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61.
Some of the characteristics of predicted climate changes for South America are analysed for the years 2010 and 2050. These predictions are based on the results of three-dimensional Global Circulation Models (GCMs). The results differ between models (GISS, NCAR-CCMs and GFDL), particularly when applied to regional and sub-regional scales and to time scales of less than one-year intervals. It is concluded that these differences are due to the particular structure of each model as well as to the lack of sufficient basic data from the South American sub-continent. The dynamics of vegetation cover play an important role in future water balance changes. The changes in surface temperatures predicted by the GISS model are discussed in relation to changes in the climatic-dynamic base stemming from anthropogenic changes in the vegetation cover. 相似文献
62.
Humberto Marotta Luiz Bento Francisco de A. Esteves Alex Enrich-Prast 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):654-660
The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of dredging performed in a marginal wetland colonized by aquatic macrophytes
on eutrophication of the adjacent shallow tropical lake (Imboassica Lake, Brazil). The river mouth of the Imboassica River
that drains into Imboassica Lake had been densely colonized by aquatic vegetation dominated by Typha domingensis (Pers.) when it was dredged. Total and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured monthly over 13 years
at four stations in the Imboassica river-lake system. Dredging activities reduced phosphorus and nitrogen retention at the
river mouth and subsequently increased these nutrient stocks in the lake waters. Nutrient retention by non-dredged wetland
was estimated to be ca. 1,200 kg year−1 (87.3 g m−2 year−1) for nitrogen and 60 kg year−1 (4.5 g m−2 year−1) for phosphorus. Our whole-lake approach suggested that dredging might intensify rather than mitigate eutrophication in shallow
tropical lakes when the removal of aquatic macrophytes is coupled to the persistence of anthropogenic nutrient inputs from
the watershed. 相似文献
63.
Filipe Neves Aníbal Costa Romeu Vicente C. Sousa Oliveira Humberto Varum 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):27-44
The earthquake of the 9th of July 1998 that hit in the central group of the Azores archipelago greatly affected the islands
of Faial, Pico and S?o Jorge, reaching a magnitude of Mw 6.2 with the epicentre located about 15km northeast of the Faial
Island. This earthquake allowed the collection of an unprecedented quantity of data concerning the characterisation of the
building stock and the damage suffered by construction. This is the main purpose of this research, consisting essentially
of three main aspects: (i) A detailed characterisation of the building stock, assigning a five category classification, from
old traditional rubble stone masonry to reinforced concrete moment framed buildings; (ii) A detailed damage grade classification
based on the different damage mechanisms observed; and, (iii) A seismic vulnerability assessment of the building stock. The
results of the vulnerability assessment together with the building stock database and damage classification were integrated
into a GIS tool, allowing the spatial visualation of damage scenarios, which is potentially useful for the planning of emergency
response strategies and retrofitting priorities to mitigate and manage seismic risk. 相似文献
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Manjip Shakya Humberto Varum Romeu Vicente Aníbal Costa 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(4):1679-1703
Nepal is located in a highly active tectonic region of the Himalayan belt, one of the most severe earthquake prone areas of the world. Nepal is lying between the Indian and the Eurasian plate, which are moving continuously, resulting in frequent devastating earthquakes. Moreover, different authors state that the accumulated slip deficit (central seismic gap) is likely to produce large earthquakes in the future. Cultural heritage buildings and monuments are, therefore, at risk, and the eventual cultural loss in the consequence of an earthquake is incalculable. Post-seismic surveys of past earthquakes have shown the potential damage that unreinforced masonry structures, particularly Pagoda temples, may suffer in future earthquakes. Most of the Nepalese Pagoda temples, erected during XIV century, are considered non-engineered constructions that follow very simple rules and construction detailing in respect to seismic resistance requirements and, in some cases, without any concern for seismic action. Presently, conservation and restoration of Nepalese temples is one of the major concerns, since they are considered world heritage with universal value. The present paper is devoted to outline particular building characteristics of the UNESCO classified Nepalese Pagoda temples and the common structural fragilities, which may affect their seismic performance. Moreover, based on a parametric sensitivity analysis, structural weaknesses and fragilities of Pagoda temples were identified associated to the local and traditional construction techniques, detailing and common damages. 相似文献
68.
One of the main challenges in earthquake risk mitigation is the assessment of existing buildings not designed according to modern codes and the development of effective techniques to strengthen these structures. Particular attention should be given to RC frame structures with masonry infill panels, as demonstrated by their poor performance in recent earthquakes in Europe. Understanding the seismic behaviour of masonry‐infilled RC frames presents one of the most difficult problems in structural engineering. Analytical tools to evaluate infill–frame interaction and the failure mechanisms need to be further studied. This research intends to develop a simplified macro‐model that takes into account the out‐of‐plane behaviour of the infill panels and the corresponding in‐plane and out‐of‐plane interaction when subjected to seismic loadings. Finally, a vulnerability assessment of an RC building will be performed in order to evaluate the influence of the out‐of‐plane consideration in the building response. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
69.
Humberto Terrazas Salas Hermínio Arias Nalini Jr. Júlio César Mendes 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(4):520-526
One hundred samples of granitic rock were collected from granite traders in Belo Horizonte. Autoradiography, optical microscopy,
diffractometry, and chemical analysis (X-ray spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation, gravimetry, and electron
probe microanalysis) were used to determine the mineral assemblages and lithotypes. Autoradiographic results for several samples
showed the presence of monazite, allanite, and zircon. Chemical analysis revealed uranium concentrations ≤30 ppm and thorium
≤130 ppm. Higher concentrations generally correlated with high concentrations of light rare earths in silica-rich rocks of
granitic composition. Calculations were made of radioactive doses for samples, of floor tiles in a standard room, with total
concentration of uranium and thorium greater than 60 ppm. On the basis of calculations of 232 Th, 40 K, and 226 Ra from analysis of Th, K, and U, the doses calculated were between 0.11 and 0.34 mSv/year, which are much lower than the
acceptable international exposure standard of 1.0 mSv/year. 相似文献
70.
Assessment of the distribution of sponge chips in the sediment of East Pacific Ocean reefs
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Jose Luis Carballo Humberto Ovalle‐Beltrán Benjamin Yáñez Eric Bautista‐Guerrero Héctor Nava‐Bravo 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(1)
Sponges are one of the principal agents of bioerosion and sediment production in coral reefs. They generate small carbonate chips that can be found in the sediments, and we investigated whether these could provide a means for assessment of bioerosion applicable to reef monitoring. We tested this hypothesis on samples from 12 Mexican coral reefs distributed along the Pacific coast, where boring sponges were particularly abundant, and quantified the amount of chips in samples of superficial sediment in three grain‐size fractions: fine (<44 μm), medium (44–210 μm) and coarse (>210 μm). The grain‐size distribution varied among reefs, with the majority of the sediment of most reefs being composed of coarse sands, and the medium and fine fractions dominating only at La Entrega and Playa Blanca. All the reefs presented clear evidence of bioerosion by sponges, with the characteristic chips present in the sediment, although at most sites the percentage of chips was very low (from 1% to 3% of the total sediment). Only at La Entrega and Playa Blanca did they constitute a significant fraction of the total sediment (18% and 16%, respectively). While not statistically significant, there was an interesting trend between sponge chips versus sponge abundance that suggests that quantification of the chips in the sediment could be used as a proxy for sponge erosion of the entire community, which cannot be estimated in by laboratory experiments. However, while this methodology could provide an integrated approach to monitor sponge bioerosion, more studies are necessary due to the influence of environmental factors on the transport and deposition of these chips. 相似文献