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1.
Dyman T. S. Wyman R. E. Kuuskraa V. A. Lewan M. D. Cook T. A. 《Natural Resources Research》2003,12(1):41-56
From a geological perspective, deep natural gas resources generally are defined as occurring in reservoirs below 15,000 feet, whereas ultradeep gas occurs below 25,000 feet. From an operational point of view, deep may be thought of in a relative sense based on the geologic and engineering knowledge of gas (and oil) resources in a particular area. Deep gas occurs in either conventionally trapped or unconventional (continuous-type) basin-center accumulations that are essentially large single fields having spatial dimensions often exceeding those of conventional fields.Exploration for deep conventional and continuous-type basin-center natural gas resources deserves special attention because these resources are widespread and occur in diverse geologic environments. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that 939 TCF of technically recoverable natural gas remained to be discovered or was part of reserve appreciation from known fields in the onshore areas and state waters of the United States. Of this USGS resource, nearly 114 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable gas remains to be discovered from deep sedimentary basins. Worldwide estimates of deep gas also are high. The U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000 Project recently estimated a world undiscovered conventional gas resource outside the U.S. of 844 Tcf below 4.5 km (about 15,000 feet).Less is known about the origins of deep gas than about the origins of gas at shallower depths because fewer wells have been drilled into the deeper portions of many basins. Some of the many factors contributing to the origin and accumulation of deep gas include the initial concentration of organic matter, the thermal stability of methane, the role of minerals, water, and nonhydrocarbon gases in natural gas generation, porosity loss with increasing depth and thermal maturity, the kinetics of deep gas generation, thermal cracking of oil to gas, and source rock potential based on thermal maturity and kerogen type. Recent experimental simulations using laboratory pyrolysis methods have provided much information on the origins of deep gas.Technologic problems are among the greatest challenges to deep drilling. Problems associated with overcoming hostile drilling environments (e.g. high temperatures and pressures, and acid gases such as CO2 and H2S) for successful well completion, present the greatest obstacles to drilling, evaluating, and developing deep gas fields. Even though the overall success ratio for deep wells (producing below 15,000 feet) is about 25%, a lack of geological and geophysical information continues to be a major barrier to deep gas exploration.Results of recent finding-cost studies by depth interval for the onshore U.S. indicate that, on average, deep wells cost nearly 10 times more to drill than shallow wells, but well costs and gas recoveries differ widely among different gas plays in different basins.Based on an analysis of natural gas assessments, deep gas holds significant promise for future exploration and development. Both basin-center and conventional gas plays could contain significant deep undiscovered technically recoverable gas resources. 相似文献
2.
文章从中国发展低碳经济的需要出发,指出天然气是一种理想的高效清洁能源,是发展低碳能源的首选。通过分析中国天然气供不应求、世界天然气供过于求的市场现状,以及世界天然气资源的分布,提出中国从其周边国家进口天然气符合经济高效原则。中国从国外进口天然气主要有四条路线,即中亚输入通道;缅甸输入通道;俄罗斯输入通道;海上输入通道（重点分析了澳大利亚输入通道）。文章对此四条路线格局及其地缘优势进行了分析,认为中国天然气进口的空间格局已基本形成,这将对我国未来发展低碳经济和保护环境起重要的促进作用。 相似文献
3.
Liu Tong Lin Baiquan Yang Wei Liu Ting Xiao Wu Zha Wei 《Natural Resources Research》2020,29(3):1819-1841
Due to high gas content, high geo-stress and complex geological conditions, gas disasters occur frequently in deep coal mining. The hard thick roof (HTR) greatly increases the difficulty of coalbed gas control besides causing dynamic disasters. In this paper, the effects of HTR on gas migration were numerically analyzed based on a multi-field coupling model. Results indicated that the hanging arch leads to remarkable stress concentration and induces a “cap-shaped” low-permeable zone above the gob, which greatly prevents gas from migrating upwards. Meanwhile, HTR hinders the subsidence movements of the upper rock strata, contributing to very few roof fractures and bed-separated fractures. Without the formation of roof-fractured zone, coalbed gas completely loses the possibility of upward concentration and will accumulate in the gob, forming a major safety hazard. To overcome these problems, borehole artificially guided pre-splitting (BAGP) technology was proposed. Three different pre-splitting boreholes were constructed as a group to generate artificial fractures in advance in HTR via deep-hole blasting, promoting the evolution of roof fractures. With the effects of mining stress, a fracture network is eventually formed in HTR, which provides a preferential passage for the upward flow of coalbed gas. Moreover, the controllable breaking of HTR was achieved and the roof strata could deform and subside regularly, forming an “O-shaped” roof-fractured zone above the gob which greatly improves the gas extraction efficiency of roof high-level boreholes. In addition, after BAGP, several extraction measures can be applied in the gob-side entry to drain the gas in different concentrated areas. In the field experiment, the roof periodic breaking length was reduced by half, and the average gas extraction rate was increased by 4 times to 67.7%. The synergetic controls of HTR and coalbed gas were effectively realized. This study provides valuable insight into gas control in other deep coal mines with similar geological conditions.
相似文献4.
气体样品的甲烷(CH4)浓度在取样后往往不能立即测定,需用密封性容器进行保存。本研究调查了保存时间(0、12、24、48、360、720 h)和容器类型(铝箔气袋和注射器)对不同浓度(高:101.9μmol·mol-1、中:8.34μmol·mol-1、低:1.13μmol·mol-1和大气:2.12μmol·mol-1)CH4气体的影响。结果发现,两种容器中的低浓度样品在保存48 h内CH4值无明显变化,而中、高浓度样品在保存24 h后显著低于立即测定值(0 h,P<0.05)。保存15天(360 h)后,中、高浓度样品的CH4值比立即测定值减少17%~28%(气袋)和37%~38%(注射器),而低浓度样品比立即测定值增加28%(气袋)和38%(注射器),表明两种容器都不适合用来长期保存CH4样品。不同浓度样品的CH4值均随保存时间呈线性变化,其变化速率可用样品-大气间的CH4浓度差线性方程拟合,拟合度达99%以上。这些高拟合度线性方程可用于推算样品的初始浓度。 相似文献
5.
K. David Newell 《Natural Resources Research》2007,16(1):55-66
Drill cuttings can be used for desorption analyses but with more uncertainty than desorption analyses done with cores. Drill
cuttings are not recommended to take the place of core, but in some circumstances, desorption work with cuttings can provide
a timely and economic supplement to that of cores. The mixed lithologic nature of drill cuttings is primarily the source of
uncertainty in their analysis for gas content, for it is unclear how to apportion the gas generated from both the coal and
the dark-colored shale that is mixed in usually with the coal. In the Western Interior Basin Coal Basin in eastern Kansas
(Pennsylvanian-age coals), dark-colored shales with normal (∼100 API units) gamma-ray levels seem to give off minimal amounts
of gas on the order of less than five standard cubic feet per ton (scf/ton). In some cuttings analyses this rule of thumb
for gas content of the shale is adequate for inferring the gas content of coals, but shales with high-gamma-ray values (>150
API units) may yield several times this amount of gas. The uncertainty in desorption analysis of drill cuttings can be depicted
graphically on a diagram identified as a “lithologic component sensitivity analysis diagram.” Comparison of cuttings desorption
results from nearby wells on this diagram, can sometimes yield an unique solution for the gas content of both a dark shale
and coal mixed in a cuttings sample. A mathematical solution, based on equating the dry, ash-free gas-contents of the admixed
coal and dark-colored shale, also yields results that are correlative to data from nearby cores. 相似文献
6.
Since 1991 volunteers from the Canadian Gas Potential Committee (CGPC) have conducted assessments of undiscovered gas potential
in Canada. Reports were published in 1997 and 2001. The 2001 CGPC report assessed all established and some conceptual exploration
plays in Canada and incorporated data from about 29,000 discovered gas pools and gas fields. Mainly year-end 1998 data were
used in the analysis of 107 established exploration plays. The CGPC assessed gas in place without using economic cut offs.
Estimates of nominal marketable gas were made, based on the ratio between gas in place and marketable gas in discovered pools.
Only part of the estimated nominal marketable gas actually will be available, primarily because of restrictions on access
to exploration and the small size of many accumulations.
Most plays were assessed using the Petrimes program where it could be applied. Arps-Roberts assessments were made on plays
where too many discovered pools were present to use the Petrimes program. Arps-Roberts assessments were corrected for economic
truncation of the discovered pool sample. Several methods for making such corrections were tried and examples of the results
are shown and compared with results from Petrimes.
In addition to assessments of established plays, 12 conceptual plays, where no discoveries have been made, were assessed using
Petrimes subjective methodology. An additional 65 conceptual plays were recognized, discussed, and ranked without making a
quantitative assessment. No nominal marketable gas was attributed to conceptual plays because of the high risk of failure
in such plays.
Nonconventional gas in the form of coalbed methane, gas hydrates, tight gas, and shale gas are discussed, but no nominal marketable
gas is attributed to those sources pending successful completion of pilot study projects designed to demonstrate commercially
viable production.
Conventional gas resources in Canada include 340 Tcf of gas in place in discovered pools and fields and 252 Tcf of undiscovered
gas in place. Remaining nominal marketable gas includes 96 Tcf in discovered pools and fields and 138 Tcf of undiscovered
nominal marketable gas. The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin holds 61% of the remaining nominal marketable gas. Future discoveries
from that area will be mainly in pools smaller than 2.5 Bcf of marketable gas and increasing levels of exploratory drilling
will be required to harvest this undiscovered resource.
A pragmatic, geologically focussed approach to the assessment of undiscovered gas potential by the CGPC provides a sound basis
for future exploration and development planning. Peer reviewed assessment on a play-by-play basis for entire basins provides
both detailed play information and the ability to evaluate new exploration results and their impact on overall potential. 相似文献
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8.
Natural gas is increasingly the fuel of choice for domestic and industrial use and for electric power generation. With pipelines in all 50 states, gas now fuels more than one-half of United States homes. Demand for all uses is projected to rise. United States production peaked in 1971, and is in decline. The United States in 2002 imported 15% of its gas from Canada, which amount was 56% of Canada's production. However, Canada's production now also is in decline. Mexico's production declined from 1999 to 2002 against rising demand. Mexico is increasingly a net gas importer from the United States. In both the United States and Canada, intensive drilling is being offset by high depletion rates. Frontiers for more production include deep basin drilling, improved exploration and reservoir development technology, increased coalbed methane exploitation, and access to lands not now accessible because of environmental and other restrictions. Stranded gas in Arctic regions of the United States and Canada offer some potential for additional supplies, but pipeline access is at least five years to ten years or more away. Additional LNG landing facilities are needed, and are planned, but these are several years away in significant numbers. For the immediate future, rationing of available gas by the market mechanism of higher prices seems the only option. In the longer term, it seems North America will be increasingly dependent on LNG. 相似文献
9.
The process of organic matter transformation into oil and gas is also a balance process of hydrocarbon transformation. This
article probes to distinguish the oil expulsion history from gas expulsion history based on the hydrocarbon generation, hydrocarbon
residual, and hydrocarbon expulsion processes of the source rocks. In this method, the first step is to study the hydrocarbon
expulsion rate by means of hydrocarbon generation potential method; the second step is to study the oil generation rate by
means of the heating–pressuring experiment method; the third step is to study the oil residual rate by means of the mathematical
method. The difference between the values of oil generation rate and oil residual rate is defined as the oil expulsion rate,
while that between the values of hydrocarbon expulsion rate and the gas expulsion rate is defined as the gas expulsion rate.
Then, combined with the geological parameters of source rocks, the oil and gas expulsion history can be obtained. This study
on Es1 Source rocks, Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China shows that the primary expulsion period of Es1 source rocks is Guantao–Minghuazhen period. 相似文献
10.
11.
Many kinetic models for oil and gas generation use the same kinetics for generation of both oil and gas. In these models, gas is generated at precisely the same time as oil, despite agreement among geochemists that oil generation in nature largely precedes gas generation. Here we present a method for deriving separate kinetics for oil generation and gas generation from the available kinetics for total hydrocarbon generation. The method is based on published data in which oil kinetics are compiled separately from gas kinetics, but it is generalized to be applicable to any of the main kerogen types (I, IIa, IIb, or III), or to any mixtures of those types. Application of this new nonsynchronous model shows that the traditional synchronous models overpredict gas generation by about a factor of two within the oil window, and conversely severely underpredict late gas generation. The nonsynchronous model may predict gas generation several tens of million years later than does the synchronous model. The errors inherent in the synchronous models can be of significance in exploration decisions. 相似文献
12.
There is an ongoing discussion regarding the geologic nature of accumulations that host gas in low-permeability sandstone environments. This note examines the discovery sequence of the accumulations in low permeability sandstone plays that were classified as continuous-type by the U.S. Geological Survey for the 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. It compares the statistical character of historical discovery sequences of accumulations associated with continuous-type sandstone gas plays to those of conventional plays. The seven sandstone plays with sufficient data exhibit declining size with sequence order, on average, and in three of the seven the trend is statistically significant. Simulation experiments show that both a skewed endowment size distribution and a discovery process that mimics sampling proportional to size are necessary to generate a discovery sequence that consistently produces a statistically significant negative size order relationship. The empirical findings suggest that discovery sequence could be used to constrain assessed gas in untested areas. The plays examined represent 134 of the 265 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas assessed in undeveloped areas of continuous-type gas plays in low permeability sandstone environments reported in the 1995 National Assessment. 相似文献
13.
为了积极开拓利用天然气资源的途径,本文分析了世界天然气资源及其供需动向。我国进口天然气的国际资源条件是可能的,价格是有利的。东南沿海地区从东南亚进口液化天然气和从俄罗斯进口管输天然气是经济的、可行的。中东的液化天然气将是潜力较大的进口对象。 相似文献
14.
针对当前温室气体排放影响因素研究中忽视工农业生产排放源的现状,在对福建省2001―2010年各类温室气体排放量进行核算,并统一转换成CO2当量的基础上,通过引入能表达工农业生产过程自身温室气体排放的新指标,建立改进后的对数Divisia均值分解模型（LMDI）对福建省温室气体排放的影响因素进行分解分析。研究发现：2001―2010年福建省温室气体排放量不断上升,但环比增长率整体波动下降;产业结构、经济规模、人口规模、能源结构、人均收入、城市化水平、城市居民工业强度等因素的累积效应对温室气体排放增加有正向促进作用,其中城市居民工业强度的贡献率达到了13.66%;能源强度、农业生产强度的累积效应对温室气体排放有负向抑制作用,其中农业生产强度累积效应占负向效应总和的50%以上。研究结果显示：工农业生产过程对福建省温室气体排放有显著的驱动作用,不应忽视。 相似文献
15.
基于2000~2012年中国31个省（市、自治区）面板数据,运用探索性空间数据分析方法对中国工业废气排放的空间分布特征进行研究,结果显示中国各省域（不含港澳台）工业废气排放存在显著的空间自相关和空间集聚效应;总体呈现东部、西部地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中东部多为高-高集聚区、西部则多为低-低集聚区,并且高值集聚现象的显著性逐渐增强,显著区域呈持续扩张趋势。在此基础上,以STIRPAT模型为基础构建空间计量模型,分析经济发展、人口规模、产业结构、技术水平和国家政策等因素对工业废气排放量的影响。研究结果表明,中国各省域工业废气排放存在空间依赖作用和正的空间溢出效应;经济发展、产业结构与工业废气排放之间呈现显著的正相关关系;技术进步和国家政策对工业废气排放具有抑制作用,而人口增长对工业废气排放的影响并不显著。 相似文献
16.
本文研究了中国陆上天然气经济效用的地质及相关影响因素。主要研究结论如下:天然气勘探开发成本主要与气田(藏)的深度及储盖层的岩性参数相关,开采成本主要受自然地理因素以及相应储层物性参数影响,而气田(藏)丰度、有效厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和气藏类型是影响天然气产量的主要因素。基于上述研究结论,建立了针对投资成本、价格因素和气田经济价值的千米井深日产量计算公式和区域判断标准。根据判别标准,本文分析了中国不同区域且具有指标意义的天然气田(藏)的经济效用,并针对中国天然气产业经济发展提出了相应的结论和建议。 相似文献
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18.
Natural Gas Hydrate Stability in the East Coast Offshore-Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The methane hydrate stability zone beneath the Canadian East Coast oceanic margin has developed to a depth of more than 600 meters beneath the deep water column in the area of the deep shelf and the slope. This zone is continuous spreading from the Labrador continental shelf in the north to the slope of the Nova Scotia shelf in the south. Gas hydrates within the methane hydrate stability zone are detected only in one situation, however, they are numerous in the deeper zone in which type II gas hydrates are present through the whole area at water depths as low as 100-200 m. Well-log indications of gas hydrate situated deeper than the base of the methane hydrate stability zone may be an indication of wetter, compositionally more complicated hydrates that probably are not of bacterial only origin. This could indicate a deep thermogenic source of gas in hydrates. The presence of hydrates in the upper 1000 m of sediments also can be considered as an indicator of deeper hydrocarbon sources. 相似文献
19.
Cheng Zhiheng Pan Hui Zou Quanle Li Zhenhua Chen Liang Cao Jialin Zhang Kun Cui Yongguo 《Natural Resources Research》2021,30(2):1481-1493
With increasing demands for coal resources, coal has been gradually mined in deep coal seams. Due to high gas content, pressure and in situ stress, deep coal seams show great risks of coal and gas outburst. Protective coal seam mining, as a safe and effective method for gas control, has been widely used in major coal-producing countries in the world. However, at present, the relevant problems, such as gas seepage characteristics and optimization of gas drainage borehole layout in protective coal seam mining have been rarely studied. Firstly, by combining with formulas for measuring and testing permeability of coal and rock mass in different stress regimes and failure modes in the laboratory, this study investigated stress–seepage coupling laws by using built-in language Fish of numerical simulation software FLAC3D. In addition, this research analyzed distribution characteristics of permeability in a protected coal seam in the process of protective coal seam mining. Secondly, the protected coal seam was divided into a zone with initial permeability, a zone with decreasing permeability, and permeability increasing zones 1 and 2 according to the changes of permeability. In these zones, permeability rises the most in the permeability increasing zone 2. Moreover, by taking Shaqu Coal Mine, Shanxi Province, China as an example, layout of gas drainage boreholes in the protected coal seam was optimized based on the above permeability-based zoning. Finally, numerical simulation and field application showed that gas drainage volume and concentration rise significantly after optimizing borehole layout. Therefore, when gas is drained through boreholes crossing coal seams during the protective coal seam mining in other coal mines, optimization of borehole layout in Shaqu Coal Mine has certain reference values.
相似文献20.
Considering the important role played today by unconventional gas resources in North America and their enormous potential
for the future around the world, it is vital to both policy makers and industry that the volumes of these resources and the
impact of technology on these resources be assessed. To provide for optimal decision making regarding energy policy, research
funding, and resource development, it is necessary to reliably quantify the uncertainty in these resource assessments. Since
the 1970s, studies to assess potential unconventional gas resources have been conducted by various private and governmental
agencies, the most rigorous of which was by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS employed a cell-based, probabilistic
methodology which used analytical equations to calculate distributions of the resources assessed. USGS assessments have generally
produced distributions for potential unconventional gas resources that, in our judgment, are unrealistically narrow for what
are essentially undiscovered, untested resources. In this article, we present an improved methodology to assess potential
unconventional gas resources. Our methodology is a stochastic approach that includes Monte Carlo simulation and correlation
between input variables. Application of the improved methodology to the Uinta–Piceance province of Utah and Colorado with
USGS data validates the means and standard deviations of resource distributions produced by the USGS methodology, but reveals
that these distributions are not right skewed, as expected for a natural resource. Our investigation indicates that the unrealistic
shape and width of the gas resource distributions are caused by the use of narrow triangular input parameter distributions.
The stochastic methodology proposed here is more versatile and robust than the USGS analytic methodology. Adoption of the
methodology, along with a careful examination and revision of input distributions, should allow a more realistic assessment
of the uncertainty surrounding potential unconventional gas resources. 相似文献