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1.
对2004-2007年在福建省南平市行政区域内发生的公路运输危险品污染事件进行统计分析,研究结果表明:南平市4年间共发生26起公路运输危险化学品事故,每年平均6.5起.其中夜间发生事故的比率为57.7%,夏季发生事故的比率为34.6%,35~45岁驾驶员年龄段事故发生率高达59.1%,驾龄在11~15年的为事故多发驾龄段,其发生率为45.5%,发生在弯道的事故占61.5%,超载发生事故的可能性为44.0%,占总数65.4%的事故对环境产生污染.205国道南平段发生危险化学品运输事故的概率为0.012 4 次/(a·km),发生危险化学品泄漏事件的可能性为0.014 2 次/(a·km),发生危险化学品1t以上大规模连续泄漏事件的概率为0.009 8 次/(a·km).  相似文献   

2.
青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统特征及道路修建对其影响   总被引:36,自引:2,他引:36  
陈辉  李双成  郑度 《山地学报》2003,21(5):559-567
根据2001—08和2002—08月野外调查数据及2001年1:100万中国植被图、1996年1:400万青藏高原植被区划图和2000年青藏铁路沿线自然保护区分布及功能区界调整图,以青藏公路铁路沿线植被生态系统为研究对象,运用ARCVIEW和ARC/INFO软件研究青藏公路铁路建设对沿线生态系统结构的影响,结论如下:①青藏公路铁路南北跨越9个纬度,东西跨越12个经度,共穿越青东祁连山地草原地带、柴达木山地荒漠地带、青南高寒草甸草原地带、羌塘高寒草原地带、果洛那曲高寒灌丛草甸地带和藏南山地灌丛草原地带6个自然区,对植被类型的统计结果显示了地带性。②青藏公路铁路的建设对生态系统产生直接的切割,使景观更加破碎。③青藏公路铁路的建设直接破坏沿线植被生态系统(主要为50m缓冲区内),年损失总净初级生产量为30504.62t,损失总生物量432919.25~1436104.3t/a。损失总净初级生产量占1km缓冲区年净初级生产量535005.07~535740.11t/a的百分比为5.70%,占10km缓冲区年净初级生产量3408950.45~3810480.92t/a的0.80~0.89%;损失生物量占1km缓冲区生物总量7502971.85~25488342.71t/a的5.70%,占10km缓冲区总生物量43615065.35~164150665.37t/a的0.80%~0.89%。  相似文献   

3.
中国热带第四纪气候波动特征   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
中国热带早更新世气候波动以高频率小幅度为特征。“中更新世革命”发生在MIS20/MIS21之交。中更新世气候波动一般为三大旋回。晚更新世为两大旋回,但有变暖事件D/01~21及变冷事件H1~H6的表现。可以识别末次间冰期MISS及其阶段5a~5e。末次亚间冰期有4~7次冷暖波动。末次冰期温度一般比今低1~2℃或3~5℃。终止点Ⅰ为15000~13670aB.P.。终止点Ⅱ为0.135~0.130MaB.P.。新冰期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ都有表现。历史时期出现南北朝冷期、北宋冷期、明清小冰期。近200a的气候,前百年升温,后百年降温。  相似文献   

4.
利用丽江地区常规观测资料,对丽江地区近51年来暴雨事件发生的频次及强度进行分析,研究结果表明:(1)丽江地区暴雨事件全部发生在汛期内(5~10月),呈单峰型分布,7月、8月为暴雨集中发生时期,连续性暴雨事件在丽江地区属于极小概率事件.(2)暴雨事件发生频次与降水量均呈现一致上升趋势,在年际尺度上具有3~5年的周期性.(3)丽江地区小雨发生频次最多,占总降水频次比率超过63%.暴雨频次所占比率较小,最高发生在7月,仅为2.69%.大雨与暴雨的频次占总降水频次不足9%,但由极端降水事件产生的降水量却占总降水量超过35%.(4)小雨、中雨的降水量年际变化稍小,呈下降的趋势;大雨、暴雨的降水量年际变化明显,有明显的上升趋势.  相似文献   

5.
中国全新世气温变化特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以中国全新世气温集成序列为资料,分析中国全新世气温变化特征,研究发现:全新世气温变化可以分为早全新世(11.5~8.8kaBP)波动升温期、中全新世(8.8~4.2kaBP)大暖期和晚全新世(4.2kaBP以来)转冷期3个阶段。8.0~6.2kaBP是暖期盛期,气温较现代高1℃多。全新世期间发生多次冷暖事件,有11.0kaBP、9.8kaBP、9.2kaBP、8.9kaBP、8.2kaBP、6.2kaBP、4.0kaBP、2.8kaBP、1.5kaBP和0.4kaBP等10次冷事件,有8次可以北大西洋相互对应;其中4.0kaBP和0.4kaBP是全新世最显著的冷事件;暖事件主要发生在8.6kaBP、4.7kaBP和3.5kaBP前后。全新世冷暖事件变化分别具有显著的1000a、700a的周期。  相似文献   

6.
滇池外海水体叶绿素a与水质因子关系研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
使用近5年滇池外海的水体理化指标监测数据,分析了滇池外海水体叶绿素a的时空分布特征,并使用多元逐步回归分析叶绿素a与水质因子的关系。研究结果表明,滇池外海水体叶绿素a浓度为0.003~0.475mg/L,长年平均浓度为0.063mg/L,每年2月最低,8月最高,夏季最高,冬季最低。近5年各测点年平均值2004年平均浓度最高,2005年最低。滇池外海叶绿素a的空间分布呈现出北高南低,中部呈现西高东低的态势。各水质因子在不同的位置对叶绿素a浓度的影响显著程度不一样,但叶绿素a浓度总体与透明度呈现负相关,与pH值呈显著的正相关,与水温呈现正相关。通过多元逐步回归分析,滇池外海水体叶绿素浓度回归方程在不同位置有1~4个因子入选,外海叶绿素a平均浓度的回归方程为:Chla=-0.336+0.002·WT+0.028·TN+0.034·pH。  相似文献   

7.
2001—2018年印度尼西亚MODIS活跃火的发生特征与响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘佳  梁一行  李鹏  肖池伟 《地理学报》2020,75(9):1907-1920
基于印度尼西亚2001—2018年FIRMS MODIS活跃火(Active Fire)位置数据,通过GIS渔网(1 km×1 km)定量分析了该国活跃火的发生概率、强度及其对厄尔尼诺的响应。结果表明:① 印度尼西亚18年间至少发生过一次活跃火的区域(即“有火区”)占22.79%,五大岛屿“有火区”以加里曼丹岛最多,巴布亚岛最少。活跃火发生以低概率为主,集中在8—10月,加里曼丹岛和苏门答腊岛分布最多;中概率分布较少,苏门答腊岛东部低地平原和加里曼丹岛南部及西南沿岸最为集中;高概率零星分布,大部分集中在爪哇岛和苏拉威西岛。② 活跃火的发生强度以1级(1次/a)和2级(2~3次/a)为主,3级(4~7次/a)次之。1~5级(1~22次/a)活跃火主要集中在加里曼丹岛和苏门答腊岛,6级(23~165次/a)活跃火集中在爪哇岛、苏门答腊岛和苏拉威西岛,且强度从中心向四周递减。此外,不同概率组内活跃火的发生强度也不同,低、中、高概率活跃火分别以1次/a、1~3次/a、2~7次/a为主。③ 印度尼西亚8—10月活跃火对强、弱厄尔尼诺的敏感度不同,其响应表现在活跃火频次与影响面积显著增加,厄尔尼诺越强,活跃火响应程度越高。其中,苏门答腊岛响应程度最高,巴布亚岛最低。  相似文献   

8.
孢粉分析定量重建燕山地区5 000年来的气候变化   总被引:10,自引:6,他引:4  
利用燕山地区几个主要植物的花粉-气候响应面模型,定量恢复了燕山南部5000a B.P.来的气候变化。5000a B.P.以来,燕山南部的气候曾发生过两次明显的降温事件,一次发生在4500~3600a B.P.,7月份平均气温比今低2.0℃左右;一次发生在2750~1750a B.P.,7月份平均气温比今低3.7℃左右;2000a B.P.以来年均降水量一直呈下降趋势,年均降水量比2000a B.P.前减少50~100mm。孢粉分析表明,燕山南部人工栽培板栗的历史可以追索到1600a B.P.,种植水稻的历史可以追索到700a B.P.。  相似文献   

9.
采集和分析了五通桥区不同功能区和乡镇73个土壤样品,以了解山丘平原过渡区土壤重金属的含量和污染特征。结果表明,重金属的平均含量为Pb32.18mg/kg、Cd0.82mg/kg、Cu28.61mg/kg、Zn108.08mg/kg、Ni32.66mg/kg、Cr72.44mg/kg;与四川土壤背景值相比,Cu、Ni、Cr的含量与之持平,Pb增加了0.11倍,Zn增加了0.32倍,Cd的积累较为严重,比背景值增加了10倍。污染评价结果显示该过渡区存在一定程度的重金属污染问题,不同功能区的污染程度排序为工业区〉生活区〉农业区。Cd在六种元素的土壤污染分担率中占55.46%,是最主要的污染元素;土壤Cd含量与Pb和Zn存在较高的相关性(相关系数为0.525和0.500),表明存在Pb—Cd和Zn—Cd的复合污染。  相似文献   

10.
基于陕西省1960-2019年94个气象站点冬季逐日气温资料,分陕北、关中和陕南3个气候区,从时间和空间2种尺度分析了陕西冷、暖冬事件的变化特征。结果表明:近60 a陕西冬季增温明显并在1987年前后发生突变,冬季平均0℃等温线北抬1~2个纬度,增温幅度以陕北最强陕南最弱。从时间尺度上,气候变化导致暖冬指数以9.5%·(10a)-1增加、冷冬指数以9.6%·(10a)-1减少,20次区域性暖冬事件在冬季气温突变后发生16次,而19次区域性冷冬有16次发生在突变之前。从空间尺度看,陕北和陕南的冷、暖冬发生频次相对较高,但强暖冬区域主要集中在关中,强冷冬区域分布在陕南和关中。后期应重点关注区域性暖冬事件引发的作物安全越冬、疾病传播以及病虫害发生等不利影响。  相似文献   

11.
近20年我国饮用水污染事故分析及防治对策   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
饮用水安全问题是我国面临的突出环境问题,它直接关系到人民群众的生命和健康。 通过检索相关文献资料,查阅到我国1986-2005 年发生的152 起饮用水污染事故,从事故的特点、原因和危害3 个方面进行了分析。从时间上看,1995-2005 年是饮用水污染事故的高发期,集中了87.5%的事故;从区域上看,华东地区是事故高发区,共44 起。污染类型以生物污染为主,占69.1%,远远高于化学污染的比例。从事故发生地点看,接近一半的事故发生在居民区,其次是学校。供水环节中,以水源污染为主,占56.6%。生活污染是导致饮用水污染的主要因素,占65.1%,其次是工业污染。水源污染是事故发生的主要原因。饮用水污染事故严重影响了居民正常饮水,甚至引发水性疾病的暴发流行或污染物中毒。为实现我国饮用水安全,提出了预防和处理饮用水污染事故的相应防治对策。  相似文献   

12.
罗小庆  赵景波 《中国沙漠》2016,36(3):787-791
根据历史文献资料,利用数理统计等方法研究了鄂尔多斯高原清代的风灾。结果表明:鄂尔多斯高原清代发生风灾51次,平均每5.3 a发生1次。其中轻度风灾16次、中度风灾34次、大风灾1次,分别占风灾总数的31.3%、66.7%、2.0%。研究区清代风灾变化可分为3个阶段。第1阶段为1644-1783年,发生风灾24次,平均每5.8 a发生1次,为风灾频次居中的多发阶段。第2阶段为1784-1843年,发生风灾4次,平均每15 a发生1次,为风灾频次最少的低发阶段。第3阶段为1844-1911年,发生风灾23次,平均每3.0 a发生1次,为风灾频次最高的多发阶段。从清代早期到晚期,鄂尔多斯高原风灾频次呈上升趋势。鄂尔多斯高原清代有4次风灾爆发期,分别为公元1708-1710年、1851-1853年、1878-1884年和1908-1910年。在1878-1910年间有2次风灾爆发期,对应于中国东部和北半球的低温期。鄂尔多斯高原清代风灾有6 a左右的短周期和23 a左右的长周期,其中23 a的周期是第一主周期。该区风灾发生的主要原因是强冬季风的活动,在气候寒冷期或干旱期发生频率较高。  相似文献   

13.
渭河流域汉代洪涝灾害研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
张冲  赵景波  张淑源 《地理科学》2011,31(9):1151-1156
通过对渭河流域汉代(202 a B.P.~220 A.D.)历史资料的搜集和整理,对该区域该时期洪涝灾害等级、洪涝灾害的时间变化及成因进行研究。结果表明,在汉代的423 a中,渭河流域共发生洪涝灾害109次,平均每 3.9 a发生1次。轻度涝灾,中等涝灾,大涝灾和特大涝灾分别占到洪涝灾害总数的44.0%,24.8%,22.9%和 8.3%。渭河流域汉代存在两个洪涝灾害多发期,分别出现在49~10 a B.P.和91~130 A.D.。渭河流域汉代轻度和中度涝灾存在3~4 a的周期,大涝灾存在20 a左右的周期,特大涝灾存在着60~70 a左右的周期。  相似文献   

14.
Earth is always changing.Knowledge about where changes happened is the first step for us to understand how these changes affect our lives.In this paper,we use a long-term leaf area index data(LAI) to identify where changes happened and where has experienced the strongest change around the globe during 1981-2006.Results show that,over the past 26 years,LAI has generally increased at a rate of 0.0013 per year around the globe.The strongest increasing trend is around 0.0032 per year in the middle and northern high latitudes(north of 30°N).LAI has prominently increased in Europe,Siberia,Indian Peninsula,America and south Canada,South region of Sahara,southwest corner of Australia and Kgalagadi Basin;while noticeably decreased in Southeast Asia,southeastern China,central Africa,central and southern South America and arctic areas in North America.  相似文献   

15.
This paper analyses the features and dynamic changes of the spatial layout of air transportation utilization among different provinces in China. It makes use of data for the airport throughput and socio-economic development of every province throughout the country in the years 2006 and 2015, and employs airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per unit of GDP as measures of regional air transportation utilization, which is significant for refining indicators of regional air transportation scale and comparing against them. It also analyzes the spatial differences of coupling between the regional air transportation utilization indicators and the key influencing factors on regional air transportation demand and utilization, which include per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Based on these key influencing factors, it establishes a multiple linear regression model to conduct forecasting of each province’s future airport passenger and cargo throughput as well as throughput growth rates. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) Between 2006 and 2015, every province throughout the country showed a trend of year on year growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita. Throughput per capita grew fastest in Hebei, with a rise of 780%, and slowest in Beijing, with a rise of 38%. Throughput per capita was relatively high in western and southeastern coastal regions, and relatively low in northern and central regions. Airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP showed growth in provinces with relatively slow economic development, and showed negative growth in provinces with relatively rapid economic development. Throughput per unit of GDP grew fastest in Hebei, rising 265% between 2006 and 2015, and Hunan had the fastest negative growth, with a fall of 44% in the same period. Southwestern regions had relatively high throughput per unit of GDP, while in central, northern, and northeastern regions it was relatively low. (2) Strong correlation exists between airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Throughput per capita has positive correlation with per capita GDP and urbanization rate in all regions, and positive correlation with population density in most regions. Meanwhile, there is weak correlation between airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density, with positive correlation in some regions and negative correlation in others. (3) Between 2015 and 2025, it is estimated that all provinces experience a trend of rapid growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput. Inner Mongolia and Hebei will see the fastest growth, rising 221% and 155%, respectively, while Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei will see the slowest growth, with increases of 62%, 63%, and 65%, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
This paper analyses the features and dynamic changes of the spatial layout of air transportation utilization among different provinces in China. It makes use of data for the airport throughput and socio-economic development of every province throughout the country in the years 2006 and 2015, and employs airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per unit of GDP as measures of regional air transportation utilization, which is significant for refining indicators of regional air transportation scale and comparing against them. It also analyzes the spatial differences of coupling between the regional air transportation utilization indicators and the key influencing factors on regional air transportation demand and utilization, which include per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Based on these key influencing factors, it establishes a multiple linear regression model to conduct forecasting of each province's future airport passenger and cargo throughput as well as throughput growth rates. The findings of the study are as follows:(1) Between 2006 and 2015, every province throughout the country showed a trend of year on year growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita. Throughput per capita grew fastest in Hebei, with a rise of 780%, and slowest in Beijing, with a rise of 38%. Throughput per capita was relatively high in western and southeastern coastal regions, and relatively low in northern and central regions. Airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP showed growth in provinces with relatively slow economic development, and showed negative growth in provinces with relatively rapid economic development. Throughput per unit of GDP grew fastest in Hebei, rising 265% between 2006 and 2015, and Hunan had the fastest negative growth, with a fall of 44% in the same period. Southwestern regions had relatively high throughput per unit of GDP, while in central, northern, and northeastern regions it was relatively low.(2) Strong correlation exists between airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Throughput per capita has positive correlation with per capita GDP and urbanization rate in all regions, and positive correlation with population density in most regions. Meanwhile, there is weak correlation between airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density, with positive correlation in some regions and negative correlation in others.(3) Between 2015 and 2025, it is estimated that all provinces experience a trend of rapid growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput. Inner Mongolia and Hebei will see the fastest growth, rising221% and 155%, respectively, while Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei will see the slowest growth, with increases of 62%, 63%, and 65%, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
城市交通消散期事故高峰现象及成因   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
周素红  郑重  柳林 《地理科学》2012,(6):649-657
学界对于交通事故高峰出现在交通高峰期还是之后的消散期存在争论,以惠州市中心城区为例,对城市交通事故进行研究,判别交通消散期事故高峰现象的存在性。以交通事故空间点数据为研究对象,使用核心密度估算法,分析交通事故的结构性特征和时空分布特征,并针对三个交通消散期研究其事故的具体特征及其成因。研究表明:惠州市中心城区交通消散期存在事故高峰现象,主要发生在上午和下午;机动车在交通事故中占主导地位;临近商业设施的交通消散期事故高峰现象最为明显;支路事故在晚间交通消散期后段出现了事故高峰;从上午到晚上,交通事故黑点从交通相关设施转移到商业设施。交通消散期事故高峰现象的形成与居民集中在交通消散期的非通勤交通行为、特定路段的小时交通量高峰出现在交通消散期,以及交通消散期内松懈的交通管制和驾驶行为等有一定的关系。  相似文献   

18.
塔里木盆地局地和区域性强沙尘暴天气过程研究   总被引:21,自引:9,他引:12  
陈洪武  王旭  马禹 《中国沙漠》2003,23(5):533-538
利用1961-2001年塔里木盆地周边地区43站沙尘暴资料,给出了塔里木盆地局地、区域性强沙尘暴天气过程的定义,得到局地和区域性强沙尘暴天气过程1 423次和385次,分析了沙尘暴天气过程的时空分布特征和变化原因,并根据地面冷高压和沙尘暴天气的移动路径对385次区域性强沙尘暴天气过程进行普查分析。结果表明:塔里木盆地局地沙尘暴天气过程的高发中心位于柯坪和民丰,区域性强沙尘暴天气过程集中在塔里木盆地南缘的莎车至且末一线和柯坪,柯坪和民丰是盆地沙尘暴的多发中心;区域性大风天气过程的减少、年平均降水量的增加和年平均气温的升高是塔里木盆地区域性强沙尘暴天气过程趋于减少的重要原因;局地沙尘暴天气过程主要出现在3~9月;区域性强沙尘暴天气过程,集中在4~6月,春季4~5月是连续性多暴发时段,造成区域性强沙尘暴天气过程的冷空气以西进、东灌和西进加东灌为主要路径,盆地热低压的作用不可忽视。  相似文献   

19.
This study analyzed the individual and joint influences of social, urban, and physical drivers on patterns of county-scale municipal water consumption (MWC) the for the state of Texas using a cross-sectional research design on three distinct temporal slices (1990, 2000, and 2010). Global multiple linear regression models and measures of global and local spatial association were combined to determine which drivers significantly influenced county-scale per capita MWC, whether or not the statistically significant drivers varied over time, and to assess the degree to which the patterns and drivers of MWC exhibited spatial stationarity. Overall results suggested the social, urbanized, and physical environments contributed significantly to the patterns of per capita MWC to varying degrees in each year. The social and urbanized environments consistently exerted the strongest influences on per capita MWC, while the physical environment was generally less important. The social environment had the greatest cumulative influence in all three years, and the urbanized environment singly accounted for the majority of the variation in per capita MWC when the joint influences of the other significant drivers were considered. Spatial analysis of MWC patterns and drivers suggested that they both exhibited weak to moderate degrees of spatial non-stationarity in each year, as well as that MWC patterns and drivers may be sensitive to regional and climatic boundaries. Identification of temporally consistent MWC drivers merged with longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs can improve water management strategies by offering managers greater insight into the relationships between landscape change and water consumption patterns.  相似文献   

20.
刘斌全  吴威  苏勤  张璐璐 《地理研究》2018,37(3):512-526
铁路是综合运输体系的重要组成部分之一,合理高效的铁路运输系统有利于发挥交通运输的支撑引领作用,运输效率问题的探讨显得尤为重要。以铁路局为研究单元,使用超效率SBM-Malmquist指数方法,对2005-2013年中国铁路运输效率的时空演化特征及影响机理进行了分析。研究表明:① 中国铁路运输效率呈波动上升趋势,但总体水平不高,规模效率是造成这两种现象的主要原因。② 铁路运输效率呈现东部高于中部,中部高于西部的空间分布格局。与此同时,高、中、低值区内部运输效率的空间分布存在差异,各铁路局效率演化的类型也不尽相同。③ 通过对研究期内大规模建设高铁的铁路局运输效率演化进行分析,发现近些年大规模高速铁路的建设并没有引起运输效率和生产率的较大变动。④ 从地域空间视角,区位条件、资源势差、地形条件以及城镇格局与城镇化水平等外部因素对运输效率空间格局及其演化产生着重要作用。  相似文献   

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