Numerical simulation of the 30–45 ka debris avalanche flow of Montagne Pelée volcano,Martinique: from volcano flank collapse to submarine emplacement     

Brunet  Morgane  Moretti  Laurent  Le Friant  Anne  Mangeney  Anne  Fernández Nieto  Enrique Domingo  Bouchut  Francois 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):1189-1208

Natural Hazards - In November 2015, China government announced that the national carbon emissions trading market is expected to start in 2017. Carbon emission trading system is a raising concern...  相似文献   

Malachite Green Adsorption by a Residue‐based Microwave‐activated Adsorbent     

Adriana S. Franca  Leandro S. Oliveira  Anne A. Nunes 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(9):843-849

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Transport of salt and freshwater in the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre     

Andreas Born  Thomas F. Stocker  Anne Britt Sandø 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(9):1051-1064

Transport of salt in the Irminger Current, the northern branch of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre coupling the eastern and western subpolar North Atlantic, plays an important role for climate variability across a wide range of time scales. High-resolution ocean modeling and observations indicate that salinities in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic decrease with enhanced circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG). This has led to the perception that a stronger SPG also transports less salt westward. In this study, we analyze a regional ocean model and a comprehensive global coupled climate model, and show that a stronger SPG transports more salt in the Irminger Current irrespective of lower salinities in its source region. The additional salt converges in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin by eddy transports, increases surface salinity in the western SPG, and favors more intense deep convection. This is part of a positive feedback mechanism with potentially large implications for climate variability and predictability.  相似文献   

Anammox in Tidal Marsh Sediments: The Role of Salinity,Nitrogen Loading,and Marsh Vegetation     

Ketil Koop-Jakobsen  Anne E. Giblin 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(2):238-245

Anammox bacteria are widespread in the marine environment, but studies of anammox in marshes and other wetlands are still scarce. In this study, the role of anammox in nitrogen removal from marsh sediments was surveyed in four vegetation types characteristic of New England marshes and in unvegetated tidal creeks. The sites spanned a salinity gradient from 0 to 20 psu. The impact of nitrogen loading on the role of anammox in marsh sediments was studied in a marsh fertilization experiment and in marshes with high nitrogen loading entering through ground water. In all locations, nitrogen removal through anammox was low compared to denitrification, with anammox accounting for less than 3% of the total N₂ production. The highest relative importance of anammox was found in the sediments of freshwater-dominated marshes, where anammox approached 3%, whereas anammox was of lesser importance in saline marsh sediments. Increased nitrogen loading, in the form of nitrate from natural or artificial sources, did not impact the relative importance of anammox, which remained low in all the nitrogen enriched locations (<1%).  相似文献   

Older People and Transitions from Employment to Nonemployment: International Perspectives and Policy Issues     

Anne E. Green 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):46-58

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has identified population aging as one of the most important challenges facing OECD countries and has highlighted the need for people to work longer and for job prospects for older workers to be enhanced. This article provides a summary review of a recent OECD report, Ageing and Employment Policies—Live Longer, Work Longer, as a platform to highlight differences between countries in demographic profiles and projections and in patterns of formal labor market participation among older workers. Drawing on selected information from a broader evidence base, it unveils important differences between countries in the scale of demographic and associated labor market challenges. It also explores factors affecting labor market transitions among older workers and age-related and other barriers to paid work among older people, emphasizing the diversity of experience between individuals. Finally, it highlights some strategic challenges for policy.  相似文献   

A case study of the mesoscale dynamics in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea: a combined data–model approach     

Karen Guihou  Julien Marmain  Yann Ourmières  Anne Molcard  Bruno Zakardjian  Philippe Forget 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(7):793-808

The Northern current is the main circulation feature of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. While the large-scale to mesoscale variability of the northern current (NC) is well known and widely documented for the Ligurian region, off Nice or along the Gulf of Lions shelf, few is known about the current instabilities and its associated mesoscale dynamics in the intermediate area, off Toulon. Here, we took advantage of an oceanographic cruise of opportunity, the start of a HF radar monitoring programme in the Toulon area and the availability of regular satellite sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a data, to evaluate the realism of a NEMO-based regional high-resolution model and the added value brought by HF radar. The combined analysis of a 1/64° configuration, named GLAZUR64, and of all data sets revealed the occurrence of an anticyclonic coastal trapped eddy, generated inside a NC meander and passing the Toulon area during the field campaign. We show that this anticyclonic eddy is advected downstream along the French Riviera up to the study region and disturbs the Northern current flow. This study aims to show the importance of combining observations and modelling when dealing with mesoscale processes, as well as the importance of high-resolution modelling.  相似文献   

Energetic Charged Particles Above Thunderclouds     

Martin Füllekrug  Declan Diver  Jean-Louis Pinçon  Alan D. R. Phelps  Anne Bourdon  Christiane Helling  Elisabeth Blanc  Farideh Honary  R. Giles Harrison  Jean-André Sauvaud  Jean-Baptiste Renard  Mark Lester  Michael Rycroft  Mike Kosch  Richard B. Horne  Serge Soula  Stéphane Gaffet 《Surveys in Geophysics》2013,34(1):1-41

The French government has committed to launch the satellite TARANIS to study transient coupling processes between the Earth’s atmosphere and near-Earth space. The prime objective of TARANIS is to detect energetic charged particles and hard radiation emanating from thunderclouds. The British Nobel prize winner C.T.R. Wilson predicted lightning discharges from the top of thunderclouds into space almost a century ago. However, new experiments have only recently confirmed energetic discharge processes which transfer energy from the top of thunderclouds into the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space; they are now denoted as transient luminous events, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and relativistic electron beams. This meeting report builds on the current state of scientific knowledge on the physics of plasmas in the laboratory and naturally occurring plasmas in the Earth’s atmosphere to propose areas of future research. The report specifically reflects presentations delivered by the members of a novel Franco-British collaboration during a meeting at the French Embassy in London held in November 2011. The scientific subjects of the report tackle ionization processes leading to electrical discharge processes, observations of transient luminous events, electromagnetic emissions, energetic charged particles and their impact on the Earth’s atmosphere. The importance of future research in this area for science and society, and towards spacecraft protection, is emphasized.  相似文献   

On the influence of DC railway noise on variation data from Belsk and Lviv geomagnetic observatories     

Anne Neska  Jan Reda  Mariusz Neska  Yuri Sumaruk 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(2):385-403

Geomagnetic variation data from the observatories in Belsk (BEL, Poland) and Lviv (LVV, Ukraine) significantly suffer from disturbances caused by direct current (DC) electric railways. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of these disturbances on quantities derived from such data, as the K index of magnetic activity and the induction arrow used in the geomagnetic deep sounding method to indicate lateral contrasts of electric conductivity in the solid earth. Therefore, undisturbed data have been reconstructed by means of a frequency-domain transfer function that relates the horizontal magnetic field components of the observatory to the ones synchronously recorded at a noise-free reference station. The comparison of the K index derived from original and reconstructed data shows an increase of quiet time segments by 29% for LVV and by 14% for BEL due to our noise removal procedure. Furthermore, the distribution of the corrected K indices agrees well with the one from the Niemegk observatory in Germany.  相似文献   

Well placement optimization with the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy and meta-models     

Zyed Bouzarkouna  Didier Yu Ding  Anne Auger 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(1):75-92

The amount of hydrocarbon recovered can be considerably increased by finding optimal placement of non-conventional wells. For that purpose, the use of optimization algorithms, where the objective function is evaluated using a reservoir simulator, is needed. Furthermore, for complex reservoir geologies with high heterogeneities, the optimization problem requires algorithms able to cope with the non-regularity of the objective function. In this paper, we propose an optimization methodology for determining optimal well locations and trajectories based on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) which is recognized as one of the most powerful derivative-free optimizers for continuous optimization. In addition, to improve the optimization procedure, two new techniques are proposed: (a) adaptive penalization with rejection in order to handle well placement constraints and (b) incorporation of a meta-model, based on locally weighted regression, into CMA-ES, using an approximate stochastic ranking procedure, in order to reduce the number of reservoir simulations required to evaluate the objective function. The approach is applied to the PUNQ-S3 case and compared with a genetic algorithm (GA) incorporating the Genocop III technique for handling constraints. To allow a fair comparison, both algorithms are used without parameter tuning on the problem, and standard settings are used for the GA and default settings for CMA-ES. It is shown that our new approach outperforms the genetic algorithm: It leads in general to both a higher net present value and a significant reduction in the number of reservoir simulations needed to reach a good well configuration. Moreover, coupling CMA-ES with a meta-model leads to further improvement, which was around 20% for the synthetic case in this study.  相似文献   

Reviews on books, internet and scientific media     

Anne Marie de Grosbois 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(2):693-694

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