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1.
Foreign Hypermarket Retailers in China: Spatial Penetration,Local Embeddedness,and Structural Paradox 
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下载免费PDF全文 As the world economy shifts towards services, transnational corporations (TNCs) in the service sector have accelerated their expansion in emerging economies. This paper examines the development and embeddedness of foreign hypermarket retailers in China. It also analyzes the spatial penetration patterns of retail TNCs, the impacts of home and host economies on their local embeddedness, and how they resolve the structural paradox between enforcing standardization and conducting localization. The expansion of retail TNCs has been influenced by the gradual liberalization policies of the Chinese government. Spatially, they expanded in two directions: from the eastern costal region to the central and western hinterland, and along China's urban hierarchy from larger cities to smaller cities. While home economies greatly influenced their initial strategies, foreign hypermarket retailers are constantly adjusting to better embed in the Chinese market and to more effectively resolve the structural paradox. 相似文献
2.
基于全球生产网络视角下的零售供应链升级与转型——以鲜奶和大豆油为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在过去的10年中,快速的零售业全球化进程已经在经济地理学研究中引起了强烈的关注。依托全球生产网络分析框架,通过阐述权利与价值在两个食品供应链（鲜奶和食用油）中发生的迁移与更迭,揭示出跨国零售企业进入中国市场前后,本土供应链发生的转型与升级。同时,就供应链转型所具有的五个普适性特征,包括集中化采购、专业批发商的涌现、物流与信息系统升级、执行企业标准和发展自有品牌,在选取的案例产品中进行分析与比较,以此来解释供应链重组过程中的影响因素。结果表明：应采用动态的视角来研究零售供应链中的权利与价值,以此才能更好地揭示新兴市场中供应链网络转型升级的复杂性和不均衡性。 相似文献
3.
大型跨国零售企业进军中国的市场分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
CEPA和WTO框架的全面实施，对我国零售业将产生巨大影响．本文以进入中国市场的大型跨国企业为研究对象，分析其业态特征、进入中国市场的条件及其对中国零售业的挑战。文中以销品茂和大卖场为重点，探讨其准入现状、准入环境、规模经济优势和技术优势。论文最后就在竞争中学会竞争，提高中国零售企业的国际竞争力提出自己的见解。 相似文献
4.
Barney Warf 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(2):255-267
The late twentieth century has witnessed the rapid expansion of a global telecommunications infrastructure and flows of information. Few case studies of individual corporations in this industry exist. Following the breakup of its U.S. monopoly in 1984, AT&T, the world's largest telecommunications provider, steadily expanded its international operations. This paper examines the institutional and spatial dynamics that underpin AT&T's global strategies, including transoceanic fiber cables, employment, manufacturing facilities, joint ventures, and operations in every major market area around the world. It ascertains these efforts in light of the emergence of post-Fordist regime theory and argues that corporate-specific case studies continue to remain an important part of economic geography. 相似文献
5.
零售活动的空间关系研究是城市地理学研究的一个热点问题。以上海市内环地区的星巴克、COSTA和瑞幸咖啡三家咖啡连锁公司的门店为研究对象,综合运用多种空间统计方法和实地调研分析三者之间的空间关联特征。结果表明：1）无论是传统零售还是新零售模式下的咖啡门店,其空间分布均大致表现出靠近消费市场的空间导向特征;2）星巴克门店的空间集聚程度最强,瑞幸咖啡门店空间集聚程度最弱;3）利用一种新的多元空间统计方法计算后发现,无论是传统咖啡零售星巴克和COSTA的门店,还是星巴克与新零售瑞幸咖啡的门店,均呈现显著相互吸引的空间关联特征,但其形成机制存在差异;4）星巴克与COSTA常常成对出现在商圈或商务区中心位置,而后进入市场的瑞幸咖啡门店常常位于“非中心”位置。新零售模式可以通过互联网平台、大数据分析等技术重构交易基础逻辑,改变传统零售依赖门店的成本结构模型;同时,新零售模式高度重视用户线上体验,在一定程度上弱化了实体区位的重要性。因此,在进行城市规划,特别是商业区规划时,应重视新零售模式对区位选择的影响,重视互联网与大数据在区位决策中的作用,挖掘传统弱区位地区或地段的发展可能性,提高城市土地利用效率。 相似文献
6.
本文分别讨论了流动商在地方性交换系统、区域间贸易系统及流动性零售系统中的作用及其市场系统的时空分布特征,并分析了网上空间市场的崛起对商人流迁影响。 相似文献
7.
全球生产网络（GPNs）非常重视跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式及影响机制,然而以往研究相对聚焦于资本密集型或技术密集型企业,着重探讨产业联系、技术外溢、社会网络等要素的影响,而对以富士康为代表的劳动密集型跨国企业并未给予足够关注。本研究以郑州富士康为案例,融合劳工地理学和新经济地理学的理论视角,基于2017—2021年对郑州富士康的追踪调研,研究发现：① 在全球网络动力与本土地域动力相互联动的作用下,地方区位优势和企业空间粘性虽然发生了显著变化,并初步呈现出互惠式耦合特征,但郑州富士康地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式仍以依附式为主。② 劳动力视角下跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合形成机制主要受制于公司属性特征与员工雇佣方式（包括企业性质、用工模式、工资福利等）、区域人口红利与劳动力供应格局、政府中介政策与劳动力行为选择等因素。③ 促进劳动密集型跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合,维持劳动力市场弹性和激励跨国公司扩大投资并促进生产网络区域化应作为国家和地方政府战略制定和政策实施的两个基本维度。研究成果不仅可以有效弥补跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合对劳动力作用的忽视,而且通过典型案例可以为劳动密集型跨国公司与区域发展的战略耦合关系提供实证经验支持。 相似文献
8.
Jen Li 《The Australian geographer》2010,41(2):247-262
The emergence of multinational retailers has induced shifts in the spatial distribution of retail capital. Furthermore, the advent of shopping centres has led to a reconfiguration of consumption spaces. These trends have particular consequences for independent retail businesses. This paper investigates the impacts of rationalisation and consolidation in retailing on independent bookshops in Sydney. There is a view that independent bookshops are in decline, and this is particularly true when you look at the independent bookshops in the UK and the USA. However, this research reveals that the perception of the demise of the independent bookshop in Australia is exaggerated. Despite the challenges they face, there are counterbalances to the trends of shopping centres, chain shops and online retailing that have carved a niche for the independent bookshop. Independent bookshops differentiate themselves from chains by designing unique shops, carrying a wide range of inventory, and providing personalised customer service. In this way, they have successfully distinguished themselves from other types of booksellers and maintained a stable position in Australian book retailing. 相似文献
9.
Yikang Rui Zaigui Yang Tianlu Qian Shoaib Khalid Nan Xia 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(2):186-199
The distribution of many geographical objects and events is affected by the road network; thus, network-constrained point pattern analysis methods are helpful to understand their space structures and distribution patterns. In this study, network kernel density estimation and network K-function are used to study retail service hot-spot areas and the spatial clustering patterns of a local retail giant (Suguo), respectively, in Nanjing city. Stores and roads are categorized to investigate the influence of weighting different categories of point events and network on the analysis. In addition, the competitive relation between Suguo and foreign-brand retail chains was revealed. The comprehensive analysis results derived from the combination of the first-order and second-order properties can be further used to examine the reasonability of the existing store distribution and optimize the locational choice of new stores. 相似文献
10.
Over the last thirty years, nonmetropolitan regions across the United States have experienced volatile population shifts ranging from rapid growth to persistent decline. Several authors have suggested that the age structure of the population may contribute to these population trends. In the 1970s, the older baby boomers were entering labor and housing markets, while the younger boomers were enrolling in nonmetropolitan colleges and universities. By the 1980s, this large cohort was aging into a different stage in the life course. This article examines metropolitan and nonmetropolitan population shifts during the 1970s and 1980s within an age‐cohort framework. Using Public Use Microsample data from 1980 and 1990, the analysis explores relationships between housing market, labor market, place characteristics, and the migration flows of different age cohorts. The analysis focuses on cohort‐specific in‐migration to two regions: New England and the Four Corners states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The results are consistent with a life‐course understanding of migration behavior, especially during the late 1970s, with older cohort shifts directed towards nonmetropolitan destinations and younger cohort shifts more influenced by labor and housing‐market variables. The results further demonstrate a large potential for future nonmetropolitan population growth, yet these growth experiences are likely to be regionally differentiated. These results have important policy implications for nonmetropolitan regions. 相似文献
11.
全球化时代是发展海洋经济的时代,海洋渔业是海洋经济的重要部门,是深耕蓝色国土的重要一步。以典型海洋城市大连市为案例,基于海洋渔业企业视角研究海洋渔业产业,建立海洋渔业企业数据库,运用核密度方法分析大连市海洋渔业企业的空间格局演化规律,建立回归模型重点分析了2011—2018年海产加工企业在区位选择时的影响因素。结果表明：① 空间格局演化方面,价值链上不同环节的企业有不同的空间演化规律,养殖企业在逐渐向长海县集中;捕捞企业的集聚中心逐渐由南部向东部岛屿转移;加工企业的格局呈现由单中心向多中心扩散的态势;批发零售企业分布格局则为较为稳定的多中心结构;② 养殖企业区位选择要素由自然因素转变为社会因素,捕捞企业区位受资源和政策影响较大,批发零售企业区位受到市场和政策的影响;海产加工企业区位选择方面,研究时期内城市化经济、地方化经济、土地成本、交通条件等是其主要影响因素;城市化经济、地方化经济、交通条件对一般加工企业有显著影响,个体工商户的区位选择更关注地方化经济因素。 相似文献
12.
跨国公司功能区位实证研究 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
随着交通通讯技术的发展,跨国公司在东道国内部实现功能空间分离.伴随中国渐进式的改革开放进程,全球500 强跨国公司逐步在中国实现地理扩张和功能扩张.本文基于1979-2008 年电子信息和医药化工产业的全球500 强跨国公司在华投资数据研究跨国公司功能区位.研究表明,跨国公司倾向于在已有投资的城市追加投资,不同功能呈现一定差异性地理分布,但功能之间共聚趋势明显.区域性总部和商务功能聚集在一线城市,生产功能布局于省会和一线城市周边地区,研发功能追随生产功能.条件逻辑模型分析表明,跨国公司功能区位存在显著的公司内集聚、跨公司集聚、来源国集聚以及跨功能共聚现象.市场潜力及城市行政地位也是吸引跨国公司投资的重要因素.随着全方位开放格局形成,集聚效应较制度优势更为重要.跨国公司分支机构地理集聚提升一线城市的功能,强化顶级城市的领导力和聚集力.跨国公司的功能片段化布局既依托我国的城市等级体系,又在一定程度上重塑我国城市空间结构,促进城市体系按价值链等级进行专业化分工并推动区域协作. 相似文献
13.
《Geography and Natural Resources》2008,29(4):321-329
It is established that the factor of continental-oceanic polarization has a decisive influence on the inter-regional differentiation of imported goods retail prices and hence on the level of income of their end-consumers in a large inland country (exemplified by Russia). No such continental-oceanic gradients have been revealed as regards the retail prices for home-made mass production goods, and their territorial differences are due to the operation of other factors. 相似文献
14.
This paper presents an analysis of a neglected area of study by geographers; that of resident action groups. During the 1980s there has been a significant increase in the number of resident action groups throughout Sydney. Resident activism has influenced local planning processes, the location of noxious facilities and subsequent urban form. This has initiated important reactions by government at both the local and State levels. Urban collective activisms have been hypothesised as single‐issue, self‐serving nimby groups. However, RAGs are also empowering forces, in which women and men are introduced to the political structures and become engaged in protest and resistance that can challenge the social and spatial order. RAGs can, either singularly or cumulatively, force a re‐aligning of existing power relations, and they can necessitate changed modes of governance (or govern‐mentality). 相似文献
15.
零售业是城市商业结构中最有活力的组成部分，合理有序的零售空间结构对促进经济的发展、提高资源的配置、满足居民的生活需求至关重要。POI作为新的空间数据源，能够客观地、准确地对商业空间结构进行识别和探究。西宁市位于青藏高原东北部，是连接青藏高原与中国大陆的重要门户。西宁市集中大量的人口，且存在有潜力的消费市场。基于POI大数据，运用核密度、局域Getis-Ord G*指数、Ripley’s K函数和区位熵的分析方法，以西宁市为研究案例探究零售网点的空间分布特征。零售业详细地分为以下8种类型，分别是食品、饮料及烟草制品，纺织、服装及日用品，文化、体育用品及器材，家用电器及电子产品，五金、家具室内装饰材料，医药及医疗器材，汽车、摩托车燃料及零配件，综合零售。结果表明：西宁市零售业集聚区空间分布特征显著，呈现“多集聚、多核心”商业空间形态。密度等级由中心区沿交通干线逐渐向外围递减；高密度集聚区分别分布在水井巷附近街区、商业巷附近街区、祁连路—北禅路交汇的附近街区（北山市场）和以万达广场为核心的海湖新区。行业属性不同使得零售点集聚和分布变化表现出较大的差异性，与人们日常生活密切相关的业态零售点呈现社区化、微型化和便利化的特征，且区位选择性较大，如：食品饮料及烟草制品、医药及医疗器材和综合零售行业，而家用电器及电子产品、文化体育用品和纺织服装等行业区位选择尺度小，集中在特定的区域；基于道路数据构建的街区单元冷热点区域分布特征显著，它受城市建设用地扩张，人口密度，交通可达性和城市规划等因素的影响，海湖新区将成为最有发展潜力的商业区；在街道尺度，各业态零售业专业化功能区块显著，发展成熟的街道表现出多优势行业集聚特征，西宁市多业态集聚区域较少，只有人民街街道。这项研究一方面有助于填补基于POI数据青藏高原河谷型城市商业空间结构研究的空白; 另一方面，为政府战略制定，零售商选址和城市规划提供一些参考。 相似文献
16.
《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2006,26(3-4):175-191
This paper examines effects of postsocialist reforms on land cover and land use through a case study from South-eastern Albania. The paper uses satellite data to measure changes in land cover between 1988 and 2003, draws on a village survey to assess changes in local land-use practices, and examines shifts in the determinants of land cover through seemingly unrelated regressions at the village level. The results show a high incidence of cropland abandonment especially in lower-lying areas closer to markets. Socio-economic factors have emerged as new determinants of spatial variation, suggesting a growing influence of market principles on land use. 相似文献
17.
基于核密度估计法、最邻近指数分析法以及局域Getis-Ord G*指数法,利用零售商业兴趣点（POI）数据,分析武汉市三个时间节点下的零售商业热点区的空间分布及业态集聚的演变特征,并探讨其驱动机制。研究表明：1）中心城区具有多核发展趋势,远城区低密度点状集聚,商业点由主热点区呈放射型面状扩散;2）武汉市热点区面积与数量增长显著。主次热点13年间由71km2增长到168km2,主热点区由7个增加到10个;3）各零售业态的集聚程度发展具有一定差异性。除医药及医疗器材类业态集聚程度呈降低趋势,其他五类零售业态的聚集程度均有不同程度的提升;4）武汉市零售商业热点区的形成及演变是人地关系互动的结果,区位历史条件、交通网络、政府用地政策、旅游资源开发等多种因素合力影响武汉市零售商业的热点形成及演变。 相似文献
18.
During the 1970s tourism in Lesotho developed rapidly, representing a vital source of foreign exchange to a country where economic options are severely constrained. However, an analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of tourist movements reveals a serious downswing in fortunes in recent years. The number of arrivals, length of stay and bed occupancy are all declining. An explanation for this is sought in the highly specific nature of Lesotho's tourism and in its dependence upon the South African market and externally controlled corporate strategy within the hotel industry. Despite its considerable scenic attractions, Lesotho in fact relies almost exclusively upon its two casinos to generate tourism. Before gambling was legalized within the borders of South Africa's ‘Bantustans’ these kind of operations were monopolized regionally by Holiday Inns and located on the Republic's periphery. However, in the late 1970s Southern Suns successfully invaded this market through investment within the Bantustans and, as an outcome of this competition, the future planning of both corporations is now to transfer development from the traditional arenas to the Bantustans where profitability is higher. Lesotho's inability to compete with these newer units is clearly demonstrated by the data, particularly in the loss of Witwatersrand punters to Bophuthatswana. Nevertheless, tourism planning in Lesotho is still based upon consolidation of its casino trade. In the light of these and parallel observations in Swaziland this prospectus must be seriously reappraised. 相似文献
19.
Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on‐site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism‐based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations. 相似文献
20.
基于POI数据的大型零售商业设施空间布局与业态差异——以广州市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以广州市为例,基于大型零售商业设施POI（Point of Interest）数据,运用空间计量分析方法,对大型零售商业设施总体及不同业态的空间分布及其影响因素进行了探究。结果表明：总体上,大型零售商业设施空间分布呈现出由内向外扩散的多中心圈层式结构,沿交通干道生长和连片蔓延趋势明显,中心城区设施临近轨道交通分布指向性突出。不同业态分布差异明显,大型购物中心和商场主要分布在中心城区及外围城区次中心,大型综合超市由中心城区内部向边缘区域扩散趋势明显,大型专业店主要分布在中心城区的边缘区域。影响因素方面,人口、经济和租金因素对其总体分布影响显著为正。不同业态所受影响因素有所不同,除人口等传统影响因素外,与生活中心、产业园或专业市场的临近性也会分别对大型综合超市和大型专业店的空间分布造成显著影响。 相似文献