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20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局 总被引：105，自引：19，他引：86
土地利用/土地覆被变化（LUCC）是人类活动与自然环境相互作用最直接的表现形式,本文采用相同空间分辨率的卫星遥感信息源和相同的技术方法,对中国1980 年代末到2010 年土地利用变化数据进行定期更新。在此基础上,提出并发展土地利用动态区划的方法,研究土地利用变化的空间格局与时空特征。我们发现：1990-2010 年的20 年间,中国土地利用变化表现出明显的时空差异。“南减北增,总量基本持衡,新增耕地的重心逐步由东北向西北移动”是耕地变化的基本特征;“扩展提速,东部为重心,向中西部蔓延”是城乡建设用地变化的基本特征;“林地前减后增,荒漠前增后减,草地持续减少”是非人工土地利用类型变化的主要特征。20 世纪末与21 世纪初两个10 年相比,中国土地利用变化空间格局出现了一些新特征,原有的13 个土地利用变化区划单元演变为15 个单元,且部分区划单元边界发生变化。主要变化格局特征为黄淮海地区、东南部沿海地区、长江中游地区和四川盆地城镇工矿用地呈现明显的加速扩张态势;北方地区耕地开垦重心由东北地区和内蒙古东部转向西北绿洲农业区;东北地区旱作耕地持续转变为水田;内蒙古农牧交错带南部、黄土高原和西南山地退耕还林还草效果初显。近20 年间,尽管气候变化对北方地区的耕地变化有一定的影响,但政策调控和经济驱动仍然是导致我国土地利用变化及其时空差异的主要原因。2000 年后的第一个10 年,土地利用格局变化的人为驱动因素已由单向国土开发为主,转变为开发与保护并重。在空间格局变化的分析方法方面,应用“动态区划法”开展世纪之交两个10 年中国LUCC空间格局变化的分析,有效揭示了20 年来中国LUCC“格局的变化过程”,即动态区划边界的推移、区划单元内部特征的变化与单元的消长等;以及“变化过程的格局”,即土地利用变化过程与特征的分阶段区域差异,清晰刻画了LUCC动态区划中区划单元的消长,单元边界的变动,以及前后10 年的变化强度特征,揭示了土地利用“格局”与“过程”之间的交替转化规律,以及不同类型和区域的变化原因,证明了该分析方法的有效性。 相似文献
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2014年8月3日16时30分,云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生6.5级地震,此次地震危害性较大。在快速收集震区地震烈度分布、地形状况、土地利用/覆盖现状、乡镇人口、居民点分布、房屋建筑物以及高分辨率遥感图像等信息的基础上,应用GIS空间分析和定量评估模型,对重灾区自然环境状况,受灾人口、房屋建筑物及道路交通等敏感受体影响,牛栏江沿岸次生地质灾害风险等级,坡耕地退耕及水土流失防治4个方面进行了快速评估,并针对震区人员救助、地质次生灾害防治以及灾后重建生态治理提出了科学的对策建议。 相似文献
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Using ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiome-ter) infrared remote sensing data we inversed the parameters of urban surface heat fluxes applying the PCACA model and theoretical position algorithm,and then we analyzed the in-fluence of different land use types on the surface heat fluxes and energy balance.In this study,Kumagaya,a city in Saitama Prefecture,Japan,was selected as the experimental area.The result shows that the PCACA model is feasible for the surface heat fluxes estimation in urban areas because this model requires less parameters in the procedure of heat fluxes estimation in urban areas with complicated surface structure and can decrease the uncertainty.And we found that different land-use types have indicated the height heterogeneity on the surface heat fluxes significantly.The magnitudes of Bowen ratio in descending order are industrial,residential,transportation,institutional,dry farmland,green space,and water body.Under the same meteorological condition,there are distinct characteristics and regional differences in Bowen ratios among different surface covers,indicating higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux in the urban construction land,while lower sensible heat flux and higher latent heat flux in the vegetation-covered area,the outskirt of the urban area.The increase of urban impervious surface area caused by the urban sprawl can enlarge the sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio,so that it causes the increasing of urban surface temperature and air tem-perature,which is the mechanism of the so-called heat island effect. 相似文献
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城市非渗透面(Impervious Surface Areas,ISA)的覆盖,强烈地改变了区域土壤理化性状,从而在不同尺度上影响着生态系统碳循环。ISA下土壤样品获得的困难性致使对ISA所封存的土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon beneath ISA,SOCISA)及其分布特征的认识极为缺乏。为揭示ISA下土壤理化特征,本文收集天山北坡城市群在建工程ISA下27个100 cm深土壤样品,同时采集对应ISA点邻近的渗透面(Pervious Surface Areas,PSA)样品作对比分析。利用Landsat 8图像提取了研究区ISA与PSA面积,并结合实测值估算SOC储量。研究发现:1干旱区城市100 cm深土壤剖面平均SOCISA=5.74±0.39 kg C·m-2,显著低于其邻近PSA下的SOC;ISA下土壤容重(Bulk Density,BD)BDISA=1.58±0.02 g·cm-3,显著高于其邻近BDPSA约5%(p0.01)。2两种地表下SOC和BD均随着深度加深而降低,通过与土层深度的线性拟合,SOCISA和BDISA具有明显降低趋势,PSA下SOC和BD并无显著规律;深层土壤(60~100 cm)SOCPSA显著高于SOCISA(p0.05),两者间并无稳定的比例关系。3天山北坡城市群SOCISA为总城市土壤碳库的68%,单个城市SOCISA比例50%以上,SOCISA构成干旱区城市土壤碳库的主体。本文不仅加深了对城市ISA下土壤理化性状的了解,而且对评估城市乃至全球生态系统碳循环及碳评估具有重要意义。 相似文献
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北京城市人口空间分布特征的GIS分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市人口空间分布特征分析是城市化影响下的局地尺度人类-环境(Human-Environment)相互作用研究的一个重要内容.本研究以第五次人口普查数据,采用GIS网格计算方法,模拟北京市2000年人口空间分布,并从宏观、微观、中观3个不同层次分析其空间分布与变异特征.研究表明,从宏观角度分析,各环路间人口密度具有较大的... 相似文献
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中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度(英文) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ’entered’ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observations of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overestimation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural stations that ’entered’ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air temperature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations’ and rural stations’ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature. 相似文献
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中国国家自然保护区土地覆被变化(英文) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
For preventing ecosystem degradation,protecting natural habitats and conserving biodiversity within the habitats,2588 nature reserves have been established in China at the end of 2010.The total area is up to 149.44 million ha and covers over 15% of Chinese terrestrial surface.Land-cover change,as the primary driver of biodiversity change,directly impacts ecosystem structures and functions.In this paper,180 National Nature Reserves(NNRs) are selected and their total area is 44.71 million ha,accounting for 29.9% of all NNRs in China.In terms of the ecosystem characteristics and their major protected object,all selected NNRs are classified into 7 types.A Positive and Negative Change Index of Land-cover(PNCIL) was developed to analyze the land-cover change of each NNRs type from the late 1980s to 2005.The results show that the land-cover of all selected NNRs types have degradated to a certain degree except the forest ecosystem reserves with a decreasing rate,but the rate of degradation alleviated gradually.The mean positive and negative change rates of land-cover in all core zones decreased by 0.69% and 0.16% respectively.The landscape pattern of land-cover in the core zones was more stable than that in the buffer zones and the experimental zones.Furthermore,the ecological diversity and patch connectivity of land-cover in selected NNRs increased generally.In short,the land-cover of 180 selected NNRs in China had a beneficial change trend after NNRs established,especially between 1995 and 2005. 相似文献
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构建区域生态安全格局、优化城市群生态空间结构,有利于促进社会经济与生态环境的和谐发展。以中国西部关中城市群为例,在RS与GIS技术支持下,通过生态服务重要性与生态环境敏感性评价识别生态源地,并基于最小累积阻力模型构建区域生态安全格局,进而开展生态空间结构优化布局研究。结果表明:(1)生态保护源地面积共26191.19 km^2,占全区的47.51%;(2)除生态源地外,低、中、高水平安全格局区域分别占全区的39.14%、9.86%和3.49%;(3)源间廊道多呈南北走向且连通成网状的程度较低;(4)提出构建以"四带、三区、七组团、十廊道、多中心"为核心的"绿心廊道组团网络式"布局体系,优化关中城市群生态空间结构。本研究可为区域生态保护与城市群可持续发展提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献