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A review of sediment and nutrient concentration data from Australia for use in catchment water quality models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Land use (and land management) change is seen as the primary factor responsible for changes in sediment and nutrient delivery to water bodies. Understanding how sediment and nutrient (or constituent) concentrations vary with land use is critical to understanding the current and future impact of land use change on aquatic ecosystems. Access to appropriate land-use based water quality data is also important for calculating reliable load estimates using water quality models. This study collated published and unpublished runoff, constituent concentration and load data for Australian catchments. Water quality data for total suspended sediments (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were collated from runoff events with a focus on catchment areas that have a single or majority of the contributing area under one land use. Where possible, information on the dissolved forms of nutrients were also collated. For each data point, information was included on the site location, land use type and condition, contributing catchment area, runoff, laboratory analyses, the number of samples collected over the hydrograph and the mean constituent concentration calculation method. A total of ～750 entries were recorded from 514 different geographical sites covering 13 different land uses. We found that the nutrient concentrations collected using "grab" sampling (without a well defined hydrograph) were lower than for sites with gauged auto-samplers although this data set was small and no statistical analysis could be undertaken. There was no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between data collected at plot and catchment scales for the same land use. This is most likely due to differences in land condition over-shadowing the effects of spatial scale. There was, however, a significant difference in the concentration value for constituent samples collected from sites where >90% of the catchment was represented by a single land use, compared to sites with <90% of the upstream area represented by a single land use. This highlights the need for more single land use water quality data, preferably over a range of spatial scales. Overall, the land uses with the highest median TSS concentrations were mining (～50,000mg/l), horticulture (～3000mg/l), dryland cropping (～2000mg/l), cotton (～600mg/l) and grazing on native pastures (～300mg/l). The highest median TN concentrations are from horticulture (～32,000μg/l), cotton (～6500μg/l), bananas (～2700μg/l), grazing on modified pastures (～2200μg/l) and sugar (～1700μg/l). For TP it is forestry (～5800μg/l), horticulture (～1500μg/l), bananas (～1400μg/l), dryland cropping (～900mg/l) and grazing on modified pastures (～400μg/l). For the dissolved nutrient fractions, the sugarcane land use had the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Urban land use had the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). This study provides modellers and catchment managers with an increased understanding of the processes involved in estimating constituent concentrations, the data available for use in modelling projects, and the conditions under which they should be applied. Areas requiring more data are also discussed. 相似文献
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MacDermott AJ Barron LD Brack A Buhse T Drake AF Emery R Gottarelli G Greenberg JM Haberle R Hegstrom RA Hobbs K Kondepudi DK McKay C Moorbath S Raulin F Sandford M Schwartzman DW Thiemann WH Tranter GE Zarnecki JC 《Planetary and Space Science》1996,44(11):1441-1446
A characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. It is therefore suggested that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). A novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, is described which could he used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. It is believed that homochirality will be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life. 相似文献
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Measurements of dissolved gases have numerous applications in ground water hydrology, and it is now possible to measure the total dissolved gas pressure in situ using a probe. Dissolved gas pressure is measured by submerging a headspace volume with a gas-permeable membrane, allowing dissolved gases in the water to equilibrate with gases in the headspace, then measuring the pressure in the headspace with a pressure transducer. Total dissolved gas pressure (TGP) probes have many potential uses in ground water studies employing dissolved gases, including: (1) determining approximate excess air levels, which may provide information about the time and location of recharge; (2) screening wells for air contamination, which can compromise the accuracy of dissolved gas tracer techniques: (3) detecting a trapped gas phase, which can significantly reduce hydraulic conductivity and impede the transport of dissolved solutes and gases; (4) enabling the use of gas-filled passive diffusion samplers for determining accurate dissolved gas concentrations; and (5) determining relative concentrations of CH4 and CO2 when they are known to be highly abundant. Although TGP probes designed for surface water have been available for several years, TGP probes suitable for ground water applications have only recently become available. Herein we present what are, to our knowledge, the first reported ground water dissolved gas data collected using a TGP probe. We also explain the basic operating principles of these probes and discuss the potential applications listed. 相似文献
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湿有效能量在夏季大范围暴雨分析预报应用方面已取得较好结果,能否将湿有效能量应用于北方大雪的分析预报?其理论根据是什么?这个问题不仅是研究有效能量的同志所要回答的问题,也是做实际天气分析预报的同志所关心的。本文试从分析我国 相似文献
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湿有效能量对暴雨等灾害性天气的形成、发展和维持等具有重要作用。该文利用改进的计算湿有效能量表达式, 计算了1998年5月14—15日、5月23—24日和6月8—9日广东省三次暴雨的湿有效能量, 分析了暴雨区湿有效能量的时间演变特征、空间演变特征、水平积聚以及与暴雨的关系。结果表明:暴雨过程前后湿有效能量有显著差异, 暴雨开始时湿有效能量高, 暴雨过后湿有效能量低, 前后相差6×105 J/m2以上; 三次大降水时段都是在南北湿有效能量差最大值附近, 在大降水前, 南北湿有效能量差数值的增大主要是由于长江中游的低能区的加强和南扩造成的; 长江中游的低能区对三次暴雨大降水有重要影响, 这说明中纬度对广东省暴雨的重要性; 大降水时段处于湿有效能量平均积聚量最强的时候, 此时, 广东省的积聚量远高于长江中游地区。 相似文献