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491.
Robert Eymard Cindy Guichard Raphaele Herbin Roland Masson 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(4):987-1005
This paper concerns the discretisation on general 3D meshes of multiphase compositional Darcy flows in heterogeneous anisotropic porous media. Extending Coats’ formulation [15] to an arbitrary number of phases, the model accounts for the coupling of the mass balance of each component with the pore volume conservation and the thermodynamical equilibrium and dynamically manages phase appearance and disappearance. The spatial discretisation of the multiphase compositional Darcy flows is based on a generalisation of the Vertex Approximate Gradient scheme, already introduced for single-phase diffusive problems in [24]. It leads to an unconditionally coercive scheme for arbitrary meshes and permeability tensors. The stencil of this vertex-centred scheme typically comprises 27 points on topologically Cartesian meshes, and the number of unknowns on tetrahedral meshes is considerably reduced, compared with the usual cell-centred approaches. The efficiency of our approach is exhibited on several examples, including the nearwell injection of miscible CO2 in a saline aquifer taking into account the vaporisation of H2O in the gas phase as well as the precipitation of salt. 相似文献
492.
Raymond Gèze Isabelle Veltz Jean-Claude Paicheler Bruno Granier Roland Habchi Dany Azar Sibelle Maksoud 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(19):730
A dinosaur tracksite was discovered in Batha on the side of the road from Harissa to Ghosta (Keserwan, Lebanon). About ten trackways are exposed at the top of two beds of Lower Cretaceous limestones over an area of approximately 1000 m2. These footprints were probably made by at least two dinosaur species, Sauropoda and either Theropoda or Ornithopoda. The site, which is the first record from Lebanon, should be protected to allow further scientific investigations. 相似文献
493.
Robert?J.?DuncanEmail author Roland?Maas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,168(6):1085
Epidote metasomatism affected large areas of tholeiitic metabasalts of the ~1,780 Ma Eastern Creek Volcanics in the Western Fold Belt of the Proterozoic Mount Isa inlier. Hydrothermal epidote generally occurs in quartz veins parallel to or boudinaged within the dominant S2 fabrics which formed during the regional metamorphic peak at ~1,570 Ma associated with the Isan orogeny. Previously published stable isotopic and halogen data suggest that the fluids responsible for epidote formation are metamorphic in origin (with an evaporitic component). Application of the Pb stepwise leaching technique to the epidote does not separate radiogenic Pb4+ and common Pb2+, generating little spread in 206Pb/204Pb (between 16.0 and 30.5). The causes for this relatively low range are twofold: There is little radiogenic Pb in the epidotes (the most radiogenic steps account for <1 % of Pb released) and both Pb2+ and uranogenic Pb4+ substitute into the same site in the epidote crystal lattice. Consequently, age regressions using the Pb stepwise leaching data give ages between 150 and 1,500 myrs older than the host rocks and over 450 myrs older than the thermal metamorphic peak. These old ages are attributed to chemical inheritance from the host metabasalts, via radiogenic Pb release by breakdown of phases such as zircon, monazite, titanomagnetite, and ilmenite during metamorphism. This idea is supported by trace element data and chrondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns that are similar to both the metabasalts and epidotes (except for a variable Eu anomaly in the latter). Relatively high fO2 during vein formation (Fe3+ dominates in the epidote crystal lattice) would allow the incorporation of Th4+ and exclusion of U6+ and would explain elevated Th/U ratios (up to 12) in epidote compared with the host metabasalts. Non-incorporation of U would explain the relatively low U/Pb ratios and non-radiogenic character of the epidote. This process may provide a source of metal for the small U deposits around Mount Isa and may also suggest a relationship between U mineralization and regional Cu mobilization during the Isan orogeny. Our work suggests that non-conventional geochronometers should be used only if additional geological information and geochemical data (e.g., mineral chemistry, trace elements) are available to evaluate any resulting age calculations. 相似文献
494.
495.
Evaluation of the third- and fourth-generation GOCE Earth gravity field models with Australian terrestrial gravity data in spherical harmonics 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In March 2013, the fourth generation of European Space Agency’s (ESA) global gravity field models, DIR4 (Bruinsma et al. in Proceedings of the ESA living planet symposium, 28 June–2 July, Bergen, ESA, Publication SP-686, 2010b) and TIM4 (Migliaccio et al. in Proceedings of the ESA living planet symposium, 28 June–2 July, Bergen, ESA, Publication SP-686, 2010), generated from the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) gravity observation satellite was released. We evaluate the models using an independent ground truth data set of gravity anomalies over Australia. Combined with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity, a new gravity model is obtained that is used to perform comparisons with GOCE models in spherical harmonics. Over Australia, the new gravity model proves to have significantly higher accuracy in the degrees below 120 as compared to EGM2008 and seems to be at least comparable to the accuracy of this model between degree 150 and degree 260. Comparisons in terms of residual quasi-geoid heights, gravity disturbances, and radial gravity gradients evaluated on the ellipsoid and at approximate GOCE mean satellite altitude ( $h=250$ km) show both fourth generation models to improve significantly w.r.t. their predecessors. Relatively, we find a root-mean-square improvement of 39 % for the DIR4 and 23 % for TIM4 over the respective third release models at a spatial scale of 100 km (degree 200). In terms of absolute errors, TIM4 is found to perform slightly better in the bands from degree 120 up to degree 160 and DIR4 is found to perform slightly better than TIM4 from degree 170 up to degree 250. Our analyses cannot confirm the DIR4 formal error of 1 cm geoid height (0.35 mGal in terms of gravity) at degree 200. The formal errors of TIM4, with 3.2 cm geoid height (0.9 mGal in terms of gravity) at degree 200, seem to be realistic. Due to combination with GRACE and SLR data, the DIR models, at satellite altitude, clearly show lower RMS values compared to TIM models in the long wavelength part of the spectrum (below degree and order 120). Our study shows different spectral sensitivity of different functionals at ground level and at GOCE satellite altitude and establishes the link among these findings and the Meissl scheme (Rummel and van Gelderen in Manusrcipta Geodaetica 20:379–385, 1995). 相似文献
496.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate chalcopyrite oxidation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in the absence or presence of the bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Experiments were carried out with 3 different oxygen isotope values of water (δ18OH2O) so that approach to equilibrium or steady-state isotope fractionation for different starting conditions could be evaluated. The contribution of dissolved O2 and water-derived oxygen to dissolved sulfate formed by chalcopyrite oxidation was unambiguously resolved during the aerobic experiments. Aerobic oxidation of chalcopyrite showed 93 ± 1% incorporation of water oxygen into the resulting sulfate during the biological experiments. Anaerobic experiments showed similar percentages of water oxygen incorporation into sulfate, but were more variable. The experiments also allowed determination of sulfate–water oxygen isotope fractionation, ε18OSO4–H2O, of ~ 3.8‰ for the anaerobic experiments. Aerobic oxidation produced apparent εSO4–H2O values (6.4‰) higher than the anaerobic experiments, possibly due to additional incorporation of dissolved O2 into sulfate. δ34SSO4 values are ~ 4‰ lower than the parent sulfide mineral during anaerobic oxidation of chalcopyrite, with no significant difference between abiotic and biological processes. For the aerobic experiments, a small depletion in δ34SSO4 of ~? 1.5 ± 0.2‰ was observed for the biological experiments. Fewer solids precipitated during oxidation under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions, which may account for the observed differences in sulfur isotope fractionation under these contrasting conditions. 相似文献
497.
Damien Daval Roland Hellmann Delphine Tisserand François Guyot 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(9):2615-5525
Measurements of the dissolution rate of diopside (r) were carried out as a function of the Gibbs free energy of the dissolution reaction (ΔGr) in a continuously stirred flow-through reactor at 90 °C and pH90 °C = 5.05. The overall relation between r and ΔGr was determined over a free energy range of −130.9 < ΔGr < −47.0 kJ mo1−1. The data define a highly non-linear, sigmoidal relation between r and ΔGr. At far-from-equilibrium conditions (ΔGr ? −76.2 kJ mo1−1), a rate plateau is observed. In this free energy range, the rates of dissolution are constant, independent of [Ca], [Mg] and [Si] concentrations, and independent of ΔGr. A sharp decrease of the dissolution rate (∼1 order of magnitude) occurs in the transition ΔGr region defined by −76.2 < ΔGr ? −61.5 kJ mo1−1. Dissolution closer to equilibrium (ΔGr > −61.5 kJ mo1−1) is characterised by a much weaker inverse dependence of the rates on ΔGr. Modeling the experimental r-ΔGr data with a simple classical transition state theory (TST) law as implemented in most available geochemical codes is found inappropriate. An evaluation of the consequences of the use of geochemical codes where the r-ΔGr relation is based on basic TST was carried out and applied to carbonation reactions of diopside, which, among other reactions with Ca- and Mg-bearing minerals, are considered as a promising process for the solid state sequestration of CO2 over long time spans. In order to take into account the actual experimental r-ΔGr relation in the geochemical code that we used, a new module has been developed. It reveals a dramatic overestimation of the carbonation rate when using a TST-based geochemical code. This points out that simulations of water-rock-CO2 interactions performed with classical geochemical codes should be evaluated with great caution. 相似文献