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1.
针对纳米塑料颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的迁移及其影响因素, 以纳米聚苯乙烯(PSNPs)作为典型纳米塑料颗粒, 通过实验和理论相结合的方法研究纳米塑料颗粒的迁移规律。以经典DLVO理论计算出PSNPs与石英砂颗粒之间的相互作用能, 分析预测PSNPs与石英砂之间的吸附、聚沉。在柱实验中, 以石英砂作为多孔介质填充到砂柱中, 让PSNPs在一维饱和砂柱中迁移, 研究不同条件下PSNPs的迁移行为和影响因素。结果表明, 当离子强度由1 mmol/L增至50 mmol/L(电解质为NaCl), PSNPs与石英砂颗粒之间的相互作用能的势垒则从215.13 KT逐渐降低至45.9 KT使得PSNPs更易于吸附在石英砂介质表面, 从而降低PSNPs在多孔介质中的迁移能力, PSNPs的穿透率由62.16%降至3.65%。当离子强度由0.1 mmol/L增至5 mmol/L(电解质为CaCl2)时, 势垒则由33.72 KT降至14.03 KT, PSNPs的穿透率从82.46%降至4.27%。这些实验现象说明增加离子强度对PSNPs的穿透起到抑制作用, 且Ca2+比Na+具有更强的电荷屏蔽作用。同时提高PSNPs的初始浓度、流速和介质粒径均可增大PSNPs的穿透率, 而大粒径PNSPs颗粒的穿透率则较小。研究中构建了PSNPs实际运移与理论之间的关系, 进一步推进PSNPs的环境行为和机理研究, 为系统全面评价纳米塑料颗粒在土壤-地下水中的环境风险和生态安全提供科学依据。   相似文献   

2.
针对山东半岛大沽河下游咸水体修复过程中含水介质物理堵塞的问题,采用室内模拟试验,系统研究了悬浮物质量浓度和粒径对咸水体含水介质物理堵塞的影响,并通过测定人工回灌过程中渗透系数的时空变化,定量分析和评价含水介质物理堵塞的机理和程度.结果表明:悬浮物质量浓度和粒径是影响含水介质渗透性的关键因素;在悬浮物质量浓度分别为50、100、200 mg·L—1的条件下,含水介质的等效渗透系数分别为其初始值的38％、20％0和10％;随着注入悬浮物质量浓度、注入时间的增加和入渗深度的减小,相对渗透系数不断减小;悬浮物的粒径越小,迁移距离越大,造成渗透系数下降区的厚度越大;随着悬浮物粒径的不断增大,粒径大的颗粒容易被截留在表层,造成表层渗透系数下降幅度增大,其余各层渗透系数下降幅度随深度增加而减小.  相似文献   

3.
岩溶关键带水文地球化学过程的研究对于科学认识其内部的演化环境与结构特征具有重要意义。岩溶水是水-岩作用后主要的信息载体, 定量分析其水化学特征及成因是揭示岩溶关键带含水系统介质环境与水动力条件的有效手段。以滇中高原岩溶关键带3个典型岩溶含水系统为研究对象, 通过对不同含水系统出露的岩溶泉进行野外采样与室内测试, 综合采用数理统计分析、水化学图解、离子比例系数与水文地球化学模拟等方法, 深入剖析了各含水系统岩溶水水化学组分特征、成因作用和含水层介质特性, 并对关键带中水循环与水化学的内在联系及规律进行了探讨。结果表明: ①HCO3-、Ca2+是各含水系统岩溶水中含量最高且来源稳定的离子组分, Mg2+是控制各含水系统水化学类型异化的关键因素; ②碳酸盐岩类的岩石风化、矿物溶解是各含水系统内岩溶水化学组分特征的主要成因作用, 岩溶水对华宁水系统含水层的溶蚀作用仍在发生, 阳离子吸附交替与硅酸盐岩类的风化溶解是区域岩溶水中Na+、K+的重要来源; ③区域岩溶的发育强度、岩溶含水层的出露条件及含水介质岩性与连通性共同塑造了滇中高原岩溶关键带不同含水系统地下水化学特性。研究成果丰富了对滇中高原岩溶关键带水文地球化学过程的认识, 为区域岩溶水资源的开发、利用与保护提供基于水化学的证据支撑。   相似文献   

4.
华北平原地下水持续超采引起黏性土压密释水。利用天津塘沽1200m深层钻孔原状土样测试分析,探讨第四纪地层弱
透水层释水对黏性土工程特性及微观结构的影响。研究发现,黏性土工程指标变化主要受压密释水的影响,释水段黏性土密度增大,
孔隙度、含水量降低,渗透性减弱,固结度增高,且在厚层黏土、砂粘互层及邻近含水层处表现显著。按含水层组分析,第一含水组(0
~100m)黏性土释水程度较小或以弹性变形,第二含水组(100~260m)为早期压密释水段,第三、四含水组(260~400m)为目前压密
释水段并逐步增加。对比压榨前后黏性土微观结构变化发现,絮状结构黏土垂向压缩量较大,即引起水平渗透系数明显降低。   相似文献   

5.
文昌A油田主力油组ZJ1-2L储层以滨海临滨环境的沿岸砂坝和下临滨席状砂沉积为主,该区钻井分布少、典型地震相标志少,储层厚度自东向西逐渐减薄至小于地震资料分辨率,砂体边界的确定严重制约着油田的开发实施。面对常规储层预测技术手段受限的问题,利用地震沉积学的思想,首先用分频解释技术确定了等时沉积参考面,并通过Wheeler变换,在研究区层序地层等时格架的基础上制作了一系列地层切片,通过对地层切片的解释及域演观察识别出了砂体的演变规律,在此基础上,结合分频反演技术,精细刻画出了ZJ1-2L油组砂体平面分布范围。开发实施结果表明,该技术刻画的砂体范围与实钻结果有很好的吻合度。   相似文献   

6.
样品制备为(1—2)mol/l HCl—2.5mol/l NaCl 介质,流经 P-350色层柱后,用0.5mol/l NaF 解脱色层柱上滞留的铀,衔接5-Br-PADAP,全差示分光光度法进行测定,方法的灵敏度在比色皿厚度b=3cm,微电流 i=6μA 时为0.00069μg/ml·0.01A′,相对标准偏差范围在3—19％。  相似文献   

7.
土的抗剪强度指标受含水率、剪切速率以及土样的类别等多个因素的影响。为了研究不同剪切速率对风化砂改良膨胀
土的抗剪强度指标的影响规律,分别在2.4,0.8mm/min剪切速率下对不同含水率和不同掺砂比例的风化砂改良膨胀土样进行
了室内直剪试验,得到了不同剪切速率下改良膨胀土的抗剪强度指标值。试验表明:采用2.4mm/min的剪切速率测得的抗剪强
度指标比采用0.8mm/min的剪切速率测得的值要大;通过对比试验数据可知,剪切速率对内摩擦角的影响比对黏聚力的影响相
对来说较小,对砂土的抗剪强度指标的影响比对黏土的抗剪强度指标要小,对含水率较小的土样的抗剪强度指标的影响比对含水
率大的土样的抗剪强度指标要大。对于风化砂改良膨胀土的抗剪强度指标的测定时的剪切速率应采用规范要求的0.8mm/min。   相似文献   

8.
为研究生物酶采油解堵剂中产蛋白酶菌株的初、复筛选及培养条件优化,从大庆原油样品中筛选菌种,通过水解酪素的透明圈实验及福林酚测蛋白酶酶活的方法进行菌株的初、复筛选;以蛋白酶酶活为优化指标,采用单因素实验对筛选的产蛋白酶菌株的培养基及培养条件进行优化,优化最适培养基:可溶性淀粉为15g/L,蛋白胨为20g/L,酵母膏为20g/L,NaCl为1.0g/L,CaCl2为0.02g/L,Na2HPO4为0.2g/L,NaH2PO4为0.1g/L;在初始pH为6.0、接种量为5%(体积分数)、温度为31℃、摇床转速为160r/min的条件下,培养72h后,菌株的蛋白酶酶活为551.0U/mL,为复筛选菌株的蛋白酶酶活的22.92倍,即为菌株生长繁殖及代谢的最佳条件,能够获得更高的蛋白酶酶活,有利于后续实验的进行.结果表明:菌株产蛋白酶对原油作用效果为发酵液表面张力从作用前的56.2mN/m降低到作用后的30.5mN/m,表面张力显著降低,还有降解降黏原油等效果,具有一定的研究价值.  相似文献   

9.
运用纳米零价铁进行地下水污染原位处理是近年新发展的环境修复新技术,传统合成纳米零价铁一般多采用无氧条件(通氮气保护)液相法,操作繁琐,不适合批量生产。为了达到纳米零价铁液相法大规模制备和便于现场应用的目的,通过对比传统方法(通氮气除氧),提出在空气氛围中(有氧)制备纳米零价铁。透射电镜和X射线衍射分析表明,空气中直接制备的纳米零价铁Fe@Fe2O3有明显核壳结构,粒径40~100 nm,内核零价铁,外壳氧化铁厚4~5 nm。纳米铁降解水中甲基橙和去除六价铬的实验表明,空气氛围中制备的纳米铁反应活性最好,10 min内0.4 g/L (RO) Fe@Fe2O3能够把200 mg/L甲基橙降解98.6%,30 min内0.2 g/L(RO) Fe@Fe2O3能够把20 mg/L六价铬去除84.7%。因此,省略了氮气保护环节,成功合成核壳结构纳米零价铁,这有利于现场应用时现配现用,并降低运输保管纳米铁的成本和风险,对开展原位现场污染修复具有启示和应用价值。   相似文献   

10.
【目的】研究三氯化铁对小球藻絮凝采收效果的影响,并优化采收工艺条件。【方法】分析FeCl3浓度、小球藻初始浓度和絮凝时间对小球藻采收效率影响,利用响应面法优化利用FeCl3采收小球藻的工艺参数。【结果】单因素实验表明,FeCl3质量浓度为0.6 g/L、小球藻初始质量浓度为0.42 g/L和絮凝时间为30 min时,小球藻的采收效率最高。响应面法分析表明,小球藻初始浓度对小球藻采收率有显著影响(P<0.05);影响采收效率的主次因素顺序为小球藻初始浓度>FeCl3浓度>絮凝时间;FeCl3浓度和小球藻初始浓度的交互作用对小球藻的采收效率有显著影响(P<0.05);FeCl3浓度二次项对小球藻的采收效率有极显著影响(P<0.01)。【结论】利用FeCl3采收小球藻的最佳工艺条件:小球藻初始质量浓度为0.55 g/L,FeCl3质量浓度为0.6 g/L,絮凝时间为38 min,此时的采收效率为(98.6±1.9)%。  相似文献   

11.
Seawater intrusion has become one of serious environmental problems in coastal areas. During the replacement of saline water by fresh water in the aquifers, in-situ clay could be released, transport and deposit in the porous media due to the change of hydrodynamic and geochemical conditions, which resulted in the increasing of particle size, plugging of pores and reduction of the permeability. Batch experiments and sand column experiments were explored to study the relationships between the flocculation of in-situ clay and geochemical conditions, by changing ionic strength and ionic type of clay suspension. Column outflow was analyzed for suspended particles and electrical conductivity. The total percentage of colloid straining and interception distribution in porous media was calculated. The results indicate that porous media had an effect on the interception of clay colloid particles with about 10 percent clay colloids captured due to the rough surfaces and spatial structure of porous media. Ionic strength played a key role on the permeability reductions. The higher ionic strength is, the greater the amount of colloidal particles trapped. Ionic type also had a significant effect on the interception of clay colloid particles. Ripening was the main mechanism for the interception within porous media when the bulk solution was potassium chloride while blocking happened when the bulk solution was sodium chloride. The distribution of clay colloids in porous media was heterogeneous. The closer to the sand column inlet was the less interception of clay colloids was. The results can provide the scientific basis for preventing the water sensitivity during the process of salty aquifer restoration.  相似文献   

12.
In coastal areas, excessive exploitation of groundwater causes seawater intrusion. In artificial recharge of aquifer remediation process, the replacement of saltwater and freshwater with each other causes colloid release, and permeability also decreases. In this paper, the aquifer samples containing minimal clay mineral(mainly illite) in Dagu River aquifer were used. Adopting horizontal column experiments, we studied the influences of seepage velocity and ionic strength on particle release, as well as the relationship between them. In the column experiments, the Critical Salt Concentration(CSC) of the Dagu River aquifer was determined as 0.05 mol L~(-1) approximately. This result was basically consistent with the DLVO theoretical calculation. For the constant seepage velocity, the salinity descending rate and partical release were slower, and the peak of particle concentration was lower. However, the total amount of released particles was almost constant at different salinity descending rate. For constant salinity descending rates, the peak of particle concentration decreased as seepage velocity increased, but the total amount of released particles rose up. The experiments also indicated the existence of a critical seepage velocity, which dropped with the decrease of salt concentration. When the concentration of Na Cl solution decreased from 0.17 mol L~(-1) to 0.06 mol L~(-1), the critical seepage velocity decreased from 3 cm min~(-1)to 2.5 cm min~(-1), which is consistent to the results predicted by DLVO theory.  相似文献   

13.
研究了杨桃果片在不同护色液中、不同护色条件下的护色效果 ,及其在不同保脆保形液中的保脆保形效果。结果表明 ,1.7mol LNaCl水溶液腌制、护色 ,0 .0 90mol LCaCl2 + 0 .34mol LNaCl水溶液保脆保形效果较好。  相似文献   

14.
Water sensitivity phenomenon occurs during saline aquifer freshening process in seawater intrusion area, and clay particles released in the phenomenon can damage the infiltration capacity of the aquifer. In order to find out the factors and mechanisms for clay particle release, laboratory column infiltration experiments simulating saline aquifer freshening process were designed to measure the critical conditions(critical flow velocity, critical salt concentration and critical ionic strength) and force analysis for clay particle according to DLVO electric double layer theory was employed to illustrate the mechanisms for particle release. The research results showed that critical flow velocity for clay particle release is influenced by salt concentration of injecting solution. When salt concentration of injecting solution is very high, clay particles are not released, indicating that there does not exist a critical flow velocity in this situation. As salt concentration of injecting solution decreases, particles start to be released. The critical salt concentration for clay particle release is 0.052 mol L-1 in our work, which was determined by a constant-flux experiment for stepwise displacement of high concentration Na Cl solution. The critical ionic strength for clay particle release decreases as Ca2+ molar content percentage of the mixed solution of Na Cl and Ca Cl2 increases following the first-order exponential decay equation y = 0.0391e-0.266 x + 0.0015.  相似文献   

15.
滨海平原弱透水层广布且多赋存古咸水，其盐度分布及运移过程深刻影响着含水层地下水的演变，却得到甚少关注。采集了江苏滨海区7个浅层钻孔弱透水层原状样品，压榨法收集孔隙水。利用孔隙水天然示踪剂ρ（Cl-），ρ（Br-）剖面和数值模拟分析了弱透水层孔隙水盐度特征和运移机制。得出浅层孔隙水ρ（Cl-）垂向剖面存在2个趋势:①峰值在表层，沿深度逐渐下降；②峰值在深度25m左右，向两端浓度降低。孔隙水ρ（Cl-）为486.2~38 036.7 mg/L，Cl/Br比值为72~360（均值241）。ρ（Cl-）与Cl/Br比值关系及剖面分布说明孔隙咸水为海相成因，来自于全新世海侵时期的古海水，并受到后期淡水的稀释。弱透水层孔隙水一维垂向运移数值模型表明海侵-海退事件控制了海岸带弱透水层孔隙水的盐度演变，全新世古海水仍封存在沉积物中，更新世时期的海水已被驱替。孔隙水运移以扩散为主，垂向运移速率为0.43~15.8 mm/Ma。在相对高渗透性的粉砂地层中，可能还受到侧向对流的影响。弱透水层中古海咸水的重新分布，尤其在地下水超采条件下，可能成为地下水的重要咸化来源。   相似文献   

16.
The effect of Mg2+, NaCl and citric acid on the accumulation of β-carotene inDunaliella Salina was studied. The experimental results showed that 10.5 mmol/L Mg2+, 5 mol/L NaCl, 3 μmol/L citric acid, and CO2 are favorable forDunaliella Salina cell growth and β-carotene accumulation. After 144 h culture under the above conditions, theDunaliella Salina biomass increased by 7.18 times; β-carotene reached 9.61%. Project 89023990 supported by the Shandong Natural Science Fund.  相似文献   

17.
Gelidium amansii agar was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose and four fractions were obtained sequentially. The yields of 1.0 mol/L NaCl fraction and 2.5 mol/L NaCl fraction were 2.80% and 2.03%. They are highly sulfated agar, and named as agaropectin with sulfate content being 22.8% and 32.5%, respectively. The anticoagulant experiment results show that agaropectin could effectively prolong the coagulation time in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Agaropection could be absorbed and effectively prolong the plasma coagulation time in vivo. After intragastric administration at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg-d in rats for 15 days, TT （thrombin time）, CT （coagulation time）, PT （prothrombin time）, and APTT （activated partial thromboplastin time） could be effectively prolonged and the plasma Fib level could be significantly lowered.  相似文献   

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