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1.
近30年来三江源地区土地覆被与宏观生态变化特征 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
利用1970年代中后期MSS图像和1980年代末、2004年以及2008年三期TM图像并结合野外调查,获得三江源地区四期土地覆被空间数据集,提出了土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,以表征该区域生态变化的趋势。通过计算土地覆被转类途径和幅度、土地覆被转类指数和土地覆被状况指数,分析青海三江源地区1970年代中后期以来土地覆被时空变化特征及其反映的宏观生态状况变化。结果表明:三江源地区近30年平均土地覆被状况指数为38.20,土地覆被状况为4级,其中黄河流域最好,其次为澜沧江流域,长江流域最差;三江源地区土地覆被转类,在1970s~1990s和1990s~2004年两个时段,均主要以高生态级别向低生态级别转移为主,2004~2008年时段,主要以低生态级别向高生态级别转移为主;由土地覆被状况指数变化率和土地覆被转类指数,可以反映出近30年来三江源地区土地覆被和宏观生态状况,总体上经历了变差(1970s~1990s时段土地覆被状况指数变化率Zc为-0.63,土地覆被转类指数LCCI为-0.58)—显著变差(1990s~2004时段Zc为-0.94,LCCI为-1.76)—略有好转(2004~2008时段Zc为0.06,LCCI为0.33)的变化过程。这一变化过程前、中期主要受到气候变化和草地载畜压力共同驱动的影响,后期则叠加了生态建设工程的驱动作用。 相似文献
2.
基于中国土地利用/覆被遥感分类系统,利用1970年代中后期、1980年代末、2004年和2008年4期遥感图像分析三江源自然保护区近30a来土地覆被类型面积变化、转类途径与幅度及各保护区各圈层转类指数变化特征,结果表明:近30a来,草地总面积经历了一个增加-减少-增加的过程。自然保护区1970年代中后期至1980年代末和1980年代末至2004年土地覆被类型变化主要是草地覆盖度下降,土地覆被总体上具有转差趋势。近4a来草地退化趋势得到遏制,大部分的保护区和内部各圈层土地覆被都有转好趋势,可能与《规划》实施有关。 相似文献
3.
J.N. Sarma 《Geomorphology》2005,70(3-4):226
The Brahmaputra River finds its origin in the Chema Yundung glacier of Tibet and flows through India and Bangladesh. The slope of the river decreases suddenly in front of the Himalayas and results in the deposition of sediment and a braided channel pattern. It flows through Assam, India, along a valley comprising its own Recent alluvium. In Assam the basin receives 300 cm mean annual rainfall, 66–85% of which occurs in the monsoon period from June through September. Mean annual discharge at Pandu for 1955–1990 is 16,682.24 m3 s− 1. Average monthly discharge is highest in July (19%) and lowest in February (2%). Most hydrographs exhibit multiple flood peaks occurring at different times from June to September. The mean annual suspended sediment load is 402 million tons and average monthly sediment discharge is highest in June (19.05%) and lowest in January (1.02%). The bed load at Pandu was found to be 5–15% of the total load of the river. Three kinds of major geomorphic units are found in the basin. The river bed of the Brahmaputra shows four topographic levels, with increasing height and vegetation. The single first order primary channels of this braided river split into two or more smaller second order channels separated by bars and islands. The second order channels are of three kinds. The maximum length and width of the bars in the area under study are 18.43 km and 6.17 km, respectively. The Brahmaputra channel is characterised by mid-channel bars, side bars, tributary mouth bars and unit bars. The geometry of meandering tributary rivers shows that the relationship between meander wavelength and bend radius is most linear. The Brahmaputra had been undergoing overall aggradation by about 16 cm during 1971 to 1979. The channel of the Brahmaputra River has been migrating because of channel widening and avulsion. The meandering tributaries change because of neck cut-off and progressive shifting at the meander bends. The braiding index of the Brahmaputra has been increasing from 6.11 in 1912–1928 to 8.33 in 1996. During the twentieth century, the total amount of bank area lost from erosion was 868 km2. Maximum rate of shift of the north bank to south resulting in erosion was 227.5 m/year and maximum rate of shift of the south bank to north resulting in accretion was 331.56 m/year. Shear failure of upper bank and liquefaction of clayey-silt materials are two main causes of bank erosion. 相似文献
4.
洞庭湖区近20年土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
在中国资源与环境时空数据库的支持下,利用20世纪70年代末期、80年代末期和90年代末期获取的陆地资源卫星图像和GIS分析方法,对洞庭湖区近20年的土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征进行了研究。结果表明,变化比较显著的地类有3种:耕地减少了1 97%,各类建设用地总计增加了14 88%,水域面积增加的幅度为8 77%。耕地与水域相互之间的转变比较频繁。以80年代末为界,前后2个10年间,建设用地、水域和草地的面积在2个时期均持续增加,耕地、林地的面积都持续减少。后期土地利用的动态度大于前期;前期动态度最大的县域有岳阳市、沅江县和汉寿县,后期动态度最大的则为石首市、津市和岳阳市,全部为市级行政区或县改市区。 相似文献
5.
气候变化和人类活动对我国荒漠化的可能影响 总被引：42，自引：24，他引：18
荒漠化和气候变化作为全球性的重大环境问题,科学界历来对此十分重视。我国是受荒漠化最为严重的国家之一。截止2004年,我国的荒漠化土地面积为263.62万km2,沙化土地面积173.97万km2,分别占国土总面积的27.46%和18.12%。与20世纪90年代中期至20世纪末的情况相比,荒漠化和沙化土地面积、扩展速度均出现减少和减缓的趋势,沙化土地已由90年代末每年扩展3 436 km2转变为每年减少1 283 km2。这是气候变化和人类活动综合影响的体现,也是国家加大生态工程建设力度和加大荒漠化防治投入的结果。我国未来气候变化和人类活动对荒漠化的扩展与逆转过程仍会产生影响。气候变化中的降水变化在大范围内控制着荒漠化土地的扩展与逆转过程,气候暖干化有助于荒漠化的发生与扩展,但在局部地区随着气温升高有降水增多的可能,有利于荒漠化土地的逆转。人类活动对荒漠化的影响有正反两方面的效应,特别是荒漠化地区人口增长以及对农牧产品等物质需求的增加而引起的不合理经济活动是不容忽视的。要遏止荒漠化的扩展,应采取适应与减缓气候干旱化对策,消除人为荒漠化因素,并积极整治荒漠化土地,从根本上促进荒漠化土地的逆转。 相似文献
6.
River mouth bar formation, riverbed aggradation and channel migration in the modern Huanghe (Yellow) River delta, China 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
This paper addresses the recent (1970s–1990s) processes of river mouth bar formation, riverbed aggradation and distributary migration in the Huanghe River mouth area, in the light of station-based monitoring, field measurements and remote sensing interpretation. The results show that the morphological changes of the river mouth bar have been closely associated with the largely reduced fluvial discharge and sediment load. Landform development such as bar progradation occurred in two phases, i.e. before and after 1989, which correspond to faster and lower bar growth rates, respectively. Fast riverbed aggradation in the mouth channel was strongly related to river mouth bar progradation. During 1976–1996, about 2.8% of the total sediment loads were deposited in the river channel on the upper to middle delta. Therefore, the river water level rose by a few meters from 1984 to 1996. The frequent distributary channel migration, which switched the radial channel pattern into the SE-directed pattern in the mid-1980s, was linked with mouth bar formation. Marine conditions also constrain seaward bar progradation. Furthermore, the history of river mouth bar formation reflects human impacts, such as dredging and dyking in order to stabilize the coastal area. 相似文献
7.
Sediment fingerprinting as an environmental forensics tool explaining cyanobacteria blooms in lakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms in water bodies present serious public health issues with attendant economic and ecological impacts. Llyn Tegid (Lake Bala) is an important conservation and amenity asset within Snowdonia National Park, Wales which since the mid-1990s has experienced multiple toxic cyanobacteria blooms threatening the ecology and tourism-dependent local economy. Multiple working hypotheses explain the emergence of this problem, including climate change, land management linked to increased nutrient flux, hydromorphological alterations or changing trophic structure - any of which may operate individually or cumulatively to impair lake function. This paper reports the findings of a sediment fingerprinting study using dated lake cores to explore the linkages between catchment and lake management practices and the emergence of the algal blooms problem. Since 1900 AD lake bed sedimentation rates have varied from 0.06 to 1.07 g cm−2 yr−1, with a pronounced acceleration since the early 1980s. Geochemical analysis revealed increases in the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), calcium and heavy metals such as zinc and lead consistent with eutrophication and a rising pollution burden, particularly since the late 1970s. An uncertainty-inclusive sediment fingerprinting approach was used to apportion the relative fluxes from the major catchment land cover types of improved pasture, rough grazing, forestry and channel banks. This showed improved pasture and channel banks are the dominant diffuse sources of sediment in the catchment, though forestry sources were important historically. Conversion of rough grazing to improved grassland, coupled with intensified land management and year-round livestock grazing, is concluded to provide the principal source of rising TP levels. Lake Habitat Survey and particle size analysis of lake cores demonstrate the hydromorphological impact of the River Dee Regulation Scheme, which controls water level and periodically diverts flow into Llyn Tegid from the adjacent Afon Tryweryn catchment. This hydromorphological impact has also been most pronounced since the late 1970s. It is concluded that an integrated approach combining land management to reduce agricultural runoff allied to improved water level regulation enabling recovery of littoral macrophytes offers the greatest chance halting the on-going cyanobacteria issue in Llyn Tegid. 相似文献
8.
基于事件数据的雅鲁藏布江-布拉马普特拉河国际河流安全分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
雅鲁藏布江-布拉马普特拉河是我国重要的国际河流,近年的水电开发活动,使其日益成为国内外国际河流研究关注的热点。本文基于国际关系研究中常用的事件分析方法,在构建事件数据库的基础上,从事件类型、涉及国别、事件频率、影响程度四方面进行分析,结果表明：水资源分配问题是雅江流域主要问题;中国在雅江国际河流问题上与下游国家的联系主要以与印度或孟加拉国的双边联系为主;随着时间的推移,雅江冲突与合作事件的频率都表现出增加的趋势;雅江围绕国际河流的国际关系局势大致可分为4个阶段：60年代的平稳阶段、70年代的紧张阶段、80年代的沉寂阶段、90年代后的持续关注阶段。 相似文献
9.
The dendrochronological study of shrubs is a new field, particularly with respect to desert areas. Using a dendrochronological perspective, we studied the radial growth and the climatic response model of the common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Maxim) in three sampling sites in the Badain Jaran Desert of northwestern China. The results showed that the radial growth of the common beancaper was primarily affected by precipitation during the pre-growing and growing seasons, especially during July. Variation in wet/drought periods over the last 160 years in the study area was analyzed using a radial growth climatic response model and data on regional chronology. Using decadal time scales, three wet periods were identified in the Badain Jaran Desert: the 1840s to early 1850s, the early 1890s to the 1900s and the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Similarly, transitions from dry to wet periods over the last 160 years occurred in the late 1850s, mid-1870s, early 1880s, early 1900s, mid-1920s, early 1950s, early and late 1970s and early 1990s. These results are helpful for understanding regional climate change and the desertification process in arid desert regions. 相似文献
10.
周全浩 《云南地理环境研究》1990,2(1):1-9
本文分析了中国石油生产近20年变化的原因,对一些学者认为80年代中国会成为超级产油大国,后又悲观断定80年代中国可能变成石油净进口国作了评述。同时对90年代中国石油生产前景作了初步展望。 相似文献
11.
浑善达克沙地遥感监测研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
基于对20世纪80年代、90年代和2002年3期陆地卫星影像的解译,通过统计计算和对比分析方法,研究了浑善达克沙地20多年来植被和土地覆盖的变化情况。结果表明,浑善达克沙地内部植被退化总趋势明显,东、西部各形成了一个植被重度受损区;由于沙地周边的湿地和灌木丛环、沙地内部湿地形成的网状结构对沙地的扩张有一定的抑制作用,同时人类活动的强度和作用时间还比较有限,而且现在的气候不像沙地形成时那样恶劣,虽然沙地内部植被发生退化,但沙地总体范围保持相对稳定;近年来沙地退化趋势受到一定的抑制,主要得益于生态建设工程的实施和禁牧封育等措施。另外,对沙地的保护与利用进行了探讨,提出了有参考价值的建议。 相似文献
12.
流域土地覆被变化水文效应的模拟——以长江上游源头区梭磨河为例 总被引：43，自引：3，他引：40
为分析地表覆被变化的水文效应,以半分布式的地形指数模型 (TOPOMODEL) 为基础,对梭磨河流域1960~1999年逐日流量过程进行了模拟。结果表明,对于流域面积2536km2 的梭磨河流域,该模型也能取得较好的模拟结果。模拟了流域40年来气候波动和地表覆被变化对流域水文的影响。最后在4种不同的流域土地覆被情景下模拟了1960~1999年逐日径流过程。对于实际蒸散发与潜在蒸发有300多mm差距的梭磨河流域,在其它条件不变的情况下,随着流域土地覆被和冠层最大截流量的增加,冠层截流蒸发和流域总蒸发增加,植被蒸腾和土壤表面蒸发减少,土壤水分增加而流域水分含量和饱和层含水量减少。地表径流、地表以下径流、总径流减小。重现期小于20年的洪峰流量减小,但对40年一遇的洪峰流量影响很小,甚至有增加洪峰流量的作用。 相似文献
13.
新疆博州地区近46年来的气候变化特征 总被引：23，自引：4，他引：23
根据新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州(简称博州,下同)四个气象代表站点的气温及降水资料,利用线性趋势函数及t检验法分析了该地区近46年的气候变化。结果表明,博州年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温均呈上升趋势,而且平均最低气温上升的幅度远大于平均最高气温的上升幅度。年平均气温及年平均最低气温约在20世纪80年代中期出现了显著的均值突变,而年平均最高气温在80年代末出现突变;除春、夏季平均最高气温无明显变化趋势外,其它各季平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温均呈上升趋势,其中均以冬季增幅最大,秋季次之;80年代冬夜升温最强劲,90年代则明显减弱;夏季的平均气温与平均最低气温均在70年代中期出现突变,比其它任何突变时间都早;暖温年多发生在80年代后,冷温年多发生在20世纪60年代、70年代。年降水量略呈上升趋势,少雨年多在60年代、70年代,多雨年多在近20年,除春季外,其余各季降水略有上升趋势。 相似文献
14.
毛乌素沙地位于我国北方农牧交错带上,生态环境具有较强的敏感性和脆弱性。采用1977-2010年Landsat数据,运用决策树和非监督分类相结合的方法对近40 a来毛乌素沙地荒漠化过程进行了研究。结果表明：（1）决策树分类和ISODATA非监督分类相结合可快速实现荒漠化地区地物遥感解译,图像总分类精度大于87.28%;（2）近40 a毛乌素沙地流动沙地面积在20世纪90年代末最大,2010年最小;半固定沙地面积在2010年最大,90年代末最小;固定沙地面积在2010年最大,70年代末最小;（3）70年代末荒漠化程度最为严重,流动和半固定沙地面积之和占了毛乌素沙地总面积83.64%;80年代末、90年代末和2010年的流动和半固定沙地面积之和分别占总面积74.51%、77.10%和67.90%;（4）流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地、耕地和水体间的相互转换过程活跃,荒漠化演替过程显著区在70年代末到80年代末主要分布在北部、西北部和南部,80年代末到90年代末主要分布在西部和南部,90年代末到2010年主要分布在西北部、西部、南部和东北部;（5）近40 a毛乌素沙地气温以0.039 ℃/a的平均速度递增,降水则以0.095 mm/a的平均速度递减,气候总体上体现出暖干的趋势。降水是影响荒漠化过程的重要因素,但不是唯一原因,人文因素中的人口、土地利用结构和政策实施等也是影响荒漠化过程重要因素。 相似文献
15.
Lateral erosion/accretion area and shrinkage rate of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River between 1977 and 2014 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank erosion/accretion in four sub-reaches (S1, S2, S3 and S4) over 19 different periods were evaluated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river management measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored. 相似文献
16.
辽宁省近44年夏季降水变化及区域特征分析 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
利用辽宁省39个气象观测站1961-2004年夏季(6~8月)的降水资料,通过趋势系数、REOF、滑动均方差等方法,对辽宁省近44年夏季降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,辽宁夏季降水长期变化呈微弱的减少趋势,以14 mm/10 a的速率减少。20世纪60年代到70年代中期降水以偏多为主,70年代中期到80年代初降水偏少,80年代中期降水偏多,80年代末到90年代初降水偏少,90年代中期降水偏多,90年代后期至今降水一直持续偏少。辽宁夏季降水分为中北部地区及盘锦、抚顺、营口地区、辽河以西部地区、东南部地区3个不同的区域,3个区夏季降水的长期变化趋势都为减少趋势,其中东南部地区降水减少趋势明显大于其他两个区。 相似文献
17.
Temporal and spatial information on land use/cover is a prerequisite for effective planning decisions in the context of social and economic development. Satellite remote sensing data have become increasingly important in the study of land use/cover changes. This paper uses multitemporal satellite data to measure and spatially characterize land use/cover changes in the Jaffna Peninsula, northern Sri Lanka over the two decades from 1984 to early 2004 in terms of potential drivers. Over this period, the Jaffna Peninsula has been impacted severely by armed conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. A postclassification method is used to compare land use/cover classes from satellite images using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the spatial pattern of land use/cover changes over the study period. Results indicate that the land use/cover pattern has been very dynamic since early the 1980s, showing a remarkable decrease in agricultural land use and concomitant increase in non-agricultural land uses. The ethnic conflict and its consequences, particularly large-scale population migrations, have been the main driving forces for such land use/cover changes in the Jaffna Peninsula. The results of this study are not only important in aiding efforts to reconstruct this area after decades of physical and socioeconomic devastation, but should also prompt similarly urgent studies in other inaccessible war-torn areas of the world. 相似文献
18.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(11)
Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank erosion/accretion in four sub-reaches(S1, S2, S3 and S4) over 19 different periods were evaluated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km~2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990 s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990 s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river management measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored. 相似文献
19.
陇东地区近51 a气温时空变化特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于陇东地区15个气象站点1957—2007年的月平均气温、日平均气温资料,结合GIS空间分析技术和数理统计理论,对其气温变化进行定量化分析,阐述其时空演变特征。结果表明,陇东地区多年平均气温较高的地方在中部地区,西部地区平均气温较低,主要是受地形影响;年均气温总体呈上升趋势,春、冬季的增温趋势最为明显,这与全球气温变化及中国气温变化总体趋势一致;年均气温变化的第一主周期为13 a,四季平均气温变化的第一主周期分别是25 a、25 a、13 a和7 a;年均气温的突然升高开始于20世纪80年代中期,四季平均气温的突然升高分别始于90年代中期、90年代初、80年代末和90年代初。 相似文献
20.
基于20 世纪70 年代中后期、90 年代初期、2004 年和2012年共4 期土地覆被数据,利用转移矩阵、土地覆被状况指数和土地覆被转类指数,对比分析了长江源区和黄河源区近30 a来土地覆被与生态状况的变化特征。结果表明：2012年草地是两源区最主要的土地覆被类型,但黄河源区的草地面积占比比长江源区高17%,同时,长江源区存在永久冰川雪地及荒漠,黄河源区没有;从土地覆被状况来看,过去30 a黄河源区优于长江源区,长江源区土地覆被状况指数平均为16.82%,黄河源区为38.84%;从土地覆被转类来看,过去30 a长江源区土地覆被总体变好,黄河源区则总体变差,在20世纪70年代中后期至90年代初、20世纪90年代初至2004年和2004~2012年3时段内,长江源区土地覆被经历了变差-好转-持续好转的变化过程,而黄河源区则是变差-显著变差-略有好转,且黄河源区土地覆被状况的变化程度较长江源区更为剧烈;长江源区因分布有大量的冰川、冻土,自20世纪90年代气温升高开始,冰川冻土融化,导致水体与沼泽面积扩张,后期叠加生态工程的积极影响,使得其土地覆被状况持续好转,黄河源区则因2004 年以来暖湿的气候状况及生态保护工程的实施,使得土地覆被退化趋势得到遏制并逐渐呈现转好态势。 相似文献