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81.
Ethnic groups’ response to the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
Jean-Christophe Gaillard Elsa Clavé Océane Vibert Azhari Dedi Jean-Charles Denain Yusuf Efendi Delphine Grancher Catherine C. Liamzon Desy Rosnita Sari Ryo Setiawan 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(1):17-38
The 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami unfairly hit the different ethnic groups of Aceh, Indonesia. About 170,000 Acehnese
and Minangkabau people died in the Northern tip of Sumatra while only 44 Simeulue people passed away in the neighbouring Simeulue
island located near the earthquake epicentre. Such a difference in the death toll does not lie in the nature of the hazard
but in different human behaviours and ethnic contexts. The present study draws on a contextual framework of analysis where
people’s behaviour in the face of natural hazards is deeply influenced by the cultural, social, economic and political context.
Questionnaire-based surveys among affected communities, key informant interviews and literature reviews show that the people
of Simeulue detected the tsunami very early and then escaped to the mountains. On the other hand, Acehnese and Minangkabau
people, respectively in the cities of Banda Aceh and Meulaboh, did not anticipate the phenomenon and were thus caught by the
waves. The different behaviours of the victims have been commanded by the existence or the absence of a disaster subculture
among affected communities as well as by their capacity to protect themselves in facing the tsunami. People’s behaviours and
the capacity to protect oneself can be further tracked down to a deep tangle of intricate factors which include the armed
conflict that has been affecting the province since the 1970s, the historical and cultural heritage and the national political
economy system. This paper finally argues that the uneven impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh lies
in the different daily life conditions of the ethnic groups struck by the disaster. 相似文献
82.
Vincent?TrincalEmail author Martine?Buatier Delphine?Charpentier Brice?Lacroix Pierre?Lanari Pierre?Labaume Abdeltif?Lahfid Torsten?Vennemann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2017,172(9):78
In orogens, shortening is mainly accommodated by thrusts, which constitute preferential zones for fluid–rock interactions. Fluid flow, mass transfer, and mineralogical reactions taking place along thrusts have been intensely investigated, especially in sedimentary basins for petroleum and uranium research. This study combines petrological investigations, mineralogical quantifications, and geochemical characterizations with a wide range of analytical tools with the aim of defining the fluid properties (nature, origin, temperature, and redox) and fluid–host rock interactions (mass transfers, recrystallization mechanisms, and newly formed synkinematic mineralization) in the Pic-de-Port-Vieux thrust fault zone (Pyrenees, Spain). We demonstrate that two geochemically contrasted rocks have been transformed by fluid flow under low-grade metamorphism conditions during thrusting. The hanging-wall Triassic red pelite was locally bleached, while the footwall Cretaceous dolomitic limestone was mylonitized. The results suggest that thrusting was accompanied by a dynamic calcite recrystallization in the dolomitic limestone as well as by leaching of iron via destabilization of iron oxides and phyllosilicate crystallization in the pelite. Geochemical and physical changes highlighted in this study have strong implications on the understanding of the thrust behavior (tectonic and hydraulic), and improve our knowledge of fluid–rock interactions in open fluid systems in the crust. 相似文献
83.
Geostatistical estimations of the hydraulic conductivity field (K) in the Carrizo aquifer, Texas, are performed over three regional domains of increasing extent: 1) the domain corresponding
to a three-dimensional groundwater flow model previously built (model domain); 2) the area corresponding to the 10 counties
encompassing the model domain (County domain), and; 3) the full extension of the Carrizo aquifer within Texas (Texas domain).
Two different approaches are used: 1) an indirect approach where transmissivity (T) is estimated first and K is retrieved through division of the T estimate by the screen length of the wells, and; 2) a direct approach where K data are kriged directly. Due to preferential well screen emplacement, and scarcity of sampling in the deeper portions of
the formation (> 1 km), the available data set is biased toward high values of hydraulic conductivities. Kriging combined
with linear regression, simple kriging with varying local means, kriging with an external drift, and cokriging allow the incorporation
of specific capacity as secondary information. Prediction performances (assessed through cross-validation) differ according
to the chosen approach, the considered variable (log-transformed or back-transformed), and the scale of interest. For the
indirect approach, kriging of log T with varying local means yields the best estimates for both log-transformed and back-transformed variables in the model domain.
For larger regional scales (County and Texas domains), cokriging performs generally better than other kriging procedures when
estimating both (log T)∗ and T∗. Among procedures using the direct approach, the best prediction performances are obtained using kriging of log K with an external drift. Overall, geostatistical estimation of the hydraulic conductivity field at regional scales is rendered
difficult by both preferential well location and preferential emplacement of well screens in the most productive portions
of the aquifer. Such bias creates unrealistic hydraulic conductivity values, in particular, in sparsely sampled areas. 相似文献
84.
Antoine Rabatel Vincent Jomelli Philippe Naveau Bernard Francou Delphine Grancher 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(15):1311-1322
Fluctuations of the Charquini glaciers (Cordillera Real, Bolivia) have been reconstructed for the Little Ice Age (LIA) from a set of 10 moraines extending below the present glacier termini. A lichenometric method using the Rhizocarpon geographicum was used to date the moraines and reconstruct the main glacier fluctuations over the period. The maximum glacier extent occurred in the second half of the 17th century, followed by nearly continuous retreat with three interruptions during the 18th and the 19th centuries, marked by stabilisation or minor advances. Results obtained in the Charquini area are first compared with other dating performed in the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca and then with the fluctuations of documented glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. Glacier fluctuations along the tropical Andes (Bolivia and Peru) were in phase during the LIA and the solar forcing appears to be important during the period of glacier advance. Compared with the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, the major advance observed on these glaciers during the first half of the 19th century is not present in the tropical Andes. This discrepancy may be due to regional scale climate variations. To cite this article: A. Rabatel et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
85.
Robert Barouki Manolis Kogevinas Karine Audouze Kristine Belesova Ake Bergman Linda Birnbaum Sandra Boekhold Sebastien Denys Celine Desseille Elina Drakvik Howard Frumkin Jeanne Garric Delphine Destoumieux-Garzon Andrew Haines Anke Huss Genon Jensen Spyros Karakitsios Jana Klanova Iida-Maria Koskela Francine Laden Paolo Vineis 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2010
The outbreak of COVID-19 raised numerous questions on the interactions between the occurrence of new infections, the environment, climate and health. The European Union requested the H2020 HERA project which aims at setting priorities in research on environment, climate and health, to identify relevant research needs regarding Covid-19. The emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be related to urbanization, habitat destruction, live animal trade, intensive livestock farming and global travel. The contribution of climate and air pollution requires additional studies. Importantly, the severity of COVID-19 depends on the interactions between the viral infection, ageing and chronic diseases such as metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and obesity which are themselves influenced by environmental stressors. The mechanisms of these interactions deserve additional scrutiny. Both the pandemic and the social response to the disease have elicited an array of behavioural and societal changes that may remain long after the pandemic and that may have long term health effects including on mental health. Recovery plans are currently being discussed or implemented and the environmental and health impacts of those plans are not clearly foreseen. Clearly, COVID-19 will have a long-lasting impact on the environmental health field and will open new research perspectives and policy needs. 相似文献
86.
Damien Daval Roland Hellmann Delphine Tisserand François Guyot 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(9):2615-5525
Measurements of the dissolution rate of diopside (r) were carried out as a function of the Gibbs free energy of the dissolution reaction (ΔGr) in a continuously stirred flow-through reactor at 90 °C and pH90 °C = 5.05. The overall relation between r and ΔGr was determined over a free energy range of −130.9 < ΔGr < −47.0 kJ mo1−1. The data define a highly non-linear, sigmoidal relation between r and ΔGr. At far-from-equilibrium conditions (ΔGr ? −76.2 kJ mo1−1), a rate plateau is observed. In this free energy range, the rates of dissolution are constant, independent of [Ca], [Mg] and [Si] concentrations, and independent of ΔGr. A sharp decrease of the dissolution rate (∼1 order of magnitude) occurs in the transition ΔGr region defined by −76.2 < ΔGr ? −61.5 kJ mo1−1. Dissolution closer to equilibrium (ΔGr > −61.5 kJ mo1−1) is characterised by a much weaker inverse dependence of the rates on ΔGr. Modeling the experimental r-ΔGr data with a simple classical transition state theory (TST) law as implemented in most available geochemical codes is found inappropriate. An evaluation of the consequences of the use of geochemical codes where the r-ΔGr relation is based on basic TST was carried out and applied to carbonation reactions of diopside, which, among other reactions with Ca- and Mg-bearing minerals, are considered as a promising process for the solid state sequestration of CO2 over long time spans. In order to take into account the actual experimental r-ΔGr relation in the geochemical code that we used, a new module has been developed. It reveals a dramatic overestimation of the carbonation rate when using a TST-based geochemical code. This points out that simulations of water-rock-CO2 interactions performed with classical geochemical codes should be evaluated with great caution. 相似文献