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931.
Jan C. M. de Hoog Manfred J. van Bergen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,139(4):485-502
Potassium-rich calc-alkaline lavas of Lewotolo volcano, situated in the East Sunda Arc, Indonesia, contain the rare mineral
zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7). Samples in which tiny grains of this mineral (3–25 μm in size) were found span the entire range of lava compositions (47–62 wt%
SiO2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of primary zirconolite in juvenile arc volcanics. The mineral forms
part of a vesicle-filling assemblage consisting of a network of quenched feldspar crystals and an SiO2 phase, probably cristobalite. High contents of Th, U and REE (up to 9.3, 4.3 and 15.6 wt% oxide respectively) and very high
Fe contents (up to 13.5 wt% Fe2O3) distinguish these zirconolites from those of other rock types. The extraction of volatile-rich phases with changing compositions
in successive stages is considered to be responsible for the zirconolite formation. We hypothesise that a fluid capable of
transporting HFSE, REE, Th and U was extracted from the magma and (partly) crystallised within voids which had formed earlier
upon saturation of an aqueous fluid. Assuming that zirconolite compositions largely reflect trace metal contents of the coexisting
fluid phase, significant amounts of `immobile' elements must have been transported on a macroscopic scale. Our findings thus
point to a late-stage transfer of HFSE, REE, Th and U between different domains in a cooling magma body. Such a volatile-induced
redistribution of trace elements at shallow levels of high-K volcanic systems may be significant for conventional geochemical
modelling of magma evolution and for Th–U disequilibrium studies.
Received: 3 November 1999 / Accepted: 29 February 2000 相似文献
932.
What sources of uncertainty shouldbe included in climate change projections and whatgains can be made if specific sources of uncertaintyare reduced through improved research?DIALOGUE, anintegrated assessment model, has been used to answerthese questions. Central in the approach of DIALOGUEis the concept of parallel modeling, i.e., for eachstep in the chain from emissions to climate change anumber of equivalent models areimplemented. The followingconclusions are drawn:The key source of uncertainty in global temperatureprojections appears to be the uncertainty inradiative forcing models. Within this group ofmodels uncertainty within aerosol forcing models isabout equal to the total forcing of greenhouse gasmodels. In the latter group CO2 is dominant.The least important source of uncertainty appears tobe the gas cycle models. Within this group of modelsthe role of carbon cycle models is dominant.Uncertainty in global temperature projections hasnot been treated consistently in the literature.First, uncertainty should be calculated as a productof all uncertainty sources. Second, aparticular choice of a base year for global warmingcalculations influences the ranking of uncertainty.Because of this, a comparison of ranking resultsacross different studies is hampered. We argue that`pre-Industrial' is the best choice for studies onuncertainty.There is a linear relationship between maximumuncertainty in the year 2100 and cumulativeemissions of CO2 over the period 1990–2100:higher emissions lead to more uncertainty. 相似文献
933.
西江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
在西江下游的马口水文站对径流进行了4个季节的有机碳采样分析。研究表明,西江径流有机碳的断面构成在各个季节均较为一致;季节性变化表现为,有机碳和悬浮物含量随流量的增加而增加。随着水体悬浮物含量的增加,悬浮物的有机碳含量呈对数趋势降低。西江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.18×106gC/km2·yr.,是全球外流域有机碳侵蚀通量的2~3倍,其中以颗粒有机碳的侵蚀通量为主,达到8.30×106gC/km2·yr.,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为1.88×106gC/km2·yr.。反映了流域内较强的机械剥蚀过程,这与西江流域典型的季风气候、较大的地形高差,以及农业耕作历史长久、土地利用强度较大等因素有关。 相似文献
934.
B. Kruijt Y. Malhi J. Lloyd A. D. Norbre A. C. Miranda M. G. P. Pereira A. Culf J. Grace 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,94(2):297-331
The turbulence structure in two Amazon rain forestswas characterised for a range of above-canopystability conditions, and the results compared withprevious studies in other forest canopies and recenttheory for the generation of turbulent eddies justabove forest canopies. Three-dimensional wind speedand temperature fluctuation data were collectedsimultaneously at up to five levels inside and abovetwo canopies of 30–40 m tall forests, during threeseparate periods. We analysed hourly statistics, jointprobability distributions, length scales, spatialcorrelations and coherence, as well as power spectraof vertical and horizontal wind speed.The daytime results show a sharp attenuation ofturbulence in the top third of the canopies, resultingin very little movement, and almost Gaussianprobability distributions of wind speeds, in the lowercanopy. This contrasts with strongly skewed andkurtotic distributions in the upper canopy. At night,attenuation was even stronger and skewness vanishedeven in the upper canopy. Power spectral peaks in thelower canopy are shifted to lower frequencies relativeto the upper canopy, and spatial correlations andcoherences were low throughout the canopy. Integrallength scales of vertical wind speed at the top of thecanopy were small, about 0.15 h compared to avalue of 0.28 h expected from the shear lengthscale at the canopy top, based on the hypothesis that theupper canopy air behaves as a plane mixing layer. Allthis suggests that, although exchange is not totallyinhibited, tropical rain forest canopies differ from other forests in that rapid, coherentdownward sweeps do not penetrate into the lowercanopy, and that length scales are suppressed. This isassociated with a persistent inversion of stability inthat region compared to above-canopy conditions. Theinversion is likely to be maintained by strong heatabsorption in the leaves concentrated near thecanopy top, with the generally weak turbulence beingunable to destroy the temperature gradients over thelarge canopy depth. 相似文献
935.
气象卫星云图的多分辨小波分解及人工神经网络降水估计研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用多分辨小波分析对卫星图象进行预处理 ,在保留其特征信息的同时 ,减小了数据量 ,改善了神经网络训练过程的收敛性能 ,提高了处理速度。采用这一方法根据 GOES- 8的红外亮温图象和气象雷达资料对巴西圣保罗州中部的降水量估计进行了试验 ,取得了良好的效果。 相似文献
936.
等离子体发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物中的无机元素 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10
建立了用等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定大气颗粒物中无机元素的分析方法,包括样品消解体系的选择,仪器的操作条件及采样滤膜的选择,产对自行采样分析测得的无机元素数据作了初步的讨论。实验结果表明:采用HNO3-HClO4消解体系,操作方便,样品消解较完全;选用石英滤膜查减低空白值,保证测定质量以及同时在一张滤膜上测定大气颗粒物中的有机碳、元素碳及无机元素;内标法可有效降低由于仪器漂移等因素对测定 相似文献
937.
S. A. Hayward A. K. A. Pryde R.F. de Dombal M. A. Carpenter M. T. Dove 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2000,27(4):285-290
Calculations of the Rigid Unit Modes (RUMs) allowed in the nepheline structure are used to explain the diffuse scattering
previously seen in electron diffraction experiments. The RUM calculations also show that the modulation wavelength for incommensurate
nephelines is essentially determined by the framework topology. X-ray diffraction is used to measure the intensity of the
diffuse scattering as a function of temperature. The diffuse intensity increases sharply at 308 K. This effect is interpreted
as being due to the softening of a phonon mode, indicating a phase transition. Measurements of this phase transition below
the transition temperature are made using hard mode infrared spectroscopy.
Received: 17 February 1999 / Revised, accepted. 15 October 1999 相似文献
938.
东北地区水文地质环境地质调查未来工作方向探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
东北地区资源丰富,在为国家经济建设做出贡献的同时,自身地质环境也在不断变化.在简述东北地区区域水文、环境地质条件等自然地理概况的基础上,讨论了存在的水文地质、环境地质问题.认为未来在东北地区应加强战略性地下水资源的调查评价工作,提高全区研究程度,加强低山丘陵区地下水资源及其环境地质调查评价,在东北西部严重缺水的干旱-半干旱地区开展以解决生活用水、经济建设用水和生态环境建设用水的地下水勘查工作,加强东北中新生代盆地地热资源勘察工作,对地下水动态监测网格应加以补充、完善,加强城市地质调查工作,加强矿山环境地质工作,开展区域地质环境条件调查,建立地质环境监测工作的预报、预警系统. 相似文献
939.
940.
Čermák Vladimír Šafanda Jan Krešl Milan Dědeček Petr Bodri Louise 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(3):430-441
Long-term (1961 – 1996) meteorological air temperature series together with the reconstructed ground surface temperature histories, obtained by inverting borehole temperature-depth profiles, were used to project regional patterns of the recent (climate) warming rate on the territory of the Czech Republic. The characteristic magnitude of the warming rate of 0.02 –0.03 K/yr was confirmed by the results of several years of monitoring the temperature in two experimental boreholes. The monitoring of shallow temperatures at depths of about 30 –40 m, i.e. below the reach of the seasonal surface temperature variations, can serve as an alternative tool of direct quantitative assessment of the present warming rate. The data also seem to sustain a potential man-made component contributing to the more pronounced recent warming rate observed in the areas of large agglomeration. 相似文献