Differentiating Future Commitments on the Basis of Countries’ Relative Historical Responsibility for Climate Change: Uncertainties in the ‘Brazilian Proposal’ in the Context of a Policy Implementation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michel?G.?J.?Den?ElzenEmail author  Michiel?Schaeffer  Paul?L.?Lucas 《Climatic change》2005,71(3):277-301

During the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol, Brazil proposed allocating the greenhouse gas emission reductions of Annex I Parties according to the relative effect of a country’s historical emissions on global temperature increase. This paper analyses the impact of scientific uncertainties and of different options in policy implementation (policy choices) on the contribution of countries’ historical emissions to indicators of historical responsibility for climate change. The influence of policy choices was found to be at least as large as the impact of the scientific uncertainties analysed here. Building on this, the paper then proceeds to explore the implications of applying the Brazilian Proposal as a climate regime for differentiation of future commitments on the global scale combined with an income threshold for participation of the non-Annex I regions. Under stringent climate targets, such a regime leads to high emission reductions for Annex I regions by 2050, in particular for Europe and Japan. The income threshold assumptions strongly affect the Annex I reductions, even more than the impact of another burden-sharing key. A variant of the Brazilian Proposal, allocating emission reductions on the basis of cumulative emissions since 1990, would lead to a more balanced distribution of emission reductions.  相似文献   

Earth's magnetospheric processes: B. M. McCormac (editor): Reidel,Dordrecht, Holland, 1972. viii + 417. Dfl. 115. U.S. $ 37.50     

F. Curtis Michel 《Planetary and Space Science》1973,21(10):1822-1823

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New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements     

Massimo Frezzotti  Michel Pourchet  Onelio Flora  Stefano Gandolfi  Michel Gay  Stefano Urbini  Christian Vincent  Silvia Becagli  Roberto Gragnani  Marco Proposito  Mirko Severi  Rita Traversi  Roberto Udisti  Michel Fily 《Climate Dynamics》2004,23(7-8):803-813

Surface mass balance (SMB) distribution and its temporal and spatial variability is an essential input parameter in mass balance studies. Different methods were used, compared and integrated (stake farms, ice cores, snow radar, surface morphology, remote sensing) at eight sites along a transect from Terra Nova Bay (TNB) to Dome C (DC) (East Antarctica), to provide detailed information on the SMB. Spatial variability measurements show that the measured maximum snow accumulation (SA) in a 15 km area is well correlated to firn temperature. Wind-driven sublimation processes, controlled by the surface slope in the wind direction, have a huge impact (up to 85% of snow precipitation) on SMB and are significant in terms of past, present and future SMB evaluations. The snow redistribution process is local and has a strong impact on the annual variability of accumulation. The spatial variability of SMB at the kilometre scale is one order of magnitude higher than its temporal variability (20–30%) at the centennial time scale. This high spatial variability is due to wind-driven sublimation. Compared with our SMB calculations, previous compilations generally over-estimate SMB, up to 65% in some areas.  相似文献   

Fluid-controlled quartz recovery in granulite as revealed by cathodoluminescence and trace element analysis (Bamble sector,Norway)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alfons?M.?van den KerkhofEmail author  Andreas?Kronz  Klaus?Simon  Torsten?Scherer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,146(5):637-652

Dispersed quartz veinlets in Proterozoic enderbitic charnockite from Tromøy, Bamble sector (southern Norway), with Ti-concentrations of mostly 80–180 ppm, produce bright blue cathodoluminescence (CL), against contrasting micro-textures of secondary pure quartz with low CL intensity. The textures comprise grain boundary alteration, healed micro-fractures, patches of secondary quartz, and euhedral quartz nuclei. The secondary quartz locally makes up 50% of the total quartz. Trace element analysis has been done by electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA), laser-induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), and additional electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. These studies testify systematic trace element reduction and extensive quartz recovery during retrograde metamorphism. We assume healing of a part of the aqueous fluid inclusions during a late thermal event, possible correlated with Paleozoic magmatic activity in the Oslo-Rift. During final cooling, aqueous fluids were largely retrapped in patches of secondary quartz associated with healed fractures, whereas carbonic inclusions (without secondary quartz) may have survived retrograde metamorphism. The variable but generally high salinity of fluid inclusions is assumed to be in part the result of quartz recovery by which ion concentrations were increased in the percentage range.Editorial Responsibility: J. Touret  相似文献   

Isostatic response of the large-offset Atlantic Equatorial fracture zones     

Michel Diament  Jean-Claude Sibuet  Jacques Dubois 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1986,8(3):243-264

Spectral analysis techniques have been applied to data sets of gravity and topography selected across fracture zones with large offset in the Equatorial and Central Atlantic Ocean and processed independently for each fracture zone. Three simple compensation models, two in local isostatic equilibrium (Airy I and II) and one in regional equilibrium (Plate model) have been tested. It is found that the free-air anomalies are primarily controlled by the topography and its isostatic response. For short wavelengths, admittance can be explained either by the effect of uncompensated sea floor topography with high density basement or by the effect of uncompensated sea floor topography with normal oceanic basement density but accompanied by a crust of constant thickness. For intermediate wavelengths, admittance for the Romanche fracture zone agrees best with a local isostatic model in which compensation is achieved by a less dense material in the upper mantle. No such evidence exists for the Vema and Chain fracture zones for which topography could just as well be regionally supported by an elastic plate 3 to 10 km thick. For longer wavelengths, the admittances computed for the three fracture zones are compatible with a thermal compensation of the topography.  相似文献   

Eastern Mediterranean palaeoclimates from 26 to 5 ka B.P. documented by pollen and isotopic analysis of a core in the anoxic Bannock Basin     

Rachid Cheddadi  Martine Rossignol-Strick  Michel Fontugne 《Marine Geology》1991,100(1-4):53-66

Continuous pollen and isotopic records were established for core BAN 84 09 GC retrieved from the anoxic Bannock Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean. On the basis of two ¹⁴C dates, they document the palaeoclimate between about 25.7 ka B.P. and 5.2 ka B.P. in the northern borderlands of the Ionian Basin. The upper half of the core has been redeposited.

The isotopic record displays a correlation with pollen percentages that is strong and positive for Artemisia (sage-brush) and negative for Quercus (oak). The last glacial maximum and the deglaciation are identified by these combined taxa, together with Chenopodiaceae. The glacial maximum around 18 ka B.P. (which has elsewhere been dated from 20 to 15 ka B.P.) has pollen percentages that are high for Artemisia and low for Quercus. The climate in the pollen source area was arid, cold in winter, briefly warm in summer and sustained the vegetation of a semi-desert. The onset of deglaciation after 18 ka B.P. coincides with that of the decline in Artemisia pollen percentage. However, this decline does not indicate reduced aridity, because it is accompanied by a pollen percentage rise of the even more arid herbs Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra. Throughout the deglaciation from 18 to 11 ka B.P., the aridity progressively increases, culminating at 11 ka B.P. This trend is briefly interrupted by a more humid event, shown by a peak in Artemisia pollen percentage and a smaller peak in oak; these two peaks are coeval with the Bölling-Alleröd chronozone (13-11 ka B.P.). Maximum aridity occurs during the Younger Dryas chronozone (11-10 ka B.P.). Afterwards, the oak pollen percentage begins a steady increase, and its maximum value is coeval with the lowest isotopic value, dated at 8760 ± 170 yr B.P. This period was one of high moisture, warm summers, and, according to altitude, mild to cool winters. This climate sustained forests that were Mediterranean in the lowlands and warm temperate in the uplands. A high pollen concentration is observed during this period and reveals the presence of sapropel S1, which is otherwise unrecognizable in this entirely black core. During the following period between 8760 ± 170 and 5200 yr B.P., the δ¹⁸0 reverts to slightly higher values and the Quercus pollen percentage decreases, while the pollen percentage of the wetter Ostrya, the oriental hornbeam, increases. The high pollen concentration during the deposition of sapropel S1 cannot have been caused by increased pollen input into the sea, this pollen being wind-borne, nor by increased pollen production for all taxa, both trees and herbs. We conclude that it is entirely due to increased preservation of this allochtonous organic material by the deep anoxia of the bottom water, below a thick anoxic water column. The coincidence of sapropel deposition with warm and humid local climate as well as with the second global meltwater pulse suggests that the cessation of bottom-water ventilation was due to decreased surface water density, resulting from less saline incoming Atlantic surface water, increased local runoff, and warmer winters.  相似文献   

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges     

Salvador E. Lluch-Cota  Eugenio A. Aragón-Noriega  David Aurioles-Gamboa  Richard C. Brusca  Roberto Cortés-Altamirano  Alfonso Esquivel-Herrera  Michel E. Hendrickx  Hugo Herrera-Cervantes  Miguel Lavín  Daniel B. Lluch-Cota  Silvio G. Marinone  Sofia Ortega-García  Alejandro Parés-Sierra  Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez  Richard A. Schwartzlose  Arturo P. Sierra-Beltrán 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(1):1-26

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.  相似文献   

Integration of High and Very High-resolution Seismic Reflection Profiles to Study Upper Quaternary Deposits of a Coastal Area in the Western Gulf of Lions, SW France     

Caroline Labaune  Michel Tesson  Bernard Gensous 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2005,26(2-4):109-122

High resolution (HR – sparker) and very high resolution (VHR – boomer) seismic reflection data acquired in shallow water environments of the Roussillon coastal area are integrated to provide an accurate image of the stratigraphic architecture of the Quaternary deposits. The complementary use of the two systems is shown to be of benefit for studies of shallow water environments. The HR sparker data improved the landward part of a general model of Quaternary stratigraphy previously established offshore. They document an incised valley complex interpreted as the record of successive late Quaternary relative sea-level cycles. The complex is capped by a polygenetic erosional surface developed during the last glacial period (>18 ky) and variably reworked by wave ravinement during the subsequent post-glacial transgression. The overlying transgressive systems tract is partly preserved and presents a varying configuration along the Roussillon coastal plain. The VHR boomer data provide information on the architecture of the uppermost deposits, both in the near-shore area and in the lagoon. These deposits overlie a maximum flooding surface at the top of the transgressive systems tract and constitute a highstand systems tract composed of two different architectural elements. In the near-shore area, a sandy coastal wedge is subdivided into a lower unit and an upper unit in equilibrium with present day dynamics. In the Salses-Leucate lagoon area, the sedimentary architecture is highly complex due to the closure of a former embayment and the formation of the present beach barrier.  相似文献   

条斑紫菜孢子体与配子体光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)稳定性研究     

柳葵葵  张海霞  Verena Linhar  Hartmut Michel  彭国宏 《海洋科学》2007,31(10):25-28

膜蛋白是生物领域研究中的热点和难点。在光合作用研究中,对于藻类个体发育过程中光合膜蛋白结构和功能的变化所知甚少,其中的一个限制因素是能否纯化得到大量高活性的稳定且均一的光合膜蛋白。作者从条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)孢子体和配子体中分离纯化得到光合系统(PSⅡ)复合物,并研究了其完整性和放氧活性。结果表明,孢子体和配子体的PSⅡ复合物,在4℃条件下保存比在-80℃下保存放氧活性高,稳定性高。配子体PSⅡ复合物,在-80℃保存第6天就已经没有放氧活性,而孢子体PSⅡ复合物仍有放氧活性。对4℃下保存的PSII复合物进行分子筛柱层析,室温吸收光谱测定以及放氧活性测定,发现随着放氧活性逐渐降低,蛋白大分子有聚合现象。室温吸收光谱表明经过长期的保存,吸收峰向短波长方向偏移,叶绿素易降解成为脱镁叶绿素  相似文献   

Bilan ecologique du detournement permanent d'un petit fleuve côtier dans l'émissaire d'eaux usées d'une grande ville     

Gérard Bellan  Michel Bourcier 《Marine environmental research》1984,12(2):83-111

The benthic communities established on soft substrata off the outlet of the main sewer of the city of Marseilles were investigated in June 1980 and January 1981; this was about a year and a half after the permanent diversion of a polluted river into the sewer. Although the quantity of pollutants does not seem to have been appreciably modified within these communities, we note, in comparison with the former state: a decrease in the number of species and individuals of roughly 50 to 25% according to the stations (except for the one nearest the outlet); a perceptible decrease of the diversity and similarity indices; an increase in the dominance of muddy substratum species. All of these observations demonstrate degradation of the communities.  相似文献