Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas     

DING Guoan  CHAN Chuenyu  GAO Zhiqiu  YAO Wenqing  LI Yoksheung  CHENG Xinghong  MENG Zhaoyang  YU Haiqing  WONG Kamhang  WANG Shufeng  MIAO Qiuju 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z2)

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.  相似文献   

Visualization issues in the development of electronic atlas in China     

WANG Yingjie  SU Ying  CHEN Xiaogang  YU Zhuoyuan  Liqiu MENG 《地理学报》2005,15(1):87-96

In this paper, we discuss the development of electronic atlas in China, with focus on the issues of visualization. We particularly categorise this development into four periods, and then analyse the characters in each period and discuss the visualization issues. The four periods are highlighted: 1) Infant period (<1990) characterized as computer assisted mapping with products of screen maps; 2) Starting period (1991-1995) characterized as object-oriented mapping with products of interactive maps/atlases; 3) Advancing period (1996-2000) characterized as integrated mapping with products of multimedia cartographic maps; 4) New era (> 2001) characterized as web mapping and adaptive map design with products of Internet maps and atlas as well as adaptive maps. It is obvious that the development follows the logical way from static to dynamic, and even real time visualization, from single user to multiple users, from presentation to exploration for effective communication and knowledge construction. Current research and development projects are focused on customisation of atlas information systems for real-time tasks, Internet operability, small displays and mobile environments. The major challenges involved in each of such customisation processes are identified and commented in relation to the further development of visualization.  相似文献   

苏鲁地体胡家林和梭罗树三叠纪变质超基性岩U-Pb、Lu-Hf和O同位素地球化学研究     

龚冰  郑永飞  陈斌  吴元保 《地球学报》2005,26(Z1):67-69

胡家林超基性岩单矿物氧同位素组成基本上接近正常地幔值（石榴石4.7‰~5.4‰)。梭罗树超基性岩及其共生榴辉岩具有氧同位素正异常（超基性岩中石榴石9.8‰~10.4‰;榴辉岩中石榴石9.0‰~12.1‰)，指示超基性岩和榴辉岩原岩可能在板块俯冲之前，在浅层或地表环境中经历过蛇绿岩套顶部相似的低温热液蚀变。胡家林超基性岩样品中的变质锆石年龄227.2±2.4 Ma，可能代表俯冲板块经峰期超高压变质后，折返初期从金刚石榴辉岩相降压至柯石英榴辉岩相过程中流体活动和错石结晶的年龄。梭罗树超基性岩样品中变质锆石的一组变质年龄240.4±2.4 Ma代表了板块俯冲至超高压峰期变质之前流体活动过程中锆石的结晶年龄，而另一组变质年龄217.1±3.3 Ma代表了板块折返过程中高压榴辉岩相重结晶条件下的锆石结晶年龄。从变质锆石到重结晶锆石，其Th/U和176Lu/177Hf呈现出相似的变化趋势，可能指示了变质作用对锆石中的U-Th-Pb同位素体系和Lu-Hf同位素体系产生相似的地球化学效应。梭罗树超基性岩可能来源于俯冲地壳内部的“残留地幔”。胡家林超基性岩重结晶锆石中继承的放射成因铅或者来源于俯冲地壳与仰冲盘底部石榴辉石岩相地幔发生的壳幔相互作用而导致碎屑锆石的重结晶；或者来源于超基性岩岩浆在板块俯冲前，通过底侵作用上升侵位与地壳物质发生混染形成岩浆锆石，这种岩浆错石在超高压变质过程中经历了重结晶。  相似文献   

松花江上游地区汞污染的化学生态效应   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王宁  朱颜明  朴明玉  孟丹 《地理科学》2005,25(6):737-741

采样分析了吉林省东部松花江上游金矿开采区及其附近水、土壤、动植物及河流沉积物样品中汞的含量，发现河流沉积物中汞的污染相当严重；受其影响当地的植物和两栖类动物——中国林蛙体内总汞和甲基汞含量也明显高于对照组。实验表明，林蛙内脏对汞的富集能力大于肌肉；秋季对汞的富集大于春季；河流沉积物中甲基汞的含量与林蛙体内甲基汞的含量有较好的正相关。汞污染的来源与区域内个体金矿的滥采滥排有直接关系，表明人类活动所产生的有毒重金属在地表过程中出现了化学生态效应。  相似文献   

流域尺度土地利用调蓄视角的雨洪管理探析     

苏伟忠  汝静静  杨桂山 《地理学报》2019,74(5):948-961

发达国家雨洪管理焦点历经管网设计、不透水面阈值控制、低影响开发及土地利用管理等过程,呈现“多尺度多视角衔接”趋势。本文聚焦太湖流域土地利用调蓄功能变化机制及管理应用,揭示了1985-2015年来建设占用耕地是调蓄功能降低的主要原因;发现基于小流域的调蓄功能变化与建设用地强度整体低关联,但局部高相关,高相关的地区位于大城市或某些乡镇周边的建设增长热区,而这些热区的建设用地与调蓄空间规模较大且接触机会更多,是开发之前调蓄空间保护、开发控制以及开发之后综合管理等3个土地利用调蓄目标因子协调不当的结果;最后提出流域尺度土地利用调蓄视角的雨洪管理“345”模式,即以3个目标因子和5类控制要素为基础,实施土地利用调蓄创建、防御、拓展与保护等4类差别化战略模式,从更大尺度认识老城区和新区的雨洪关联,拓展海绵城市建设的本土认知和视野。  相似文献   

绿潮暴发对浮游动物群落结构影响研究          下载免费PDF全文

于洋  孟娜  王建勇  王尽文  刘迎迎  王珍珍 《海洋开发与管理》2019,36(3):57-63

本调查于2016年和2017年的5月、8月,对日照近岸海域浒苔暴发区进行了4个航次的浮游动物断面调查。4个航次中,2016年和2017年5月航次获得的种类数要明显低于同年8月航次,而平均丰度和湿重生物量均高于同年8月航次。造成这种情况的原因可能是调查海域8月浒苔暴发结束,浒苔的消亡过程会大量消耗营养盐,导致水体中营养盐含量下降,进而影响到其他浮游植物和浮游动物的生长。应用PRIMER软件中的单变量分析得到群落种数(S)、丰富度(d)、香农-威纳指数(Shannon-Weaner index)(H′)和均匀度(J),从多样性指数分析可以看出,5月航次的生物多样性均劣于同年8月航次。不同年度相同季节航次中出现的优势种极其相似,而不同季节航次出现的优势种则大不相同。  相似文献   

黄连素对Aβ25-35诱导的星形胶质细胞的细胞因子及氧化应激的影响          下载免费PDF全文

童晶晶  黎军  周裕文  贺宪  曾展鹏  郭淑芬 《应用海洋学学报》2020,36(4):135-138

目的：探讨黄连素对β-淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）诱导的大鼠星形胶质细胞的细胞因子及氧化应激的影响。方法：培养第3代的大鼠星形胶质细胞，将其分为空白对照组、模型组、多奈哌齐组，以及黄连素低、高剂量组，分别加入相应药物培养24 h后，模型组和各药物组再加入Aβ₂₅-35。检测各组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA的表达及SOD、MDA水平。结果：Aβ₂₅-35浓度为20 μmol/L时星形胶质细胞增殖率最高；与空白组比较，模型组的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白分泌及其mRNA表达增多，伴随着MDA水平上升，SOD水平下降；与模型组比较，各药物组的IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白分泌及其mRNA表达减少，伴随着MDA水平下降，SOD水平上升，尤以黄连素高剂量组疗效最好。结论：黄连素可降低Aβ₂₅-35诱导的大鼠星形胶质细胞的炎性细胞因子，并减少氧化应激。  相似文献   

南海与周边海域表层塑料颗粒交换的拉格朗日示踪研究     

孟钊  李宁  管玉平  冯洋 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(5):109-116

塑料污染已成为国际海洋界关注的海洋环境问题之一。文章探讨海洋环流对南海及其周边海域表层塑料颗粒交换的影响。在南海周边多个海域, 分别在4个季节投放塑料颗粒。一年后, 用拉格朗日颗粒示踪方法考察投放颗粒的运动轨迹和最终停留位置。结果表明, 在秋、冬季, 大部分塑料颗粒会进入南海和爪哇海, 极少部分颗粒北输送到太平洋; 在春、夏季, 仅有部分颗粒进入南海和爪哇海, 而多数颗粒流到太平洋。南海洋流具有季节特征, 塑料颗粒轨迹特征与之较为符合。  相似文献   

滕州荆泉水源地岩溶塌陷特征与成因分析          下载免费PDF全文

贾继成  孟宪洲  白平 《山东国土资源》2018,34(6)

自2015年6月以来,在山东滕州荆泉水源地范围内连续发生多起岩溶塌陷。通过研究区域地质条件,在已有认识的基础上分析得出发育的浅层开口岩溶洞隙的存在,一定厚度的松散覆盖层及地下水位大幅下降是该区产生岩溶塌陷的基本条件。阐述了岩溶塌陷形成发育过程及影响因素,得出长期过量抽采岩溶水是区内岩溶塌陷的主要因素,合理减少地下水开采量是预防岩溶塌陷最有效的方法。  相似文献   

深水多波束测深系统测深精度评估          下载免费PDF全文

沈蔚  张华臣  张明星  孟令文  马建国  张进 《海洋测绘》2020,40(3):19-23

深水多波束测深系统主要应用于高精度全覆盖水下地形测量,随着现代水声技术的发展,其可同时获得海底地貌信息(底质分类)、水柱信息(水体中的油气),成为海洋探测必不可少的设备。对深水多波束测深系统原理、功能、发展做简要介绍,对多波束系统测量误差与精度评估方法进行了初步研究,并利用上海海洋大学"淞航"号首航实测数据,开展了EM302深水多波束测深系统的安置偏移量检校和测深精度评估工作。该工作具有较强实用性,为深水多波束的合理高效使用提供有益的参考。  相似文献