regions was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, and counter-urbanization in the 1970s, the 1980s show diverging developments. In some countries, the major metropolitan regions have resumed their former growth, and in other countries their growth remains below or around the national average. The underlying causes are discussed, and it is suggested that the new information technologies make different distributions of population possible, with specific local conditions for economic activities then becoming decisive." 相似文献
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我国人地关系研究进展评述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
我国科学化的人地关系研究，起步于20世纪初期，受西方“科学思潮”和我国古代地理学特质的双重影响，形成了以人地关系研究为核心、注重人文与自然统一和野外考察的传统。50年代至70年代，人文地球学一度遭到否定，地理学的自然研究与人文研究出现严重割裂，科学体系的建立被长期中断，致使人地关系研究全面衰退。80年代以来，我国人地关系研究在科学体系和理论体系的构建、国际学术前沿领域的追踪、人地关系地域系统等方面取得长足发展，文章在总结我国人地关系研究进展和存在问题基础上，提出今后研究方向和发展对策。 相似文献