Whether the stratospheric radiative feedback amplifies the global warming remains under debate. The stratospheric water vapor (SWV), one of the primary feedbacks in the stratosphere, is argued to be an important contributor to the global warming. On the other hand, the overall stratospheric feedback, which consists of both the SWV feedback and the stratospheric temperature (ST) feedback, does not amount to a significant value. The key to reconciling these seemingly contradictory arguments is to understand the ST change. Here, we develop a method to decompose the ST change and to quantify the decomposed feedbacks. We find that the SWV feedback, which consists of a 0.04 W m−2 K−1 direct impact on the top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and 0.11 W m−2 K−1 indirect impact via ST cooling, is offset by a negative ST feedback of − 0.13 W m−2 K−1 that is radiatively driven by the tropospheric warming. This compensation results in an insignificant overall stratospheric feedback.
In this study,the authors investigated changes in Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)sea surface temperature(SST)simulated by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project(PMIP)multimodels and reconstructed by the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface(MARGO)project,focusing on model-data comparison.The results showed that the PMIP models produced greater ocean cooling in the North Pacific and Tropical Ocean than the MARGO,particularly in the northwestern Pacific,where the modeldata mismatch was larger.All the models failed to capture the anomalous east-west SST gradient in the North Atlantic.In addition,large discrepancies among the models were observed in the mid-latitude ocean,particularly with models in the second phase of the PMIP.Although these models showed better agreement with the MARGO,the latest models in the third phase of the PMIP did not show substantial progresses in simulating LGM ocean surface conditions.That is,improvements in the modeling community are still needed to describe SST for a better understanding of climate during the LGM. 相似文献
利用雷电探测定位系统观测的2008—2014年ADTD资料,分析了江西省雷电活动时空分布特征。结果表明:1)江西省雷电频数平均为6.12×105次/a,逐年变化趋势不明显;正地闪电流强度平均为22.22 k A,负地闪平均为-7.99 k A,正地闪电流强度是负地闪电流强度绝对值的2.78倍。2)6—8月为雷电活动频发时段,正地闪活动比例冬季却最高,秋季次之;午后雷电活动最频繁,其中12—21时为雷电活动最频繁时段,约占总地闪数的79.4%;正地闪电流强度中值为17.46 k A,负地闪电流强度中值为-7.01 k A。3)雷电活动频数和强度空间分布年际变化较大,其中九江市辖区、南昌东南部—抚州中北部一带局部正地闪比例为9%—15%。 相似文献